ISSN 2319-8885

Vol.03,Issue.45
December-2014,
Pages:9182-9193
www.ijsetr.com

Analysis of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Phase Shifted

PWM on Induction Motor
B. MADHU KIRAN1, DR. B. V. SANKER RAM2
1
Ph.D Scholar & Associate Professor, Dept of EEE, Potti Sriramulu Chalavadi Mallikharjuna Rao College of Engineering &
Technology, Vijayawada, AP, India, E-mail: mkbaba9@gmail.com.
2Ph.D, MISTE, D.I.M., Professor, Dept of EEE, JNTU College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India.

Abstract: Multilevel converter technology has emerged as a very important alternative in the area of high-power medium
voltage energy control. The voltage source inverters produce a voltage or a current with levels either 0 or ±V dc they are known
as two level inverters. To obtain a quality output voltage or a current waveform with a minimum amount of ripple content, they
require high switching frequency. In high power and high voltage applications, these two level inverters, however, have some
limitations in operating at high frequency. The multi-level inverter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal voltage from several levels
of dc voltages. As number of levels increases, the synthesized output waveform has more steps, which provides a staircase
wave that approaches a desired wave form. Also, as steps are added to waveform, the harmonic distortion of the output wave
decreases, approaching zero as the number of voltage levels increases. Referred to as cascaded-inverters with Separate DC
Sources (SDCs) or series connected H-bridge inverters. This paper multilevel converter fed induction motor drive with different
voltage levels is considered and simulation results are presented in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD). The PWM signal
thus generated is then used as triggering pulses for the multilevel inverters.

Keywords: Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) Multilevel Inverter (MLI), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM), Switching Frequency.

I. INTRODUCTION converters not only can generate the output voltages with
Nowadays multilevel inverter (MLI) plays a vital role in very low distortion, but also can reduce the dv/dt stresses;
the field of power electronics and being widely used in therefore electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems
many industrial and commercial applications. Moreover the can be reduced.(b) Common mode (CM) voltage:
advantages like high quality power output, low switching Multilevel converters produce smaller CM voltage;
losses, low electro-magnetic interference (EMI) and high therefore, the stress in the bearings of a motor connected to
output voltage made multilevel inverter as a powerful a multilevel motor drive can be reduced. (c) Input
solution in converter topology. The concept of multilevel current: Multilevel converters can draw input current with
converters has been introduced since 1975[1]. The term low distortion. (d) Switching frequency: Multilevel
multilevel began with the three level converters [5]. converters can operate at both fundamental switching
Subsequently, several multilevel converter topologies have frequency and high switching frequency PWM. It should be
been developed [3-9]. However, the elementary concept of a noted that lower switching frequency usually means
multilevel converter to achieve higher power is to use a lower switching loss and higher efficiency. There are
series of power semiconductor switches with several lower different approaches for the selection of switching techniques
voltage dc sources to perform the power conversion by for the multilevel inverters. Finally a five level CHB
synthesizing a stair case voltage waveform. Capacitors, inverter with phase shifted carrier is applied for
batteries and renewable voltage sources can be used as the induction motor drive and simulation results are presented.
multiple dc voltage sources. The PWM techniques used in
the MLIs, the switching losses are high and efficiency The cascaded multilevel inverter typically comprises
decreases and the switches capable of carrier switching several identical single phase H-bridge cells cascaded in
frequency, the cost of switches are high. series at its output side. This configuration is commonly
referred to as a cascaded H-bridge (CHB), which can be
A multilevel converter has several advantages over a classified as symmetrical if the dc bus voltages are equal in
conventional two-level converter that uses high all the series power cells, or as asymmetrical if otherwise. In
switching frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) an asymmetrical CHB, dc voltages are varied to produce
[11],[12],[13]. The attractive features of a multilevel more output levels [14]. Consequently, inverter design
converter are, (a) Staircase waveform quality: Multilevel becomes more complicated as each power cell has to be sized

Copyright @ 2014 IJSETR. All rights reserved.

 B.MADHU KIRAN, DR.B.V.SANKER RAM
accordingly to the different power levels, comprising
isolated dc sources as shown in Fig.1. This makes
symmetrical CHB modularity beneficial over asymmetrical
with regard to maintenance and cost. For the symmetrical
cascaded inverter, voltage level increase is possible without
varying dc voltage with the same number of power cells, as
proposed by this paper. Recently, the transistor clamped
converter topology has received increased attention as it
provides a simpler approach to increase output levels by
taking different voltage levels from the series stacked
capacitors [15]. In This Paper Different Topology of Multi
Level Inverter Sections II Introduction of Multi Level and
Cascaded Multi Level. Section III Concept of Cascaded
Multi Level Inverter. Section IV Pulse Width Modulation
Technique. Section V Induction Motor. Section VI
Matlab/Simulink Results. Section VII Conclusion of This
Paper.

II. HIGH POWER CONVERTERS

CLASSIFICATIONS

Fig.2.Single-phase structure of a multilevel cascaded H-

bridge Inverter.

The cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter is based on

multiple two level inverter outputs (each H-bridge), with the
output of each phase shifted. Despite four diodes and
switches, it achieves the greatest number of output
voltage levels for the fewest switches. Its main limitation lies
in its need for isolated power sources for each level and for
each phase, although for VA compensation, capacitors
replace the dc supplies, and the necessary capacitor energy is
only to replace losses due to inverter losses. Its modular
structure of identical H bridges is a positive feature.
 The number of levels in the line-to-line voltage
waveform will be k = 2N −1.
 While the number of levels in the line to load
neutral of a star (wye) load will be p = 2k −1.
 The number of capacitors or isolated supplies
required per phase is Ncap = ½(N −1).
 The number of possible switch states is n states= N
phases.
 The number of switches in each leg is Sn = 2(N
−1).

Advantages:
 The number of possible output voltage levels is
more than twice the number of dc sources (m = 2s +
Fig.1. Classification of High power Converters. 1).
 The series of H-bridges makes for modularized
A. Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter layout and packaging. This will enable the
The N-level cascaded H-bridge, multilevel inverter manufacturing process to be done more quickly and
comprises ½(N-1) series connected single phase H- cheaply.
bridges per phase, for which each H-bridge has its own
isolated dc source. Three output voltages are possible, Disadvantages:
±Vs, and zero, giving a total number of states of 3½(  Separate dc sources are required for each of the H-
N−1), where N is odd. Fig.2 shows one phase of a n-level bridges. This will limit its application to products
cascaded H-bridge inverter. that already have multiple SDCSs readily available.

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Volume.03, IssueNo.45, December-2014, Pages: 9182-9193
 Analysis of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Phase Shifted PWM on Induction Motor
III. CASCADED H BRIDGE CONVERTER TABLE II: Switching Table for Full H-Bridge Of Five
A. Full H-Bridge- Three Level Inverter Level Inverter
Fig.3 shows the Full H-Bridge Configuration. By using
single H-Bridge we can get 2 and 3 voltage levels. The
number output voltage levels of cascaded Full H-Bridge
inverter are given by 2n+1 and voltage step of each level is
given by Vdc/n. Where n is number of H-bridges inverter
connected in cascaded. The switching table is given in
Table I and II.

C. Seven level CHB Inverter

Fig.5 Shows the seven level multilevel inverter and Table
III shows the switching states of the seven levels CHB
inverter.

Fig.3. Full H-Bridge inverter.

TABLE I: Shows The Switching Table For Full Hbridge

For Three Level Inverter

B. Five level CHB Inverter

Fig.5. Seven level CHB inverter.

TABLE III: Switching Table For Full H -Bridge Of Seven

Level Inverter

Fig.4.Five level CHB inverter.

Fig.4 Shows the five level multilevel inverter and

IV. SEVERAL MODULATION SCHEMES
Table II shows the switching states of the 5 level
Many PWM techniques were developed to control the
inverter. Here even though we have eight switches at
power inverter gain, and tried to improve the inverter
any switching state only two switches are on/off at a
operation, based on minimum harmonic contents in the
voltage level of Vdc/2, so switching losses are reduced. In
output voltage. They are quite popular in industrial
three level inverter dv/dt is Vdc, but in five level inverter
applications. In that PSPWM and LSPWM methods are
dv/dt is Vdc/2. As dv/dt reduces the stress on switches
merely preferred by many industrial applications.
reduces and EMI reduces.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
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 B.MADHU KIRAN, DR.B.V.SANKER RAM
A. Phase Shifted Pulse Width Modulation Scheme V. INDUCTION MOTOR
(PSPWM) The induction motor thanks to its well known advantage as
Phase shifted PWM (PS-PWM) is used with cascaded simple construction, reliability, raggedness and low cost has
H-bridge (CHB) and flying capacitor (FC) inverters, since found very wide industrial appellations. Furthermore, in
each cell is modulated independently using sinusoidal contrast to the commutation Dc motor, it can be used in
unipolar PWM and bipolar PWM, respectively, providing aggressive or volatile environments since there are no
an even power distribution among the cells. A carrier phase problems with spark and corrosion. These advantages,
shift of 1800/m for the CHB and of 3600/m for the FC is however, are occupied by control problems when using
introduced across the cells to generate the stepped induction motor in speed regulated industrial drives. These
multilevel output waveform with lower distortion (where m advantages, however, are occupied by control problems when
is the number of cells). The difference between the phase using induction motor in speed regulated industrial drives.
shifts and the type of PWM (unipolar or bipolar) is because Speed control (v/f control) of induction motor requires two
one CHB cell generates 3-level outputs, while one FC cell stage conversion (ac-dc and dc-ac), but most of the classical
generates two level outputs and also used for many levels as inverters gives poor performance. Here a Reversing Voltage
shown in Fig.6. topology in five level and seven level inverter is
implemented for induction motor load which has superior
characteristics over traditional topologies in terms of required
components as switches, voltage balancing, control
requirements and reliability. Here SPWM controller has less
complexity.

A. Dynamic Modeling Of Induction Motor

In a conventional four pole induction motor, there are two
sets of identical voltage profile windings will be present in
the total phase winding. These two windings are connected in
series as shown in fig. 8(a). For the proposed inverter these
two identical voltage profile winding coils are disconnected,
and the available four terminals are taken out, like shown in
Fig.6. PSPWM Scheme. the fig.8 (b). Since these two windings are separated equally,
stator resistance, Stator leakage inductance and the
B. Level Shifted PWM Scheme (LSPWM)
magnetizing inductance of each identical voltage profile
Level shifted PWM (LS-PWM) is used for controlling
windings are equal to the half of the normal induction motor
voltage of a diode clamped multilevel inverter. The control
shown in fig.8 (a). The voltage equitation for the stator
principle of the level shifted SPWM is to use several
winding is given by common dc link.
triangular carrier signals keeping only one modulating
sinusoidal signal. For a three level inverter two carriers and
(1)
for a five level inverter, four triangular carriers are needed.
In general if an m-level inverter is employed, (m-1) carriers
are needed. The carriers have the same frequency fc and the (2)
same peak-to-peak amplitude AC. The zero reference is
placed in the middle of the carrier set. The modulating
signal is a sinusoid of frequency fm and amplitude Am. At
every instant, each carrier is compared with the modulating
signal. Each comparison switches the switch "on" if the
modulating signal is greater than the triangular carrier
assigned to that switch as shown in Fig.7.

Fig.8. Induction Motor stator winding: (a) General

arrangement (b) Arrangement for the proposed inverter.

The effective voltage across the stator winding is the sum

of the voltages across the two individual windings.
(3)

The motor phase voltage can be achieved by substituting

Fig.7. LSPWM Scheme. equations (1) and (2) in (3)
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.45, December-2014, Pages: 9182-9193
 Analysis of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Phase Shifted PWM on Induction Motor
(4) Te: electrical output torque,
TL: load torque.
Similarly voltage equitation for the remaining phases is From the equations (1), (2),(2) it can be observed that
(5) there is no difference between the normal induction motor
shown in fig.8 (a) and the disconnected (Identical voltage
(6)
profile windings) motor shown in fig.8 (b).

Voltage equations in dq0 frame can be solved from the VI. MATLAB/SIMULINK RESULTS
basic equations of induction motor. The simulation is carried out in Matlab/Simulink
7) software and results are presented. The simulation
parameters are Vin dc=400v, Switching frequency is 3050
(8) Hz.

(9) A. 3-Level Inverter

(10)

(11)
(12)

Flux linkages are as follows

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18) Fig.9. Matlab/Simulink model of three phase three level

phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.
The expression for the electromagnetic torque in terms of
dq0 axis currents is Fig.9 shows the Matlab/Simulink model of three phase
(19) three level phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Rotor speed in terms of Torque is

(20)

Where
d: direct axis,
q: quadrature axis,
s: stator variable,
r: rotor variable,
, ,: q and d–axis stator voltages,
, ,: q and d–axis rotor voltages,
: Rotor resistance,
: Stator resistance,
L1s: stator leakage inductance,
L1r: rotor leakage inductance, Fig.10. line voltage of three level phase shifted pwm
IQS, ids: q and d–axis stator currents, inverter fed induction motor.
iqr, idr: q and d–axis rotor currents,
P: number of poles, Fig.10 shows line voltage of three level phase shifted
J: moment of inertia, pwm inverter fed induction motor.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.03, IssueNo.45, December-2014, Pages: 9182-9193
 B.MADHU KIRAN, DR.B.V.SANKER RAM
Fig.13 shows FFT analysis of phase voltage of three
levels H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.11. Spectrum analysis of single bridge voltage of

three levels H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.11 shows FFT analysis of line voltage of three levels

H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.14. phase voltage of three phase three level phase

shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.14 shows the phase voltage of three phase three level

phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.12. phase voltage of three level phase shifted PWM

inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.12 Shows The Phase Voltage Of Three Level Phase

Shifted PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motor.

Fig.15. the generated current, torque and output speed

of the three phase three level fed induction motor phase
shifted carrier PWM.

The behavior of the generated electromagnetic torque is

also of vital importance. Fig.15 shows the generated current,
Fig.13. Spectrum analysis of phase voltage of three levels torque and output speed of the phase shifted carrier PWM
H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM. three phase three level fed induction motor.

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Volume.03, IssueNo.45, December-2014, Pages: 9182-9193
 Analysis of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Phase Shifted PWM on Induction Motor
B. Five Level CHB Inverter Fig.18 shows FFT analysis of line voltage of five levels
H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.19. phase voltage of five level phase shifted PWM

inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.19 shows the Phase Voltage of five Level Phase

Shifted PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motor.
Fig.16. Matlab/Simulink model of three phase five level
phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.16 shows the Matlab/Simulink model of three phase

five level phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.20. Spectrum analysis of phase voltage of five levels

H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.
Fig.17. line Voltage of Five Level Phase Shifted PWM
Inverter Fed Induction Motor. Fig.20 shows FFT analysis of phase voltage of five levels
H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.
Fig.17 shows the line voltage of five level phase shifted
PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.21. phase voltage of three phase five level phase

shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.18. Spectrum analysis of line voltage five level H- Fig.21 shows the phase voltage of three phase five level
Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM. phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
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 B.MADHU KIRAN, DR.B.V.SANKER RAM

Fig.24. line Voltage of seven Level Phase Shifted PWM

Inverter Fed Induction Motor.

Fig.24 shows the line voltage of seven level phase shifted

PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.22. the generated current, torque and output speed

of the three phase five level fed induction motor phase
shifted carrier PWM.

The behavior of the generated electromagnetic torque is

also of vital importance. Fig.22 shows the generated current,
torque and output speed of the phase shifted carrier PWM
three phase three level fed induction motor.

C.Seven Level

Fig.25. Spectrum analysis of line voltage seven level H-

Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.25 shows FFT analysis of line voltage of seven levels

H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.23. Matlab/Simulink model of three phase five level Fig.26. phase voltage of seven level phase shifted PWM
phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor. inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.23 shows the Matlab/Simulink model of three phases Fig.26 shows the Phase Voltage of seven Level Phase
seven level phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction Shifted PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motor.
motor.
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 Analysis of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Phase Shifted PWM on Induction Motor
D. Nine level

Fig.27.Spectrum analysis of phase voltage of seven levels

H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.27 shows FFT analysis of phase voltage of seven

levels H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM. Fig.30. Matlab/Simulink model of three phase nine level
phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.30 shows the Matlab/Simulink model of three phases

nine level phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.28. phase voltage of three phase seven level phase

shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.28 shows the phase voltage of three phase seven

level phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.31. line Voltage of nine Level Phase Shifted PWM

Inverter Fed Induction Motor.

Fig.31. shows the single H-bridge voltage of nine level

phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.29. the generated current, torque and output speed

of the three phase seven level fed induction motor
phase shifted carrier PWM.

The behavior of the generated electromagnetic torque is

also of vital importance. Fig.29 shows the generated current,
torque and output speed of the phase shifted carrier PWM Fig.32. Spectrum analysis of line voltage nine level H-
three phase seven level fed induction motor. Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.45, December-2014, Pages: 9182-9193
 B.MADHU KIRAN, DR.B.V.SANKER RAM
Fig.32 shows FFT analysis of line voltage of nine levels
H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.33. phase voltage of nine level phase shifted PWM

inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.33 shows the Phase Voltage of nine Level Phase

Shifted PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motor.

Fig.36. the generated current, torque and output speed

of the three phase nine level fed induction motor phase
shifted carrier PWM.

The behavior of the generated electromagnetic torque is

also of vital importance. Fig.36 shows the generated current,
torque and output speed of the phase shifted carrier PWM
three phase nine level fed induction motor.

E. Eleven Level

Fig.34. Spectrum analysis of phase voltage of nine levels

H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig. 34 shows FFT analysis of phase voltage of m nine

levels H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.37. Matlab/Simulink model of three phase eleven level

Fig.35. phase voltage of three phase nine level phase phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.
shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.
Fig.37 shows the Matlab/Simulink model of three phases
Fig.35 shows the phase voltage of three phase nine level eleven level phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction
phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor. motor.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.45, December-2014, Pages: 9182-9193
 Analysis of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Phase Shifted PWM on Induction Motor

Fig.38. line Voltage of nine Level Phase Shifted PWM

Inverter Fed Induction Motor. Fig.41. Spectrum analysis of phase voltage of eleven levels
H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.
Fig.38 shows the line voltage of nine level phase shifted
PWM inverter fed induction motor. Fig.41 shows FFT analysis of phase voltage of m eleven
levels H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.42. phase voltage of three phase nine level phase

Fig.39. Spectrum analysis of line voltage eleven level H- shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.
Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.
Fig.42 shows the phase voltage of three phase nine level
Fig.39 shows FFT analysis of line voltage of eleven phase shifted PWM inverter fed induction motor.
levels H-Bridge inverter with sinusoidal PWM.

Fig.40. phase voltage of eleven level phase shifted PWM

inverter fed induction motor.

Fig.40 shows the Phase Voltage of eleven Level Phase Fig.43. the generated current, torque and output speed
Shifted PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motor. of the three phase nine level fed induction motor phase
shifted carrier PWM.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.03, IssueNo.45, December-2014, Pages: 9182-9193
 B.MADHU KIRAN, DR.B.V.SANKER RAM
The behavior of the generated electromagnetic torque is converter”. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 14(3),
also of vital importance. Fig.43 shows the generated current, September 1999.
torque and output speed of the phase shifted carrier PWM [12] A.k.Ali Othman “Elimination of harmonics in multi
three phase nine level fed induction motor. level inverters with non equal DC [8] D. Soto, T. C. Green,
“A comparison of high-power converter topologies for
TABLE IV: Comparison of Line Voltage THD and the Implementation of FACTS Controller,” IEEE
Phase Voltage THD Transaction of Industrial Electronics, 49, N 5, p 1072-
1080,2002
[13] T. A Lipo, D. G Holmes, Pulse width modulation for
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VII. CONCLUTION cascaded H-bridge inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
This paper has given a brief summary of different vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 4354–4361, Dec. 2008.
types of multilevel inverters and their circuit topologies [15] S. Kouro, M. Malinowski, K. Gopakumar, J. Pou, L. G.
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and more commercial products are based on the B.Wu,J. Rodriguez, M. A. Perez, and J. I. Leon, “Recent
multilevel inverter structure. This paper cannot cover or advances and industrial applications of multilevel
reference all the related work, but the fundamental converters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. vol. 57, no. 8, pp.
principle of different multilevel inverters has been 2553–2580, Aug. 2010.
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provide ground work to readers interested in looking
back on the evolution of multilevel inverter technologies.
In this paper, we had simulated multilevel converters with
different voltage levels and simulation results of voltage
output and THD are presented and applied to the induction
motor.
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International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.03, IssueNo.45, December-2014, Pages: 9182-9193