Unit - 2 : Computer System Architecture

Digital Logic Circuits and Components: Digital Computers, Logic Gates, Boolean Algebra,
Map Simplifications, Combinational Circuits, Flip-Flops, Sequential Circuits, Integrated
Circuits, Decoders, Multiplexers, Registers and Counters, Memory Unit.

Data Representation: Data Types, Number Systems and Conversion, Complements, Fixed
Point Representation, Floating Point Representation, Error Detection Codes, Computer
Arithmetic - Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Algorithms.

Register Transfer and Microoperations: Register Transfer Language, Bus and Memory
Transfers, Arithmetic, Logic and Shift Microoperations.

Basic Computer Organization and Design: Stored Program Organization and Instruction
Codes, Computer Registers, Computer Instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction Cycle,
Memory-Reference Instructions, Input-Output, Interrupt.

Programming the Basic Computer: Machine Language, Assembly Language, Assembler,

Program Loops, Subroutines, Input-Output Programming.

Microprogrammed Control: Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Design of Control Unit.

Central Processing Unit: General Register Organization, Stack Organization, Instruction

Formats, Addressing Modes, RISC Computer, CISC Computer.

Pipeline and Vector Processing: Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline,

Instruction Pipeline, Vector Processing Array Processors.

Input-Output Organization: Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous Data

Transfer, Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt, DMA, Serial Communication.

Memory Hierarchy: Main Memory, Auxillary Memory, Associative Memory, Cache Memory,
Virtual Memory, Memory Management Hardware.

Multiprocessors: Characteristics of Multiprocessors, Interconnection Structures, Interprocessor

Arbitration, Interprocessor Communication and Synchronization, Cache Coherence, Multicore
Processors.

Unit - 3 : Programming Languages and Computer Graphics

Programming in C: Tokens, Identifiers, Data Types, Sequence Control, Subprogram Control,
Arrays, Structures, Union, String, Pointers, Functions, File Handling, Command Line
Argumaents, Preprocessors.
Object Oriented Programming: Class, Object, Instantiation, Inheritance, Encapsulation,
Abstract Class, Polymorphism.

Programming in C++: Tokens, Identifiers, Variables and Constants; Data types, Operators,
Control statements, Functions Parameter Passing, Virtual Functions, Class and Objects;
Constructors and Destructors; Overloading, Inheritance, Templates, Exception and Event
Handling; Streams and Files; Multifile Programs.

Web Programming: HTML, DHTML, XML, Scripting, Java, Servlets, Applets.

Unit – 5 : System Software and Operating System

System Software: Machine, Assembly and High-Level Languages; Compilers and Interpreters;
Loading, Linking and Relocation; Macros, Debuggers.

Basics of Operating Systems: Operating System Structure, Operations and Services; System
Calls, Operating-System Design and Implementation; System Boot.

Process Management: Process Scheduling and Operations; Interprocess Communication,

Communication in Client–Server Systems, Process Synchronization, Critical-Section Problem,
Peterson’s Solution, Semaphores, Synchronization.

Threads: Multicore Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries, Implicit

Threading, Threading Issues.

CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria and Algorithms; Thread Scheduling, Multiple-Processor

Scheduling, Real-Time CPU Scheduling.

Deadlocks: Deadlock Characterization, Methods for Handling Deadlocks, Deadlock Prevention,

Avoidance and Detection; Recovery from Deadlock.

Memory Management: Contiguous Memory Allocation, Swapping, Paging, Segmentation,

Demand Paging, Page Replacement, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing, Memory-Mapped Files.

Storage Management: Mass-Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Scheduling and Management,

RAID Structure.

Unit – 9 : Data Communication and Computer Networks

Data Communication: Components of a Data Communication System, Simplex, Half-Duplex
and Duplex Modes of Communication; Analog and Digital Signals; Noiseless and Noisy
Channels; Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency; Digital and Analog Transmission; Data
Encoding and Modulation Techniques; Broadband and Baseband Transmission; Multiplexing,
Transmission Media, Transmission Errors, Error Handling Mechanisms.
Computer Networks: Network Topologies, Local Area Networks, Metropolitan Area Networks,
Wide Area Network, Wireless Networks, Internet.

Network Models: Layered Architecture, OSI Reference Model and its Protocols; TCP/IP
Protocol Suite, Physical, Logical, Port and Specific Addresses; Switching Techniques.

Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers: Framing, Error Detection and Correction; Flow and
Error Control; Sliding Window Protocol, HDLC, Multiple Access – CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA,
Reservation, Polling, Token Passing, FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, Network Devices, Backbone
Networks, Virtual LANs.

IPv4 Structure and Address Space; Classful and Classless Addressing; Datagram, Fragmentation
and Checksum; IPv6 Packet Format, Mapping Logical to Physical Address (ARP), Direct and
Indirect Network Layer Delivery; Routing Algorithms, TCP, UDP and SCTP Protocols; Flow
Control, Error Control and Congestion Control in TCP and SCTP.

World Wide Web (WWW): Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Domain Name Service (DNS),
Resolution - Mapping Names to Addresses and Addresses to Names; Electronic Mail
Architecture, SMTP, POP and IMAP; TELNET and FTP.

Network Security: Malwares, Cryptography and Steganography; Secret-Key Algorithms,

Public-Key Algorithms, Digital Signature, Virtual Private Networks, Firewalls.

Mobile Technology: GSM and CDMA; Services and Architecture of GSM and Mobile
Computing; Middleware and Gateway for Mobile Computing; Mobile IP and Mobile
Communication Protocol; Communication Satellites, Wireless Networks and Topologies;
Cellular Topology, Mobile Adhoc Networks, Wireless Transmission and Wireless LANs;
Wireless Geolocation Systems, GPRS and SMS.

Cloud Computing and IoT: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Public and Private Cloud; Virtualization, Virtual
Server, Cloud Storage, Database Storage, Resource Management, Service Level Agreement,
Basics of IoT.