ASSIGNMENT 2

CPE 601
MATERIALS AND DESIGN PROCESS

Name : Nursafika Bahira Binti Juli

Student id : 2016250278
Group : EH2206G
CORROSION

Pitting Intergranular corrosion

Localized corrosive attacks that
Localized corrosive attacks that progresses preferentially along highly
Definition
produces holes or pH in a metal reactive grain boundaries resulting in
disintegration
- Pitting require an initiation
period and grows in the
direction of gravity - when stainless steels are heated to
- Pits initiate at structural and or cooled through sensitizing
compositional heterogeneities temperature range (500-800C)
- Growth of pit involves chromium carbide precipitate along
Mechanism dissolution of metal in pit grain boundaries
maintaining high acidity at the - When exposed to corrosive
bottom environment, the region next to
- Anodic reaction at the bottom grain boundaries become anodic
mCln+ nH2O-> m(OH)n+nHCL and corrode.
- Cathodic reaction at the metal
surface
- Failure on engine and master
connecting rod on aircraft DC-
- Addition of chromium in austenitic
6(USA,1996)
stainless steels and nickel alloys
Example - Failure on rudder control on
- Exfoliation corrosion in high
aircraft Boeing 75(USA,1996)
strength aluminium allows.
- Collapsing of Silver Bridge in
1967

1. Choosing the right material

- Use higher-alloy metals that can
strongly resist corrosion
2. Control the environment to it 1. Use low carbon grade stainless
possible extent steel
- Lower temperature 2. Use stabilized grades alloyed with
- Reduce ion concentration titanium or niobium. they are
Preventive
- Adding inhibitors strong carbide-former and react
Method
- Remove oxygen from liquids with the carbon to form the
3. Coating corresponding carbides thereby
- Metallic coating: serve as anode preventing chromium depletion
- Inorganic coating: glass and 3. Use post-weld heat treatment.
porcelain
- Organic coating: organic
polymers (paints and varnishes)
STAINLESS STEEL

Material SS304 SS304L SS304LN

Low carbon, high
Chromium nickel nickel and nitrogen
austenitic alloy content
composition: 18% Higher chromium and Nitrogen-
Definition
chromium, 8% nickel lower carbon content strengthened; increase
and 0.09% carbon the yield strength
(max) without impairing their
ductility
Mechanical
properties
i) Tensile
515MPa 485MPa 515MPa
strength
ii) Yield
205MPa 170Mpa 205MPa
strength
iii) Elongation 4-0% 40% 40%
- Increase in
- Increase in temperature, - Increase in
temperature, decrease in temperature,
Effect on decrease in tensile tensile strength, decrease in yield
temperature strength, increase decrease in yield strength, increase in
in hardness and strength and hardness and
change in mass increase in change in mass
elongation
 - Excellent in wide - Lower corrosion - Excellent corrosion
range of rate resistance in
atmospheric - Lower carbon halogen- free
environment and content which risk organic and
corrosive media. chromium carbide inorganic compound
- Pitting and precipitation are - More prone to have
corrosion can occur much minimized weld decay-
in environments - Good resistance intergranular
containing chloride to atmospheric corrosion usually of
- Stress corrosion corrosion stainless steel and
cracking can occur - Preferred for use nickel-base alloys,
Corrosion above 60°C in environment as the result of
resistance - The high chromium sufficiently sensitization in the
content of the alloy corrosive to cause heat-affected zone
provides resistance intergranular during the welding
to oxidizing solution corrosion of welds operation.
such as nitric acid and heat-affected - Depletion of one of
up to 55% weight zone on the alloying
and up to 176F susceptible alloys elements become
(80°C) preferential path for
corrosion.

1. Quite ductile and 1. High strength 1. Excellent implicit

easy to form 2. High resistance to toughness at sub-
2. Antibacterial mechanical zero temperature
properties stresses 2. Good weldability
3. Excellent 3. Resistance to 3. Good martensitic
toughness in high pressure
cryogenic 4. Outstanding
Special
temperature formability
properties
5. Can be used as
welded in severe
corrosion
environment and
eliminates the
need for
annealing
 1. Excellent 1. Readily weld able 1. Excellent weldability
weldability 2. Subject to work for full range of
2. Fabrication done hardening during conventional
only with stainless deformation and welding method
steel material is subject to chip except gas welding
3. Oxyacetylene breaking 2. Readily formed and
Ease of
welding is not fabricated by full
fabrication
recommended range of cold
4. Weld able using forming operations
shielded fusion and
resistance welding
process

Cost $1000-3200/ ton $1500-2500/ton $4000/ton

 CARBON STEEL

Type LCS MCS HCS

- 0.29%-0.54% Carbon - 0.55%-0.95% carbon
- 0.05%-0.25% carbon
Definition - 0.60%-1.65% - 0.30%- 0.90%
- Up to 0.4% Manganese
manganese Manganese
- Malleable
- Relative low tensile -Ductile
- Very strong
strength -Higher tensile strength
Mechanical - High hardness and
- Surface hardness can be -Higher impact
properties strength
increase through properties
- Least ductile
carbonizing -Low hardening
- Ductile

- Can withstand law

temperature (-45.46°C) -Reach brittle - Reach brittle
without losing integrity temperature faster than temperature faster than
i) Effect on due to less carbon LCS LCS& MCS
Temperature composition -Allowable temperature - Allowable temperature
- Allowable temperature (510°C- 800°C); (510°C-800°C);
(510°C-800°C); graphitization occur graphitization occur
graphitization occur.

- Operate well at low -Operate well at low - Operate well at low

pressure pressure pressure
ii) Effect on
- Hydrogen induced -Less susceptible to - Less susceptible to
Pressure
cracking due to low hydrogen cracking at hydrogen cracking at
strength at high pressure high pressure high pressure
-Medium corrosion - Low corrosion
resistance resistance
Corrosion - High corrosion resistance
-Can be increased with - Can be increased with
resistance - C.A= 6mm
alloy addition alloy addition
-C.A=6mm - C.A=6mm
Ease of - Formable; easy to form -Difficult machining - Challenging to weld
fabrication - Weldable; easy to weld -Ductility decrease - Decrease ductility
-Strength can be - Strength can be
increase with addition increase with addition of
- Does not response to any of alloy alloy
Special
form of heat treatment -Response to heat - Response to heat
properties
except hardening treatment like annealing treatment like annealing
tempering and tempering and
hardening hardening
Sheet, plate bar, beam, Sheet, plate bar, beam, Sheet, plate bar, beam,
Availability
pipe, channel pipe, channel pipe, channel
 Cost $350-950/ton $400-2000/ton $400-300/ton
Pipe, low pressure vessels, -Axle shafts, crankshaft, - Drills. Saws, lathe and
boiler plate gearing plates planner tools
-Boiler, tank that have - Shear blades, cutting
Example
high pressure content tools
-Beam - Pipe cutters, concrete
drills