Spring 2016
W04-Classes and Objects
Abstraction and Encapsulation
Constructor and Destructor
Overloaded Constructors
Member Function Overloading
Const & Static Members
Passing & Returning Objects from Functions
Constructor
A constructor is a special function that is
automatically invoked when a new object of a
class is instantiated.
The constructor must always have the same
name as the class and has no return type.
Constructors can be overloaded.
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 1
Destructor
Just like a Constructor, Destructor is also a special function.
which is automatically invoked when an object is destroyed.
The most common use for destructor is to deallocate
dynamically allocated memory.
Example:
class Date
{
public:
Date(); // constructor
~Date(); // destructor
…
};
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Example: The Date Class
class Date
{
private:
int day, month, year; // data members
public:
Date() // default constructor
{ day = 1; month = 1; year = 2000;}
Date (int d, int m, int y); // parameterized constructor
void setYear(int y);
void setMonth(int m);
void setDay(int d);
void show(); // displays date
};
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 2
Class Implementation
Date::Date (int d, int m, int y)
{
day=d;
month=m;
year = y;
}
void Date::setMonth (int m)
{
month=m;
}
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Class Implementation
void Date::setDay (int d)
{
day = d; }
void Date::setYear (int y)
{
year=y; }
void Date::show()
{
cout <<day << ”-” <<month << ”-” <<year<< endl;
}
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 3
Instantiation of Objects
void main ()
{
Date d1 (14,8,1947);
Date d2 (22,2,2016);
Date d3;
d1.show(); d2.show(); d3.show();
d3.setYear(2016);
d3.show();
}
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Copy Constructor
The copy constructor initializes an object with
another object of the same class.
Each class possesses a built-in default copy constructor.
Example:
void main()
{
Date d1(12,4,1997);
Date d2(d1); // default copy constructor
Date d3=d1; // default copy constructor
}
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 4
Time Class Definition
class Time {
public:
Time(); // Overloaded Constructors
Time(int, int, int);
// set functions
void setHour(int); // set hour
void setMinute(int); // set minute
void setSecond(int); // set second
// get functions
int getHour(); // return hour
int getMinute(); // return minute
int getSecond(); // return second
void printUniversal(); // print universal time format
void printStandard(); // print standard time format
private:
int hour; // 0 - 23
int minute; // 0 - 59
int second; // 0 - 59
};
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Time Class Implementation
// Default constructor initializes each data member to zero.
Time::Time()
{ hour = minute = second = 0; }
// Set a new Time value using universal time. Perform validity
// checks on the data values. Set invalid values to zero.
Time::Time(int h, int m, int s)
{
setHour(h);
setMinute(m);
setSecond(s);
}
W03- Classes and Objects
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 5
Time Class Implementation
// Set values using universal time. Perform validity
// checks on the data values. Set invalid values to zero.
void Time :: setHour (int h)
{
hour = (h >= 0 && h < 24) ? h : 0; }
void Time :: setMinute (int m)
{
minute = (m >= 0 && m < 60) ? m : 0; }
void Time :: setSecond (int s)
{ second = (s >= 0 && s < 60) ? s : 0; }
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Time Class Implementation
// Print Time in universal format
void Time::printUniversal()
{
cout << (hour < 10 ? "0" : "") << hour << ":"
<< (minute < 10 ? "0" : "") << minute << ":"
<< (second < 10 ? "0" : "") << second; }
// Print time in standard format
void Time::printStandard()
{
cout << ((hour == 0 || hour == 12) ? 12 : hour % 12)
<< ":" << (minute < 10 ? "0" : "") << minute
<< ":" << (second < 10 ? "0" : "") << second
<< (hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM");
}
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 6
Driver to Test Class Time
int main()
{
Time t; // instantiate object t of class Time
cout << "The initial universal time is ";
t.printUniversal();
cout << endl << "The initial standard time is ";
t.printStandard();
Time t1(4,23,45);
cout << endl << “Universal time is ";
t.printUniversal();
cout << endl << "Standard time is ";
t.printStandard();
return 0;
}
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UML Diagram for Rectangle class
Rectangle
length
width
setLength()
setWidth()
getLength()
getWidth()
getArea()
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 7
UML Data Type and Parameter Notation
UML diagrams use language independent
notations to show return types, access modifiers,
etc.
Rectangle
Access modifiers
are denoted as: - width : double
+ public
- private
+ setWidth(w : double) : void
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UML Data Type and Parameter Notation
UML diagrams use language independent
notations to show return types, access modifiers,
etc.
Variable types are
Rectangle placed after the
variable name,
separated by a colon.
- width : double
+ setWidth(w : double) : void
W03- Classes and Objects
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 8
UML Data Type and Parameter Notation
UML diagrams use language independent
notations to show return types, access modifiers,
etc.
Function return types are
Rectangle placed after the function
declaration name,
separated by a colon.
- width : double
+ setWidth(w : double) : void
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UML Data Type and Parameter Notation
UML diagrams use language independent
notations to show return types, access modifiers,
etc.
Function parameters
Rectangle
are shown inside the
parentheses using the
same notation as
- width : double
variables.
+ setWidth(w : double) : void
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 9
Converting the UML Diagram to Code
class Rectangle
{ private:
double width;
double length;
Rectangle public:
void setWidth(double w)
- width : double {
- length : double }
void setLength(double len)
+ setWidth(w : double) : void {
+ setLength(len : double): void }
double getWidth()
+ getWidth() : double
{ return 0.0;
+ getLength() : double }
+ getArea() : double double getLength()
{ return 0.0;
}
double getArea()
{ return 0.0;
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};
Class Member Function Overloading
class Point {
public:
void init(int u, int v) {
x = u; y = v;
}
void print();
void print(char *s);
private:
int x,y;
};
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 10
Class Member Function Overloading
void Point::print() {
cout << “(” << x << “,” << y << “)”;
}
void Point::print(char *s) {
cout << s;
print();
}
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Const Objects
const specify that an object is not modifiable
Any attempt to modify the object is a syntax
error
Example
const Time noon( 12, 0, 0 );
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 11
Const Member Functions
A member function that is declared as const does not
modify the data of the object
class Date
{
int year() const; // const doesn’t modify data
void addYear(int n); // non-const modifies data
};
int Date::year() const // defined as const
{ return year; }
int Date::addYear(int n)
{ year+=n; }
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Static Member Data
Normally each object possesses its own separate copy of
data members, called Instance data
A static data member is shared among all objects of the
same class
There is exactly one copy of a static data member
rather than one copy per object as for non-static
(instance) variables
W03- Classes and Objects
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 12
Instance vs. Static Data Members
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Example: Using a Static Data Member
class P {
public:
static char c;
};
char P::c = ‘W’;
int main () {
P x,y;
cout << x.c;
x.c = ‘A’;
cout << y.c;
}
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 13
Static Member Data
class Foo
{
public:
Foo() { counter++; }
~Foo() { counter--; }
void display()
{
cout << ”There are ” << counter << ” Foo objects!”;
}
private:
static int counter;
};
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Static Member Data
int Foo::counter = 0;
int main()
{ Foo f1;
Foo f2;
f1.display();
{ Foo f3;
f2.display(); }
f1.display();
return 0; }
W03- Classes and Objects
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 14
Objects as Function Arguments
Class Distance
{
private:
int feet;
float inches
public:
Distance() : feet(0),inches(0.0)
{ }
Distance(int ft, float in):feet(ft),inches(in)
{ }
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Objects as Function Arguments
void getDist ( )
{
cout << “Enter feet : “ ; cin >> feet;
cout << “\nEnter inches : “ ; cin >> inches;
}
void showDist ( )
{ cout <<feet << “ \’ ” << inches <<“ \” “; }
void addDist(Distance, Distance);
};
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 15
Objects as Function Arguments
void Distance :: addDist(Distance d1, Distance d2)
{ inches = d1.inches + d2.inches;
feet = 0;
if (inches >= 12.0)
{ inches -= 12.0;
feet++;
}
feet += d1.feet + d2.feet;
}
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Objects as Function Arguments
int main()
{
Distance dist1, dist3;
Distance dist2(10, 3.5);
dist1.getDist();
dist3.addDist(dist1, dist2);
cout << “\ndist1 = “ ; dist1.showDist();
cout << “\ndist2 = “ ; dist2.showDist();
cout << “\ndist3 = “ ; dist3.showDist();
return 0;
}
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 16
Returning Objects from Functions
Distance Distance :: addDist(Distance d)
{
Distance temp;
temp.inches = inches + d.inches;
if (temp.inches >= 12.0)
{ temp.inches -= 12.0;
temp.feet =1;
}
temp.feet += feet + d.feet;
return temp;
}
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Returning Objects from Functions
int main()
{
Distance dist1,dist2;
Distance dist3(11,6.5);
dist1.getdist();
dist2 = dist1.addDist(dist3);
cout << “\ndist1 = “ ; dist1.showDist();
cout << “\ndist2 = “ ; dist2.showDist();
cout << “\ndist3 = “ ; dist3.showDist();
return 0;
}
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016
Instructor: Saima Jawad 17
