Solutions
SOLUTIONS
Solutions
are homogeneous mixtures
composition and properties are uniform
Components:
1. Solvent
▪ present in the greatest quantity
▪ determines the phase of solution
▪ if water is a component, it is usually the solvent.
2. Solute
▪ component dissolved in the solvent
The SOLUTION Process
SOLUTE SOLVENT
SOLUTE-
SOLVENT
interaction
> SOLUTE-SOLUTE interaction
SOLVENT-SOLVENT interaction
Solutions
Solubility
▪ maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a given
amount of solution or solvent at a given temperature
▪ unit = grams of solute per mL of solvent
E.g. Solubility of NaCl = 35.7 g/100 mL at 20oC
Types of Solutions
Based on solubility at a given temperature:
1. Unsaturated
▪ less solute < solubility; can still dissolve more
2. Saturated
▪ contain maximum solute that can be dissolved
3. Supersaturated
▪ contain more solute than what a solution can
normally accommodate
▪ very unstable
Types of Solutions
E.g. Solubility of NaCl = 35.7 g/100 mL at 20oC
+ -
- +
- + - +
+
- + - + -
10 g 35.7 g 40.0 g
- + - +
+ -
+
- + - + -
100 mL @ 20oC 100 mL @ 20oC 100 mL @ 20oC
Types of Solutions
solubility of
glucose at 25oC:
91 g / 100 mL
Solutions
Sample Problem:
1. AgCl can be dissolved in water only to the extent of
0.0021 g per 100 mL of water at 100 oC. What is the
solubility of AgCl at 100 oC?
2. If 0.0005 g of AgCl was dissolved in 50 mL dH2O,
what type of solution was prepared?
Expressions of Concentration
Concentration are expressed as ratios: amount
of solute per volume or mass of solution or
solvent
g/mL, mol/L, mol/kg
Expressions of Concentration
1. Molar concentration
Molarity, M
M = mole of solute
L of solution
Note:1 L solution includes volume of solute
and solvent!
E.g.
1.0 M NaCl = 1 mol of NaCl in 1L of sol’n
Expressions of Concentration
A. If 30.0 g of NaCl crystals are dissolved in
water to make 250 mL solution, what is the
molarity of solution?
Given: mass = 30.0 g NaCl (58.44g/mol); V = 250 mL
Find: M
mol NaCl = 30.0 g x 1mol = 0.5133 mol
58.44 g
L of solution = 250 mL x ( 1L / 1000 mL) = 0.250 L
M = mol NaCl = 0.5133 mol = 2.05 M
L sol’n 0.250 L
Expressions of Concentration
B. How many grams of NaCl must be dissolved
in water to make 500 mL of 0.50 M solution?
Given: M = 0.50 M; Vsol’n = 500 mL = 0.50 L
MMNaCl = 58.44 g/mol
Find: mass, g NaCl
M = moles solute mol solute = M (L sol’n)
L sol’n
mol solute = (M) (L sol’n) = (0.50 mol/L) (0.50 L)
= 0.25 mol
mass NaCl = 0.25 mol x 58.44 g/mol = 14.6 g
Expressions of Concentration
M = mol solute
L sol’n
Other derived formulae for determining:
1. amount of solute present in a given amount of
solution:
mol solute = (M) (L sol’n)
2. volume of solution containing a given amount of
solute:
L sol’n = mol solute
M
Expressions of Concentration
C. How much NaCl in grams is present in 40.0 mL
0.500 M NaCl?
Given: 40.0 mL 0.500 M NaCl
Find: g NaCl
mol NaCl=M (L)
mol NaCl = (0.500 M) (0.0400L) = 0.0200 mol
mass NaCl = 0.0200 mol x 58.44 g/mol
= 1.17 g NaCl
Expressions of Concentration
D. How much 0.500 M NaCl solution must be obtained
if you need 2.50 g NaCl?
Given: M = 0.500 M; mass NaCl needed = 2.50g
Find: L sol’n
L sol’n = mol solute / M
mol NaCl = (2.50g) (1mol/58.44g) = 0.04278 mol NaCl
L sol’n = 0.04278 mol = 0.0856 L = 85.6 mL
0.500 M
Expressions of Concentration
2. Molal concentration
▪ molality, m
▪ m = mole of solute
kg solvent
▪ E.g.
1 m NaCl = 1 mol of NaCl per kg of water
Expressions of Concentration
Determine the concentration in molality if:
A. 0.50 mol NaCl pellets is dissolved in 250 g
water.
B. 0.50 mol NaCl crystals dissolved in 100 g water
Expressions of Concentration
3. Percent Concentration
%(w/w) = mass of solute in g × 100
mass of solution in g
equivalent to g solute per 100 g sol’n
E.g.
10 % NaCl (w/w) = 10 g NaCl in 100 g sol’n
Expressions of Concentration
4. Percent Concentration
%(w/v) = mass of solute in g × 100
volume of solution in mL
E.g.
10 % NaCl (w/v) = 10 g NaCl in 100 mL sol’n
In dilute aqueous solution: density is approx. equal to
density of H2O
Expressions of Concentration
A new vinegar has 6.02% (w/w) acetic acid
(HC2H3O2). How many grams of acetic
acid are contained in a 500-mL bottle of
vinegar? Assume density of 1.01 g/mL.
Ans: 30.4 g
Expressions of Concentration
5. Parts per million, ppm;
Parts per billion, ppb
ppm = mg solute / kg sol’n
= mg solute / L sol’n
ppb = g solute / kg sol’n
= g solute/ L sol’n
Expressions of Concentration
A water sample is contaminated with 100
ppm lead. How much lead in grams is
present in 250 mL water sample?
Mass Pb = 100 mg x 0.250 L = 25.0 mg Pb
1.00 L
Ans: 0.0250 g
Expressions of Concentration
6. Mole fraction
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒊
χ𝒊 =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
χ𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
χ𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 =
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 + 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
Interconversion of Concentration Units
the different concentration units, being
quantitative in nature, can be related with
each other
Molarity to Molality
mol solute mol solute
L sol’n kg solvent
i. convert to g sol’n ii. Determine mass solvent (kg)
using density msolvent = msol’n – msolute
Interconversion of Concentration Units
Calculate the molality of a 2.50 M NaCl solution
whose density is 1.08 g/mL.
Given: M = 2.5 mol NaCl Find: m = mol NaCl
1 L sol’n kg solvent
i. mass 1 L sol’n = 1000 mL x 1.08 g/mL = 1080 g sol’n
mass solute in 1 L sol’n = 2.50 mol x (58.44 g/mol) = 146.1 g
ii. mass solvent = 1080 g – 146.1 g = 933.9 g
Ans: 2.68 m
Interconversion of Concentration Units
An aqueous solution containing 50.0 g of
glucose (C6H12O6; 180.0 g/mol) per liter, has a
density of 1.02 g/mL. Calculate:
1. molarity of the solution
2. % concentration by mass
3. molality of the solution
Dilution
-addition of solvent to a concentrated sol’n (sol’n 1)
to obtain desired diluted concentration (sol’n 2)
Concentrated solution (1) Diluted solution (2)
+ water
Dilution
Concentrated solution (1) Diluted solution (2)
+ water
Mol solute = M1V1 Mol solute = sol’n 1
Mol solute = M1V1
-amount of solute in concentrated sol’n is the same as
the amount of solute in diluted sol’n
Dilution
Molarity of the Mol solute .
diluted sol’n = Vol of the diluted sol’n
Vol of
= V1 + added solvent = V2
diluted sol’n
Molarity of diluted M1V1
=
sol’n (M2) V2
M1V1 = M2V2
Dilution
E.g.
1. Two hundred mL of water was added to a 500
mL 0.25 M HCl. What is the final concentration
of the new solution?
Given: V1 = 500 mL; M1 = 0.25 M; Vadded = 200 mL
Find: M2
Sol’n: V2= 500 mL + 200 mL
M2 = M1V1 = (0.25 M) (500 mL) = 0.18 M
V2 700 mL
Dilution
2. How much 0.800 M NaOH must be diluted to
100.0 mL to obtain a concentration of 0.150 M?
Given: M1 = 0.800 M; M2 = 0.150 M; V2 = 100.0 mL
Find: V1
Sol’n: V1 = M2 V2 = (0.150 M) (100 mL) = 18.8 mL
M1 0.800 M
