6 Matter as particles
6.1 Matter (Book 1B, p. 133)
Matter is anything which has (1) ______________ and takes up (2) _______________.
A The three states of matter (Book 1B, p. 133)
Identify the three states of matter in the photo below:
The steam is a
The pot is a (4) _______________.
(3) _______________.
The water is a
(5) _______________.
B Properties of solids, liquids and gases (Book 1B, p. 134)
What are the properties of solids, liquids and gases? Circle the correct answers.
Solid Liquid Gas
Shape (6) fixed / not fixed (8) fixed / not fixed (10) fixed / not fixed
Volume (7) fixed / not fixed (9) fixed / not fixed (11) fixed / not fixed
C Change of states (Book 1B, p. 137)
Complete the following table:
(12) _______________ point.
ice melts and turns to liquid water
It is (13) __________°C.
The (14) _______________ point.
temperature water boils and turns to steam is called
that It is (15) __________°C.
(16) _______________ point.
water freezes and turns to ice
It is (17) __________°C.
For the same substance, the (18) _______________ point and the (19) _______________ point
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are the same.
The change of states of matter:
(20) ______________ (21) ______________
(23) ______________ (22) ______________
Gas Liquid Solid
Melting, freezing and boiling take place at (24) _______________ temperatures. During these
processes, the (25) _______________ of matter change.
6.2 The particle theory of matter (Book 1B, p. 143)
A Brownian motion and the particle theory (Book 1B, p. 143)
In 1827, (1) _____________________ observed that pollen grains moved randomly in water.
In 1905, Albert Einstein explained that water is made up of small (2) _______________
which move randomly in all (3) _______________.
The water particles hit the pollen grains on all water
particle
sides. Therefore, the pollen grains move about
(4) _______________ in all directions.
polle
The motion of the pollen grains is known as n
grain
(5) ___________________________.
The particle theory can be summarized as follows:
All matter is made up of (6) _______________.
Different substances are made up of (7) _______________ particles.
Particles are (8) _______________.
Particles are (9) _______________ all the time.
There are (10) _______________ between particles.
B Evidence for the particle theory (Book 1B, p. 147)
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Experiments that provide evidence for the particle theory:
a A drop of concentrated Ribena spreads water
out in the water.
Ribena
brown gas
b The brown gas in each set-up fills both
air jars eventually.
50 cm3 50 cm3
water alcohol
c The volume of the water and alcohol
mixture is smaller than the sum of the <100 cm3
volumes of the two liquids. mixture
perfume d We can smell the perfume in the
balloon.
balloon
Which points of the particle theory does each of the above experiments support?
Particle theory Experiment
I All matter is made up of particles. (11) ______, ______, ______, ______
II Different substances are made up of different (12) ______, ______, ______
particles.
III Particles are tiny. (13) ______, ______
IV Particles are moving all the time. (14) ______, ______, ______
V There are spaces between particles. (15) ______, ______
C Atoms (Book 1B, p. 152)
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(16) _______________ are the smallest units of matter.
Some substances, e.g. gold, are made up of only one kind of atoms.
Some substances, e.g. water, are made up of more than one kind of atoms.
a gold atom
a water particle
Gold is made up of gold atoms. A water particle is made up of one
(17) _______________ atom and two
(18) _______________ atoms.
6.3 The particle model (Book 1B, p. 154)
The arrangement and the motion of particles in the three states of matter:
Arrangement Spaces between Motion of Properties of
State of matter
of particles particles particles matter
Solid (1) (2) Each solid Has
___________ ______________ particle vibrates (4) ____________
pattern about a volume and shape
(3) ___________
position.
Liquid (5) Small (but Liquid particles Has
___________ (6) ___________ can move around (7) _________
pattern than those of easily. volume but
solid) (8) ____________
shape
Gas (9) (10) Gas particles can Has
___________ ______________ move (12) ___________
pattern (11) __________ volume and shape
in all directions.
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6.4 Gas pressure (Book 1B, p. 157)
A Explaining gas pressure using the particle model (Book 1B, p. 157)
When gas particles hit the walls of a container, the container walls experience a
(1) _____________________.
We can measure gas pressure by a (2) _____________________. The unit of gas pressure is
(3) _______________ and the symbol is (4) _______________.
A gas can be (5) _______________ because there are large spaces between gas particles.
1 The gas in a closed container is 2 The volume of the gas becomes
compressed. (6) _______________ and the
spaces between the gas particles
are (7) _______________.
3 The gas particles hit the container
walls more frequently. The gas
pressure (8) _______________.
B Atmospheric pressure (Book 1B, p. 160)
(9) ______________________ is the gas pressure exerted by the air particles in the
atmosphere.
Why does the box in Fig a collapse when we keep on sucking air from it?
When we keep on sucking air from the box, the number of air
particles in the box (10) _______________. The gas pressure
inside the box becomes (11) _______________ than the
atmospheric pressure. The (12) _______________ pressure
outside crushes the box.
Fig a
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6.5 Density of matter (Book 1B, p. 165)
A What is density? (Book 1B, p. 165)
The (1) _______________ of an object is its mass per unit volume.
The unit of density is (2) _______________ or (3) _______________.
B How do we calculate the density of an object? Extension
(Book 1B, p. 166)
We can calculate the density of an object with this formula:
Density = (4) _______________ ÷ (5) _______________
Calculate the density of the salt solution and the lead cube in the cases below:
a b
56.5 g lead
3
cube
50 cm salt solution
reading reading
109 g = 50 cm3 = 55 cm3
water
Mass of the beaker = 49 g
Density of salt solution = (6) ( _____________ − _____________) ÷ (7) _____________
= (8) _____________
Density of lead cube = (9) _____________ ÷ (10) ( _____________ − _____________)
= (11) _____________
C Sinking and floating (Book 1B, p. 169)
If the density of an object is higher than that of a liquid, it (12) _______________ in the liquid.
If the density of an object is lower than that of a liquid, it (13) _______________ in the liquid.
The density of water is 1.0 g/cm3. Based on the data below, predict the position of the objects
in the beaker of water:
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Object Density (g/cm3) Position
Plasticine 1.4 (14) _______________
Gold 19.3 (15) _______________ a
b water
Oil 0.9 (16) _______________
c
D Why can a steel ship float in the sea? (Book 1B, p. 170)
Extension
1 The (17) _______________ 2 The space in the steel ship
of air is much lower than holds a large volume of
that of steel. (18) _______________.
air
3 The overall density of the steel ship is 4 The steel ship floats
lower than that of (19) _________________. in the sea.
6.6 Thermal expansion and contraction (Book 1B, p. 172)
Many substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. This is called
(1) _______________ expansion and contraction.
A Explaining thermal expansion and contraction Extension
using the particle theory (Book 1B, p. 175)
Among the three states of matter, (2) _______________ expand more than liquids and liquids
expand more than (3) _______________ when they are heated.
Explaining thermal expansion and contraction in solids:
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temperature rises
temperature drops
Thermal expansion Thermal contraction
Occurs when the temperature of a Occurs when the temperature of a
substance (4) _______________. substance (9) _______________.
The particles (5) _______________ The movement of the particles
energy and move (6) ____________. (10) _____________________.
The spaces between the particles The spaces between the particles
become (7) _______________. become (11) _______________.
The substance (8) ______________. The substance (12) ______________.
Comparing the thermal expansion of the three states of matter:
Solids Liquids Gases
Reason
The particles are
Arrangement arranged The particles are not The particles are
of particles (13) ______________. arranged regularly. (16) ______________.
Each particle can only They can move more
Movement of They can move around
(14) ______________ freely than those in
particles about a fixed position. easily. (17) ______________.
Result
Solids do not expand Liquids expand more Gases expand more
much when they are than (15) __________ than (18) __________
heated. when they are heated. when they are heated.
How a hot air balloon works:
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5 The balloon rises.
4 The (21) _______________ of
air inside the balloon becomes
lower than that outside the
balloon.
3 The volume of the air inside the
air inside the balloon (20) _______________.
balloon is heated
air particle
2 The spaces between the air
particles inside the balloon
become (19) ______________.
1 The air inside the
balloon is heated.
B Problems caused by thermal expansion and contraction,
and their solutions (Book 1B, p. 177)
Thermal expansion and contraction of materials may cause the materials to crack and break.
Solutions to problems caused by thermal expansion and contraction:
Solution Explanation
(22) _______________ are left on road Roads may not crack easily when they
surface. expand or contract.
The cables may not break easily when the
Power cables are (23) ________________.
temperature drops.
C Applications of thermal expansion and contraction
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in daily life (Book 1B, p. 179)
1 Liquid-in-glass thermometers (Book 1B, p. 179)
When the temperature rises, the liquid inside the glass
(24) _______________. It takes up more (25) _______________
in the glass, so the liquid level goes up.
When the temperature falls, the liquid (26) _______________.
It takes up less space in the glass, so the liquid level
Alcohol thermometer is
(27) _______________. a kind of liquid-in-glass
thermometer
2 Thermostats (Book 1B, p. 179) Extension
(28) _______________ are used in some electrical appliances to keep the appliances within a
fixed range of temperature.
Some thermostats are installed with (29) ____________________. It is made up of two
different metal strips (e.g. iron and brass) stuck together.
The working principle of a bimetallic strip in an electric iron:
1 The (30) _____________ strip expands 4 When the electric iron cools down, the
more than the (31) _______________ strip (34) _____________. The circuit
strip when heated. becomes (35) _____________ and the
electric iron is turned on.
contact points
brass
bimetallic strip
iron heater
2 When the electric iron is heated above a
certain temperature, the bimetallic strip
bends to the (32) _______________ side.
3 The contact points separate. The
(33) _______________ (電路)
breaks and the electric iron is
turned off.
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Answers
6 Matter as particles
6.1
1 mass 2 space 3 solid 4 gas
5 liquid 6 fixed 7 fixed 8 not fixed
9 fixed 10 not fixed 11 not fixed 12 melting
13 0 14 boiling 15 100 16 freezing
17 0 18 melting 19 freezing 20 condensation
21 freezing 22 melting 23 boiling 24 fixed
25 states
6.2
1 Robert Brown 2 particles 3 directions 4 randomly
5 Brownian motion 6 particles 7 different 8 tiny
9 moving 10 spaces 11 a, b, c, d 12 a, c, d
13 c, d 14 a, b, d 15 c, d 16 Atoms
17 oxygen 18 hydrogen
6.3
1 Regular 2 Small 3 fixed 4 fixed
5 Irregular 6 larger 7 fixed 8 no fixed
9 Irregular 10 Large 11 freely 12 no fixed
6.4
1 gas pressure 2 Bourdon gauge 3 pascal 4 Pa
5 compressed 6 smaller 7 reduced 8 increases
9 Atmospheric pressure 10 decreases 11 lower 12 greater
6.5
1 density 2 g/cm3 3 kg/m3 4 mass
5 volume 6 109 g, 49 g 7 50 cm 3
8 1.2 g/cm3
9 56.5 g 10 55 cm3,50 cm3 11 11.3 g/cm3 12 sinks
13 floats 14 c 15 c 16 a
17 density 18 air 19 sea water
6.6
1 thermal 2 gases 3 solids 4 rises
5 gain 6 faster 7 larger 8 expands
9 drops 10 slows down 11 smaller 12 contracts
13 regularly 14 vibrate 15 solids 16 far apart
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17 liquids 18 liquids 19 larger 20 increases
21 density 22 Gaps 23 slack 24 expands
25 space 26 contracts 27 falls 28 Thermostats
29 bimetallic strips 30 brass 31 iron 32 iron
33 circuit 34 straightens 35 closed
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