CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
The wind turbine has had a singular history among prime movers. Its
genesis is lost in antiquity, but its existence as a provider of useful mechanical
power for the last thousand years been authoritatively established, the wind
mill. Which once flourished along with the water wheel as one of the two prime
movers based on the kinetic energy of natural sources, reached its apogee of
utility in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Its use then began to decline,
as prime movers based on thermal from the combustion of fuel took precedence.
They first wind machines are used to grinding of grain and the pumping of the
water.
A wind turbine is a device that converts the winds kinetic energy into
electrical energy. The wind turbine has add a provider of useful mechanical
power for the last thousand years has been authoritatively established. Wind
machines however where revived by the emergence and proliferation of two
major technologies. The rapid spread of electricity as a versatile transducer of
energy between the prime mover and the job, and the burgeoning of the
engineering science of the aerodynamics, which was occasioned by the
development of the airplane. The wind turbine is also describe as a wind energy
conversation system (WECS) or, if used to produce electric power, as a wind
turbine generator (WTG).

Figure:1 History of wind turbines

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1.2 Types of wind turbine
1.2.1 Horizontal axis wind turbine
1.2.2 Vertical axis wind turbine
This project deals with small horizontal axis wind turbine.

1.2.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Figure: 2 HAWT

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft

and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind.
Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally
use a wind sensor coupled with a servomotor.
Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a
quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator.
Any solid object produces a wake behind it, leading to fatigue failures, so
the turbine is usually positioned upwind of its supporting tower. Downwind
machines have been built, because they don't need an additional mechanism for
keeping them in line with the wind. In high winds, the blades can also be
allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance.
In upwind designs, turbine blades must be made stiff to prevent the
blades from being pushed into the tower by high winds.

2
 The supporting framework is constructed with a plurality of triangular
sub-units. The rotor has a plurality of vanes projecting therefrom. The vanes
have adjustable pitch and are encircled by a rim having a plurality of magnets.
Wind induces rotation of the rim.
The stator is essentially stationary and is mounted on the framework
opposite the rim. As magnets on the rotating rim pass by the stator, electricity is
generated. The stator uses the pull of the magnets to automatically adjust itself
to align with the rotating rim.
The framework is mounted on the rotation track so that the framework
can continually be adjusted to maximize wind-induced rotation of the rotor.
Horizontal axis means the rotating axis of the wind turbine is horizontal, or
parallel with the ground.
The disadvantage of horizontal axis however is that it is generally
heavier and it does not produce well in turbulent winds. Horizontal-axis wind
turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of
a tower, and may be pointed into or out of the wind. Small turbines are pointed
by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled
with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the
blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical
generator.

1.2.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Figure: 3 VAWT

Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine With vertical axis wind turbines the

rotational axis of the turbine stands vertical or perpendicular to the ground. As
mentioned above, vertical axis turbines are primarily used in small wind

3
projects and residential applications. Vertical-Axis-Wind-Turbine this niche
comes from the OEM’s claims of a vertical axis turbines ability to produce well
in tumultuous wind conditions. Vertical axis turbines are powered by wind
coming from all 360 degrees, and even some turbines are powered when the
wind blows from top to bottom. Because of this versatility, vertical axis wind
turbines are thought to be ideal for installations where wind conditions are not
consistent, or due to public ordinances the turbine cannot be placed high enough
to benefit from steady wind.
1.3 Parts of Wind Turbine

A simple wind turbine consists of three main parts,

 Blades
 Rotor
 Generator
Blade: The lifting style wind turbine blade are the most efficiently
designed, especially for capturing energy of strong, fast winds. The blade acts
as barrier to the wind. When the wind forces the blade to move, some of the
wind energy is transferred to the rotor.

Generator: It uses the difference in electrical charge to produce a change

in voltage. Voltage is actually electrical pressure, the force that moves an
electrical current. The voltage drives the electrical current (alternative current
power) through power lines for distribution. The generator produces electricity
from the rotation of the rotor. Generators come in various sizes, relative to the
output you wish to generate. The nacelle is the housing or enclosure that seals
and protects the generator and gear box from the elements. It is easily removed
for maintenance of the wind. The tail vane directs the turbine to gather
maximum wind energy.
Rotor: The rotor is designed aerodynamically to capture the maximum
surface area of wind in order to spin the most ergonomically. When the rotor
spins, the shaft also spins, and transfers the mechanical energy into rotational
energy. The blades are lightweight, durable and corrosion-resistant material. A
gear box magnifies or amplifies the energy output of the rotor. The gear box is
situated directly between the rotor and the generator. A rotor rotates the
generator (which is protected by a nacelle), as directed by the tail vane.

4
 Figure: 4 parts of wind turbine

1.4 Small Wind Turbines

A small wind turbine is a wind turbine used for microgeneration, as

opposed to large commercial wind turbines, such as those found in wind farms,
with greater individual power output. The Canadian wind energy association
defines “small wind” as ranging from less than 1000watt (1kw), turbines up to
300kw turbines. The small wind turbines maybe as small as a 50w auxiliary
power generator for the boat, caravan, or miniature refrigeration unit.
1.4.1 Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

Figure: 5 Small horizontal axis wind turbine

Small wind turbine with a horizontal axis developed in 19

century for mechanical pumping of water. The rotor has 20 or more
blades, a low tip-speed ratio but a high starting torque .With
increasing wind speed pumping would then start automatically .In

5
 small horizontal axis wind turbine of modern design for providing
electricity in remote homes and isolated community “off-grid”.

1.5 Blade Element Momentum Theory and Wind Turbine Design

This chapter discusses about available theory such as momentum theory,
blade element theory and blade element momentum theory for design of the
blades of horizontal axis wind turbine. The blade for wind turbine is designed
based on strip theory for a generalized rotor, including wake rotation. Finally
the geometry, shape and position of the connecting rod, shaft and hub is found
from design practice.

1.5.1 Approaches to Rotor Design

An HAWT rotor consists of one or more blades, each with a series
of airfoil shapes along the blade. The choice of airfoil, chord length, and
twist along the blade determines the performance of the rotor under a
variety of flow conditions. In the 1980’s rotors were typically designed to
maximize the design power coefficient of the rotor, given some choice of
airfoils.
This initial approach gave way in the 1990’s to maximizing the
energy capture of the rotor. The approach starts with a choice of airfoils
and a rotor is being designed for a maximum power coefficient, as
described above. Then the blade’s characteristics can be modified to
maximize energy capture, given the range of operating conditions that
would be found at a site. This approach requires designing the rotor with
a specific wind speed distribution and control system in mind.

Recently, rotors have been designed for minimum cost of energy.

This approach also starts with a rotor that is as aerodynamically efficient
as possible. The rotor design is then optimized using a multidisciplinary
approach that includes wind characteristics, an aerodynamic model, a
structural model of the blades, and cost models for the blades and all
major wind turbine components (Tangle, 2000). Such approaches have
resulted in slightly lower energy capture than previous designs, but lower
loads (by about 10%) and lower overall cost of energy.

1.5.2 Improvements in Rotor Design Practice

The complex operating environment where in the wind turbine
blades experience the interaction between,

6
 1. The boundary layers around the airfoils,
2. The production of power,
3. The flow field around the wind turbine necessitate the use of
computer codes for blade design.

The computer codes may calculate some or all of the following: overall
steady state rotor performance (energy yield), fluctuating aerodynamic loads
along the blade, the flow field around the wind turbine, and noise emissions
generated by aerodynamic effects.

Codes which calculate the fluctuating loads along the blade are referred
to as aero elastic codes, as they must model not only the aerodynamics of the
rotor, but also the motions of the elastically deforming blades and the
interactions between these blade motions and the flow. The aero elastic codes
must model the vibration of wind turbine blades under the fluctuating air loads.

There are a variety of aero elastic codes used in the industry and the
research field to analyze wind turbine rotor behavior. These models are based
on Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory, which describes the steady state
behavior of a wind turbine rotor, with extensions to address unsteady operation.
BEM models have significant limitations and there are numerous more
complicated modelling tools that are being developed to more accurately model
the rotor aerodynamics.

1.6 Momentum Theory and Blade Element Theory

The design analysis uses momentum theory and blade element theory.
Momentum theory refers to a control volume analysis of the forces at the blade
based on the conservation of linear and angular momentum. Blade element
theory refers to an analysis of forces at a section of the blade, as a function of
blade geometry. The results of these approaches can be combined and is known
as strip theory or blade element momentum (BEM) theory. This theory can be
used to relate blade shape to the rotor’s ability to extract power from the wind.
The following aspects are covered in the analysis of blade element momentum
theory:

1. Momentum and blade element theory.

2. The simplest ‘optimum’ blade design with an infinite number of blades

and no wake rotation.

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 3. A simple ‘optimum’ blade design including wake rotation and a finite
number of blades. This blade design can be used as the start for a general
blade design analysis.

1.6.1 Momentum Theory

The forces on a wind turbine blade and flow conditions at the blades
can be derived by considering conservation of momentum since force is the
rate of change of momentum. In momentum theory, the axial and angular
induction factors are assumed to be functions of the radius, r.
Stream tube
boundary
Actuator
disk

1
2 3
4

Figure 6: Geometry for rotor analysis

The differential thrust, in a control volume of radius and thickness

is obtained by applying the conservation of linear momentum.

Where, is axial induction factor which is defined as the

fractional decrease in wind velocity between the free stream and the rotor
plane.
Similarly, the differential torque, Q, imparted to the blades (and equally,
but oppositely, to the air) is found from the conservation of angular momentum.

Where, is angular induction factor, which is defined as:

Where, is the increase in angular velocity of the air across the disc,
relative to the blade.

8
 A Flow Induction Factors
0.6

0.5

0.4
a& b

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

r/R ratio

Graph: 1 Axial Flow Induction Factors

dr
r

Figure 7: Rotor in an annular control volume

1.6.2 Blade Element Theory

The forces on the blades of a wind turbine can also be expressed as a
function of lift and drag coefficients and the angle of attack. Furthermore, the
following assumptions are made:

1. There is no aerodynamic interaction between elements (thus, no radial

flow).
2. The forces on the blades are determined solely by the lift and drag

characteristics of the airfoil shape of the blades.

9
 In analyzing the forces on the blade section, it is to be noted that the
lift and drag forces are perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to an effective,
or relative, wind. The relative wind is the vector sum of the wind velocity at the
rotor, and the wind velocity due to rotation of the blade.

The wind velocity due to rotation of the blade is the vector sum of the blade
section velocity, and the induced angular velocity at the blades from
conservation of angular momentum,

The overall flow situation is shown in Figure and the relationships of the
various forces, angles, and velocities at the blade, looking down from the blade
tip,

Figure 8: Schematic of blade elements

If the rotor has blades, the total normal force on the section at a
distance, from the center

Where, and is the lift coefficient and drag coefficient of the airfoil
respectively, is the chord length of the airfoil.
The differential torque due to the tangential force operating at a distance, r,
from the center is given by:

From the above Equations, the effect of drag is to decrease torque and hence
power, but to increase the thrust loading.

10
 Thus, blade element theory, also results in two equations that define the
normal force (thrust) and tangential force (torque) on the annular rotor section
as a function of the flow angles at the blades and airfoil characteristics.
dQ

Chord line
dN
dL

dD
dT

Plane of blade rotation

Figure 9: Blade geometry for analysis of a horizontal axis wind turbine

1.6.3 Blade Shape for Ideal Rotor without Wake Rotation

The momentum theory relations and the blade element theory relations
are combined to relate blade shape for performance. The control volume for
this analysis is shown in Figure. The maximum possible power coefficient from
a wind turbine, assuming no wake rotation or drag, is to occur with an axial
induction factor of The blade shape approximates one that would provide
maximum power at the design tip speed ratio of a real wind turbine.

To analyze rotor without wake rotation, the following assumptions are

made:
1. There is no wake rotation; thus
2. There is no drag; thus
3. There are no losses due to a finite number of blades (i.e. no tip loss).
4. The axial induction factor, a, is in each annular stream tube.

The rotor designed based on the above assumptions is called ‘Betz

optimum rotor’. BEM theory or strip theory refers to the determination of wind
turbine blade performance by combining the equations of momentum theory
and blade element theory.

11
 In this case,

These relations can be used to find the chord and twist distribution of the Betz
optimum blade.
It can be seen that blades designed for optimum power production have an
increasingly large chord and twist angle as one gets closer to the blade root.
Rotor
Control volume

Figure 10: Annular control volume without wake rotation.

1.6. Blade Shape for Optimum Rotor with Wake Rotation
The blade shape for an ideal rotor that includes the effects of wake
rotation can be determined using the analysis developed for a general rotor.
This optimization includes wake rotation, but ignores drag and tip losses.

Figure 11: Stream tube model of flow behind rotating wind turbine blade

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 One can perform the optimization by taking the partial derivative of that
part of the integral for which is a function of the angle of the relative wind,
and setting it equal to zero, i.e.,

This yields:

From the above equations, the optimum values for and including wake
rotation, are often similar to, but could be significantly different from, those
obtained without assuming wake rotation. Also, as before, select where is
minimal.
1.7 Airfoils for Wind Turbines
Modern HAWT blades have been designed using airfoil ‘families’
(Hansen and Butterfield, 1993). The blade tip is designed using a thin airfoil,
for high lift to drag ratio, and the root region is designed using a thick version
of the same airfoil for structural support.

Generally, in the 1970’s and early 1980’s, wind turbine designers felt
that minor differences in airfoil performance characteristics were far less
important than optimizing blade twist and taper. For this reason, little attention
was paid to the task of airfoil selection. Thus, airfoils that were in use by the
aircraft industry were chosen because aircraft were viewed as similar
applications. Aviation airfoils such as the NACA 44xx and NACA 230xx
(Abbott and von Doenhoff, 1959) were popular airfoil choices because they had
high maximum lift coefficients, low pitching moment, and minimum drag.

In the early 1980’s, wind turbine designers became aware of airfoils such
as the NASA LS(1)MOD, and this airfoil was chosen by US and British
designers for its reduced sensitivity to leading edge roughness, compared to the
NACA 44xx and NACA 230xx series airfoils (Tangle et al., 1990). Danish
wind turbine designers began to use the NACA 63(2) xx instead of the NACA
44xx airfoils for the same reasons.

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1.8 Design of Small Wind Turbines
Smaller scale turbines for residential scale use are available. Their
blades are usually 1.5 to 3.5 m in diameters and produce 1 to 10 kW of
electricity at their optimal wind speed. Some units have been designed to be in
very light weight in their construction. The majority of small wind turbines are
traditional horizontal axis wind turbine but vertical axis wind turbine or a
growing type of wind turbine in the small wind market.
The generators for small wind turbines usually are 3 Phases alternating
current generators and the trend is to use the induction type. They are options
for direct current output for battery charging and power invertors to convert the
power back to AC but at constant frequency for grid connectivity. Some models
utilize single phase generators. Some small wind turbines can be designed to
work at low wind speed but in general small wind turbines requires a minimum
wind speed of 3m/s.

1.9 Power formula

𝟏
𝑷𝑮 = 𝝆𝑨𝒖𝟑 𝑪𝒑
𝟐

π
 A = D2
4
 D – rotor diameter
 ρ – air density
 u – wind velocity
 U -(cubic) and D (square) are the dominant factor
 Cp-performance of the wind turbine

1.10 Power calculation

The power calculation is calculated by the instruments which is daily
used by the home appliances. Like fan, television, computer, iron box, etc.
The maximum power is consumed per day is 240 volt.

14
 CHAPTER 2

Literature Review

2.1 Computational Studies on Small Wind Turbine Performance

characteristics

Large wind turbines are installed at places where there are favorable wind
condition, wind turbines such as turbine attain power coefficients of 0.45 where
as small wind turbines have power coefficient of around 0.25 -0.35 and are
generally installed any places irrespective of wind turbines. These turbines are it
is classified into three types namely,
 Micro (1kW and >1.5m),
 Midrange (5 kW and > 2.5m)
 Mini (20+, > 5m) based on the power and rotor radius.

2.2 Small Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Blade for Low Wind Speed
Operation
At low wind speed, modern commercial wind turbines have low
efficiency for electricity generation. This aims to design a new small wind
turbine blade that is suitable for practical applications. Higher torque has to be
obtained properly to generate electricity. Optimized blade shape with the rotor
diameter of the wind turbine no higher than 3 m, a design wind velocity of 6
m/s, using12 V and 24 V battery chargers. The new wind turbine blade has been
manually made from fiberglass (GRP) with safety factors of 4 (for 12 V battery)
and 2.8 (for 24 V battery). Experimental study is conducted by testing both the
commercial blade and our new blade with a specific wind turbine set. It is found
that, at designed wind velocity, the efficiency of the novel wind turbine blade of
27% is obtained while that of the commercial wind turbine is only 16%.

2.3 Analysis of a Wind Turbine Blade Profile for Tapping Wind Power at
the Regions of Low Wind speed
The project is aimed at designing a wind turbine for tapping the low
speed wind in urban locations. Our study focuses primarily on designing the
blade for tapping power in the regions of low wind power density. The
aerodynamic profiles of wind turbine blades have crucial influence on

15
aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine. The NACA 63 series is chosen as the
basic group for investigation because they have good low speed characteristics
and the power curve is better in the low and medium wind speed ranges. In this
paper NACA 63-415 airfoil profile is considered for analysis of wind turbine
blade. The coefficient of lift and drag values are calculated for low Reynolds
number and the pressure distributions are also plotted.

2.4 An Optimal Design of the Wind Turbine Blade Geometry Adapted To a

Specific Site Using Algerian Wind Data
The aerodynamic modeling of the wind turbine blades constitutes one of
the most important processes in the design of the turbine. The aim of this
modeling is to calculate the aerodynamic loads, to determine the optimal
parameters of the blades and estimate the wind extracted power. The design of
the blade geometry must provide the optimal shape of the rotor blade capable to
produces the maximum extracted power. This design must be done for a
specific aerodynamic profile and a specific site, since this modeling must be
based on statistical analysis of meteorological data of this given site. In this
work aerodynamic loads for small wind turbine blades are calculated as well as
the total power extracted by the turbine. This design has a great impact on the
turbine efficiency and consequently on its economic feasibility.
2.5 Aerodynamic Analysis of a Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Using
CFD
Wind is a clean source of energy that is renewable and harnessing the
green wind energy is one of the key factors for sustainable growth and
development. Such energy can be harnessed through wind turbines. The present
study deals with the computational analysis of a scaled model of 3 kW small
horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) using CFD (Computational Fluid
Dynamics). The wind turbine rotor configuration has been obtained using BEM
(Blade Element Momentum) theory. A 3-D computational model of the rotor
system has been created and CFD simulations have been carried out using
commercial CFD code FLUENT. The analysis has been carried out at various
wind speeds in the range of 4 m/s to 12 m/s using Shear Stress Transport k-ω
(SST) model to study the variation of torque, normal force and power with wind
speed. The analysis for a range of tip speed ratios also has been carried out. The
flow field characteristics around different sections of the blade were studied.

16
 CHAPTER 3

Design Concept

3.1 Airfoil selection

In the present state there is no unambiguous, rational procedure to

determine the ideal for a given wind turbine rotor, or even for a given radial
station on a blade. Chord and the twist possible in the blade design. A further
factor relates to the different span wise aerodynamic requirements of the general
rotor. For this reason the current approach in airfoil section is to use a rotor
performance computer code .NACA series airfoils have demonstrate the best
overall performance characteristic of the naca families, and they provide
reasonable resistance to roughness losses. This result of both the very wide
range of angles of attack over which a blade operate and the widely different
geometrical combinations of airfoil selection.
3.2 NACA
The NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) airfoils are
airfoil shapes for aircraft wings developed by the NACA. The shapes of the
NACA airfoils is described using a series of digits of following the word
“NACA”. The parameters in the numerical code can be entered into equations to
properties generate the cross section of the airfoils and calculate its properties.
3.2.1 NACA FIVE DIGIT SERIES
The NACA five digit series describes more complex airfoil shapes.
Its format is LPSTT, where:
 L: A single digit representing the theoretical optimum lift
coefficient at ideal angle of attack (this is not the same at the lift
coefficient,
 P:a single digit for the x-coordinates of the maximum chamber
(max chamber at x=0.05p)
 S:a single digit indicating whether the chamber is simple (S=0)
or reflex (S=1)
 TT : the maximum thickness in percent of chord , as in a four
digit NACA airfoil code
In this project we are selecting the NACA series 63415

17
 3.2.2 NACA 63415

Figure: 12 NACA 63415 Airfoil

NACA series airfoils are used the wind and they have a more lift performances
with compared to the other airfoils.

Figure: 13 power curve

Cut In Speed
The cut-in speed is the wind speed required for a particular wind turbine
to begin to generate electric power. The start-up speed is the wind speed at
which the wind turbine blades will begin to rotate.
The cut-in speed is always greater than the start-up speed. If a
manufacturer is promoting a low start-up speed for a wind turbine then the
buyer should be skeptical. A low start-up speed does very little to enhance the
overall electric production of a wind turbine.

18
Cutout Speed
There is a risk of damage to the rotor. It’s defined as the achieved the
efficient power and apply the breaking system of the wind turbine generator.
The speed not to be controlled and based on the incoming wind speed.

Rated Wind Speed

The power output reaches the limit that the electrical generator is capable
of keep the power at constant level. It is the speed is definedasthe to reach the
power output of the wind.

Angle Of Attack
In aerodynamic, angle of attack specifies the angle between the chord line
of the wing of affixed wing aircraft and the vector representing the relative
motion between the aircraft and atmosphere.

Blade Number
The determination of the number of blades involves design considerations
of aerodynamic efficiency, component costs, system reliability, and aesthetics.
Aerodynamic efficiency increases with the number of blades but with
diminishing return. Increasing the number of blades from one to two yields a
6% increase in efficiency, whereas increasing the blade count from two to three
yields only an additional 3% in efficiency. In this project choosing on the three
bladed wind turbine due to the high efficiency and the balancing the wind
speed.

Blade Twist
Rotor blades for wind turbines are always twisted. Seen from the rotor
blade, the wind will be coming from a much steeper angle (more from the
general wind direction in the landscape), as you move towards the root of the
blade, and the center of the rotor. A rotor blade will stop giving lift (stall), if the
blade is hit at an angle of attack which is too steep. Therefore, the rotor blade
has to be twisted, so as to achieve an optimal angle of attack throughout the
length of the blade.

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Even or Odd Number of Blade

A rotor with an even number of blades will cause stability problems for a
wind turbine. The reason is that at the very moment when the uppermost blade
bends backwards, because it gets the maximum power from the wind, the lower
most blade passes into the wind shade in front of the tower. This produces
uneven forces on the rotor shaft and rotor blade.
3.2.3 TIP SPEED RATIO
The tip-speed ratio is the ratio of the rotational speed of the blade to the
wind speed.

Tip speed ratio = rotating speed of the blade/ wind speed

J= Ω * r
V
Where,
J=tip speed ratio
Ω=rotational speed
r=radius of the wind turbine blade
V=free stream velocity

The optimum tip speed ratio depends on the number of blades in the wind
turbine rotor.
Where the reference of Germany research journal,
 Two bladed rotor=6
 Three bladed rotor=5
 Four bladed rotor=3

How to calculate the power?

We are taking per day household appliances (20), by analyzing power
consumption. Then the appliances of average power is 2.5kw is fixed the
theoretical power of this project.

AVERAGE POWER=58801 watts hrs.

Calculating per day,

=58801/24

=2450 watts
Finally we are getting the average power of 2.5kw on this project.

20
 CHAPTER 4

Modelling of wind turbine

4.1 CATIA V5

CATIA (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive

Application) (in English usually pronounced is a multi-
platform CAD/CAM/CAE commercial software suite developed by the French
company Dassault Systems. Written in the C++ programming language,
CATIA is the cornerstone of the Dassault Systems product lifecycle
management software suite.
4.1.1 Uses of the CATIA:-
CATIA can be applied to a wide variety of industries, from aerospace and
defense, automotive, and industrial equipment, to high tech, shipbuilding,
consumer goods, plant design, consumer packaged goods, life sciences,
architecture and construction, process power and petroleum, and services.
CATIA V4, CATIA V5, Pro/ENGINEER, NX (formerly Unigraphics),
and SolidWorks are the dominant systems.
For the blade length calculated by following the wind turbine power output
formula,
Given data:-
Power=2.5kw
Velocity=15m/s
Co-efficient of performance=0.35
To find:-
Blade diameter=?
Solution:-
𝟏
𝐏𝐆 = 𝛒𝐀𝐮𝟑 𝐂𝐩
𝟐
2.5kW = 0.5 * 1.225 * A * (15^3) * 0.35
Length of the blade=1.05m
Blade diameter=2.1m

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4.2 Chord Length
In aeronautics, chord refers to the imaginary straight line joining the
leading and trailing edges of an aero foil. The chord length is the distance
between the trailing edge and the point on the leading edge where the chord
intersects the leading edge.
The point on the leading edge that is used to define the chord can be
defined as either the surface point of minimum radius, or the surface point that
will yield maximum chord length.
In this project choosing the chord length =200mm

4.3 Blade Taper and Twist Angle

The incident air velocity experienced by a wind turbine blade is a
combination of: (i) the wind speed at the rotor; (ii) the headwind produced by
the rotation of the blade through the air. For this reason, for a given wind
velocity, different parts of the blade experience different incident air velocities,
i.e. speed and direction: high speeds almost parallel to the rotor plane of
revolution near the tip and low speeds closer to wind direction near the hub.
For a particular airfoil, the lift and drag characteristics can be measured by
experiment or calculated using aerodynamic theory. Lift and drag change with
angle of attack and length, or chord, of the airfoil best angle of attack, the one
that maximizes lift and minimizes the associated drag (with other
considerations), occurs at a particular tip speed ratio.
In this project we have taking the twisting angle starts from 33.98deg- 2.40deg.

4.4 Rotor Diameter of Wind Turbine

Rotor diameter is defined as the tip to tip distance between the wind
turbine blades. It’s too considered one single blade length and the hub diameter.
In this project having a rotor diameter of the wing turbine=2.1m
4.5 Blade Length
Blade length is defined as the overall length of the blade in wind
turbine.
In this project having a length of the blade=1.05m

22
 Wind turbine parameters:-
Given data:-
J=5
v=15m/s
r=1.05m
To find:-
J=Ωr/v
5=Ω*1.05/15
=71.4285rad/sec
The rotational speed of the wind turbine =71.4285rad/sec.

4.6 Blade Design Concept:-

This project the design making on the methodology chosen for chord fixed
concept.

Blade Chord Stager angle (𝜷)

ratio(r/R) length(l)

0.105 0.20 33.98011231

0.21 0.19 20.88605788
0.315 0.18 14.33774792
0.42 0.17 10.60964707
0.525 0.16 8.21078258
0.63 0.14 6.514930179
0.735 0.13 5.219209575
0.84 0.12 4.162521308
0.945 0.11 3.243920437
1.05 0.10 2.395338695

Table: 1 Design parameters

23
4.7 Blade 3D Model

1.05m

200mm

Figure: 14 Blade model

1.05m

Diameter=354mm

Figure: 15 Blade with hub

24
 CHAPTER-5
Design Analysis
5.1 ANSYS
Ansys develops and markets finite element analysis software used to
simulate engineering problems. The software creates simulated computer
models of structures, electronics, or machine components to simulate strength,
toughness, elasticity, temperature distribution, electromagnetism, fluid flow,
and other attributes. Ansys is used to determine how a product will function
with different specifications, without building test products or conducting crash
tests. For example, Ansys software may simulate how a bridge will hold up
after years of traffic, how to best process salmon in a cannery to reduce waste,
or how to design a slide that uses less material without sacrificing safety.
Most Ansys simulations are performed using the Ansys Workbench
software, which is one of the company's main products. Typically Ansys users
break down larger structures into small components that are each modeled and
tested individually. A user may start by defining the dimensions of an
object, and then adding weight, pressure, temperature and other physical
properties. Finally, the Ansys software simulates and analyzes movement,
fatigue, fractures, fluid flow, temperature distribution, electromagnetic
efficiency and other effects over time.
Ansys also develops software for data management and backup, academic
research and teaching.

Figure: 16 flow analysis

25
5.2 FLUENT

ANSYS Fluent software is the most-powerful computational fluid

dynamics (CFD) tool available, empowering you to go further and faster as you
optimize your product's performance. Fluent includes well-validated physical
modeling capabilities to deliver fast, accurate results across the widest range of
CFD and Multiphysics applications.

Example:-

Figure :17 velocity streamline

Step 1: Creating a Fluid Flow Analysis System in ANSYS Workbench

In this step, you will start ANSYS Workbench and create a new fluid
flow analysis system.
Start ANSYS Workbench by choosing the Start menu, then select
the Workbench option in the ANSYS 12.1 program group.
Start All Programs ANSYS 12.1 Workbench

Step 2: Creating the Geometry in ANSYS Design Modeler

For the geometry of your fluid flow analysis, you can create a geometry
in ANSYS Design Modeler, or import the appropriate geometry file. In this
tutorial, we will create the geometry from scratch in ANSYS Design Modeler.

1. Start ANSYS Design Modeler.

2. Set the units in ANSYS Design Modeler.
3. Create the geometry.

26
5.3 Blade model

Figure: 18

5.4 Blade geometry

Figure: 19

5.5 Outer domain

Figure: 20

27
5.6 Outer domain with blade

Figure: 21
Step 3: Meshing the Geometry in the ANSYS Meshing Application
Mesh Generation:-
Mesh generation is the practice of generating
a polygonal or polyhedral mesh that approximates a geometric domain. The
term "grid generation" is often used interchangeably. Typical uses are for
rendering to a computer screen or for physical simulation such as finite element
analysis or computational fluid dynamics. The input model form can vary
greatly but common sources are CAD, NURBS, B-rep, STL or a point cloud.
The field is highly interdisciplinary, with contributions found
in mathematics, computer science, and engineering.
Three-dimensional meshes created for finite element analysis need to
consist of tetrahedral, pyramids, prisms or hexahedra. Those used for the finite
volume method can consist of arbitrary polyhedral. Those used for finite
difference methods usually need to consist of piecewise structured arrays
of hexahedra known as multi-block structured meshes.
Based on the skewness, smoothness, and aspect ratio, the suitability of the
mesh can be decided.

28
5.7 Meshing diagrams of model:-

Blade with mesh

Blade

Figure: 22

Rotating frame:-

Interface

Figure: 23

29
Outer domain with blade and rotating frame:-

Outlet

Inlet

Outer wall
Figure: 24

Step 4: Setting Up the CFD Simulation in ANSYS FLUENT

Now that you have created a computational mesh for the elbow geometry, you
can proceed to setting up a CFD analysis using ANSYS FLUENT.

1. Start ANSYS FLUENT.

2. Set some general settings for the CFD analysis
3. Set up your models for the CFD simulation.
Turbulence model used for k-omega (SST)

In computational fluid dynamics, the k–omega (k–ω) turbulence

model is a common two-equation turbulence model that is used as a closure for
the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS equations).

The model attempts to predict turbulence by two partial differential

equations for two variables, k and ω, with the first variable being the turbulence
kinetic energy (k) while the second (ω) is the specific rate of dissipation (of the
turbulence kinetic energy k into internal thermal energy).

30
Figure: 25

Figure: 26

31
4. Set up your materials for the CFD simulation.

For this project we are using only the Air.

Figure: 27

5. Set up the cell zone conditions for the CFD simulation.

For this project cell zone conditions as to be fixed domain and moving
wall.
6. Set up the boundary conditions for the CFD analysis.

Figure: 28

32
Figure:29

Figure: 30

33
 Operating Conditions:-

S.no Velocity RPM

1 3 137

2 6 273

3 9 410

4 12 546

5 15 683

Table: 2 wind turbine operating conditions

7. Set up solution parameters for the CFD simulation.

8. Calculate a solution.

34
 CHAPTER 6

Result and Discussion

6.1 Computational Results:-

137rpm,3m/s

Figure: 31

Report:-

Power=2*3.14*N*T/60
=2*3.14*137*1.0918/60
=15.6556watts

35
273 rpm, 6m/s

Figure: 32

Report:-

Power=2*3.14*N*T/60
=2*3.14*273*6.9705/60
=200watts.

36
410 rpm, 9 m/s

Figure: 33

Report:-

Power=2*3.14*N*T/60
=2*3.14*410*12.2306/60
=524.8558watts.

37
546 rpm, 12 m/s

Figure: 34

Report:-

Power=2*3.14*N*T/60
=2*3.14*546*12.2306/60
=1290.493watts.

38
683 rpm, 15m/s

Figure:35

Report:-
Power =2*3.14*N*T/60
=2*3.14*683*34.8425/60
=2539.38watts.

39
Velocity Flow Diagrams:-

Figure: 36

40
6.2 Result:-
The 2.5kw small horizontal axis wind turbine is analyzed successfully at
different level of RPMs with in the different velocities.
In this project we are analyzed the mechanical power generated by the
wind turbine design. And that result will be represented by the graphical term.
This result will be compared successfully by DIXON BOOK, both the result are
same.

Angular
Velocity(m/s) Velocity(rad/sec) rpm torque power(mech)
3 14.28571429 137 1.091871 15.59815714
6 28.57142857 273 6.970573 199.1592286
9 42.85714286 410 13.43324 575.7104143
12 57.14285714 546 24.06234 1374.990857
15 71.42857143 683 35.52212 2537.294429

Table: 3 Results of mechanical power with in varies velocities

Power Curve
3000.000

2500.000

2000.000
POWER(kW)

1500.000

1000.000

500.000

0.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Wind speed (m/s)

Graph result: 2 Power Curve

41
 CHAPTER 7
Future Scope
For this project future work is to analyze wind turbine blade for find out
graphical representation of wind turbine performance due to different tip speed
ratios.
Fabricate our designed wind turbine and analyze to find the experimental
results with the help of wind tunnels.
Also can analyze to find out the structural performance results of our
designed wind turbine.

42
 References

 Fluid mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery (FIFTH

EDITION) by, S.L. DIXON.

 Wind Turbine Technology, Fundamental Concepts of wind turbine

engineering (second edition) by, DAVID A.SPERA.

 Analysis of a Wind Turbine Blade Profile for Tapping Wind Power at

the Regions of Low Wind Speed by, Dr.S.P.Vendan, Associate Professor
(International Journal of Mechanical Engineering ISSN: 2277-7059).

 Research on the Aerodynamics of Blade Profiles of Wind Turbines

Pop e. S., Campean e., Dragan t. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
(Journal of Sustainable Energy VOL. 7)

 Small Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Blade for Low Wind Speed

operation,
P.Pathike,T.Katpradit,P.Terdtoon,P.Sakulchangsatjatai
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University,
Thailand 50200(Journal of Applied Science and Engineering,
Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 345351)

 Computational studies on small wind turbine performance characteristics

N Karthikeyan Journal of Physics: Conference Series 759 (2016) 012087.

 An optimaldesignofthewindturbineBladegeometryadaptedtoaspecificSite
Using Algerian Wind Data., Zine Labidine Mahri, Said Zid, Rouabah
Mohamed Salah, University Constantine.

43