Battery Sizing

Battery Sizing
Standard: IEEE 485: Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
Cell selection :
Different cell designs having different charge, discharge, and aging characteristics are available for lead
acid battery . Cell selection is to be made by considering factors such as physical size, life, cost etc.
- Plante, Tubular, pasted plate, OPZs (based on method of positive plate construction)
- Flooded cell, VRLA/ sealed etc. (based on whether battery is vented or valve regulated or sealed etc)
Generally flooded cells are used in NPP application. Flooded cell allows the monitoring of electrolyte
level and specific gravity etc.
Plante and Tubular plate designs are being used in NPP.
OPZs battery is new design of tubular battery. This design takes less floor area compared to
conventional tubular batteries. It is used in pony motor UPS system of PFBR.
Cell sizing
1. Determination of number of cells
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑡𝑦𝑝.𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒+10%)

Max. number of cells = 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔)
(this is for ensuring that DC bus voltage does not exceed the allowable system
voltage)
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑡𝑦𝑝.𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒−15%) + 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝

Min. nuber of cells = 𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
(this is for ensuring that DC bus voltage does not go below the allowable min
system voltage)
2. Duty Cycle
Battery duty cycle gives the expected load current that battery has to supply with respect to time on
failure of AC supply to battery charger till the expected time to restore the AC supply.
A1
Current
(A) P1
A2
A3
P2
P3
1 60 240
Time (minutes)
Section-1
Section-2
section-3
3. Duty cycle is divided into different periods and sections
In the above duty cycle, there are three periods. (P1, P2 and P3). Three sections are defined as
Section-1 : constitutes P1 only
Section-2 : constitutes P1 & P2
Section-3: constitutes P1, P2 & P3
4. Analyzing each section to determine battery capacity
Section-1 contain only P1. Capacity (in AH) required = A1 x Kt
A1 is the ampere for period P1,

Kt is the capacity rating factor for ‘t’ minutes (Kt value for t minutes and for a particular end of discharge
voltage is obtained from manufacture curves). Here t= 1 minute
For section-2, the capacity is calculated by assuming that the current A1, required for the first period,
continued through the second period (i.e upto 60 minutes); this capacity is then adjusted for the change
in current (A2–A1) during the second period.
i.e capacity required for section-2 = A1 x k60 +(A2-A1)x k59
For section 3, capacity is calculated as same manner as in section-2.

i.e capacity required for section-3 = A1 x k240 + (A2-A1) x K239 + (A3-A2) x k180
5. Determination of cell capacity (without correction factors)
The required cell size (without correction factor ) is maximum of the capacity calculated for among
individual sections.
6. correction factors:
Design margin (typ. 10%)
Aging margin (25 %)
Temperature correction
Lithium ion Batteries vs Lead Acid Battery
Lithium ion batteries posses many pros compared to lead acid battery
 High energy density (~200 Wh/kg for Lithium ion where as <100 Wh/kg for Lead acid)
 Nominal voltage is 3.7V
 Less foot print
 Higher number of charging discharging cycles possible
 Less maintenance
 Battery AH delivered is not diminished that much for higher discharge rates. A 100Ah lead acid
battery will only deliver 60Ah if discharged over a one hour period. In contrast, a 100Ah lithium-
ion system will achieve over 98Ah even during a 30 minute discharge.
Lithium ion batteries posses following demerits
 Technology is new and it is not demonstrated for high energy storage applications where as lead
acid battery is in use for more than 100 years in various applications. Usage of lead acid battery
in stationary application is having rich experience
 Higher cost. Lithium ion battery is about 10 times costlier than flooded type lead acid cells and
about 5 times than VRLA battery.
 Lead acid and lithium-ion cells are both capable of going into “thermal runaway” in which the
cell rapidly heats and can emit electrolyte, flames, and dangerous fumes. The likelihood and
consequences of an event are higher for lithium-ion as it has a higher amount of energy in a
smaller volume.
 With the present data, life of lithium-ion cells are less (about 3 years) when compared to lead
acid cell.
Vertical Graphene Nanosheets for Energy Storage
A supercapacitor (SC) (also called a supercap, ultracapacitor or Goldcap) is a high-capacity capacitor with
capacitance values much higher than other capacitors (but lower voltage limits) that bridge the gap
between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries. They typically store 10 to 100 times more
energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster
than batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries.
The supercapacitors (SC’s) are basically electrochemical capacitors with higher effective surface space
and very small separation distances (0.3-0.5 nm) between the electrodes. Unlike the conventional
capacitors, SC’s do not contain a separate dielectric medium and the electric double layer’s formed at
the electrode-electrolyte interface acts as dielectric medium.
The supercapacitors are further categorised based on their energy storage mechanism as: 1) electrical
double layer capacitors (EDLC) that uses the columbic charge accumulation of electric charge at the
electrode electrolyte interface and 2) pseudo-capacitors (PC) involving reversible redox reactions at the
electrode surface. Recently, the hybrid structures which are combination of both EDLC and PC are
developed to achieve enhanced storage performance.
The EDLCs store energy either by electrostatically or by nonFaradically means by developing an electric
double layer at the electrode surface. Recent advances in fabrication of nanostructures with different
morphologies such as porous structures, nanorods/tubes and nanoflakes etc., facilitates the
formation of electric double layers at different locations on the electrode surface. Due to the electrical
continuity of the surfaces all the electrostatic energy gets coupled and thus EDLCs realizes higher energy
densities than the conventional capacitors. Owing to their remarkable electrical conductivity,
mechanical strength, chemical inertness, easy processing and wide range of operating temperatures,
carbon materials are the most ideal candidate as EDLC SC’s electrodes. A variety of carbon materials
such as activated carbon (AC), carbon aerogels, carbon nanotubes (CNT’s), carbon nanofibers etc., have
been explored. In the process of fabrication of higher surface area materials, the meso porous materials
and layered structures such as graphene received a lot of attention. Of late, the vertical graphene
nanosheets (VGN) popularly known as graphene nanowalls or graphene flakes have also garnered the
attention of researchers towards energy storage applications, due to their intriguing properties.

Battery Sizing

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What are the different types of cells used in lead acid batteries?

What are the different types of cells used in lead acid batteries?

What factors are considered while selecting cells?

What factors are considered while selecting cells?

Battery Sizing

Plante and Tubular plate designs are being used in NPP.

1. Determination of number of cells

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑡𝑦𝑝.𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒+10%)

𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑡𝑦𝑝.𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒−15%) + 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝

3. Duty cycle is divided into different periods and sections

Section-1 : constitutes P1 only

Section-2 : constitutes P1 & P2

Section-3: constitutes P1, P2 & P3

4. Analyzing each section to determine battery capacity

Section-1 contain only P1. Capacity (in AH) required = A1 x Kt

A1 is the ampere for period P1,

For section 3, capacity is calculated as same manner as in section-2.

5. Determination of cell capacity (without correction factors)

Design margin (typ. 10%)

Aging margin (25 %)

Lithium ion batteries posses following demerits

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