Enterprise Architecture – Basic Concepts
What is a standard?
Agenda What is Enterprise?
What is Enterprise Architecture?
Why do we need Enterprise Architecture?
What is an architecture framework?
30/09/2018 1
Enterprise Architecture – Basic Concepts
The TOGAF Standard is an architecture framework.
What is
TOGAF Is a tool for assisting the acceptance, production,
Standard? use and maintenance of enterprise architectures.
It is based on an iterative process model supported by
best practices and a reusable set of existing
architectural assets.
It is used in different sectors as Government,
Telecommunications, Manufacturing, Defense and
Finance.
30/09/2018 2
Enterprise Architecture – Basic Concepts
“TOGAF is an architecture framework.
What is
TOGAF? TOGAF is a framework - a detailed method and a set
of supporting tools - for developing an enterprise
architecture. It may be used freely by any organization
wishing to develop an enterprise architecture for use
within that organization.”
30/09/2018 3
Enterprise Architecture – Basic Concepts
“TOGAF is an architecture framework.
What is
TOGAF? TOGAF is developed and maintained by members of The Open
Group, working within the Architecture Forum. The original
development of TOGAF Version 1 in 1995 was based on the
Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management
(TAFIM), developed by the US Department of Defense (DoD).
TOGAF was the result of many years of development effort and
many millions of dollars of US Government investment.”
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Enterprise Architecture – Basic Concepts
Structure of
TOGAF
Document
7 Parts
30/09/2018 5
Enterprise Architecture – Basic Concepts
Key concepts
Structure of
TOGAF ADM
Document Techniques
7 Parts
Building Blocks
Taxonomies
TRM
Processes
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Seven (7) parts of the TOGAF document
1. PART I - (Introduction) key concepts
Types of 2. PART II - (Architecture Development Method) - a step-by-step approach to
Architectures developing an enterprise architecture.
3. PART III - (ADM Guidelines and Techniques)
Domains
4. PART IV - (Architecture Content Framework) structured metamodel,
building blocks, architecture deliverables.
5. PART V - (Enterprise Continuum & Tools) taxonomies and tools to
categorize and store the outputs of architecture activity
6. PART VI - (TOGAF Reference Models) TOGAF Foundation Architecture,
Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model (III-RM).
7. PART VII - (Architecture Capability Framework) organization, processes,
skills, roles, and responsibilities.
30/09/2018 *Although all parts work together as a whole, it is also feasible to select particular parts for adoption while excluding others 7
Definition: Enterprise
• Organizations with common set of goals (a whole corporation, a single
department).
Enterprise • “Enterprise" can be used to denote both an entire enterprise - encompassing
all of its information and technology services, processes, and infrastructure -
and a specific domain within the enterprise. Architecture crosses multiple systems, and
multiple functional groups within the enterprise.
• An extended enterprise may include partners, suppliers, and customers, as
internal business units.
• A common framework can provide a basis for the development of an
Architecture Repository for the integration and re-use of models, designs,
and baseline data.
30/09/2018 8
Definition: Architecture
What is Architecture in the Context of TOGAF?
Architecture 1. A formal description of a system, or a detailed plan of the
system at a component level to guide its implementation.
2. The structure of components, their inter-relationships, and
the principles and guidelines governing their design and
evolution over time.
30/09/2018 9
Architecture framework
What is an architecture framework?
Architecture An architecture framework is a foundational structure, or set of
framework structures, which can be used for developing a broad range of different
architectures.
It should describe a method for designing a target state of the
enterprise in terms of a set of building blocks, and for showing how
the building blocks fit together.
It should contain a set of tools and provide a common vocabulary.
It should also include a list of recommended standards and compliant
products that can be used to implement the building blocks.
30/09/2018 10
Architecture framework
Why do we need a framework for enterprise architecture?
Architecture
framework - Speed up architecture development
- Simplify architecture development
- Ensure more complete coverage of the designed solution
- Make sure that the architecture selected allows future growth
Scalability = Be prepared = Future Growth = Opportunities
30/09/2018 11
Benefits of TOGAF
• Any organization undertaking, or planning to undertake, the development and
implementation of an enterprise architecture for the support of business
Who would transformation will benefit from use of TOGAF.
benefit from
• Organizations seeking Boundaryless Information Flow can use TOGAF to
using define and implement the structures and processes to enable access to
TOGAF? integrated information within and between enterprises.
• Organizations that design and implement enterprise architectures using
TOGAF are assured of a design and a procurement specification that can
facilitate an open systems implementation, thus enabling the benefits of
open systems with reduced risk.
30/09/2018 12
Need for an enterprise architecture
• Optimize across the enterprise the often fragmented legacy of processes into an
integrated environment that is responsive to change and supportive of the
Why do we delivery of the business strategy.
need an
• Today's CEOs know that the effective management and exploitation of
enterprise information through IT is a key factor to business success, and an indispensable
architecture? means to achieving competitive advantage.
• EA provides a strategic context in response to the constantly changing needs of
the business environment.
• A good enterprise architecture enables you to achieve the right balance between
IT efficiency and business innovation. It allows individual business units to
innovate safely in their pursuit of competitive advantage. At the same time, it
ensures the needs of the organization for an integrated IT strategy are met,
permitting the closest possible synergy across the extended enterprise.
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Why is TOGAF Standard suitable as a framework?
TOGAF standard has been developed through the collaborative efforts of more
than 300 Architecture Forum member companies from some of the world`s leading
Framework companies and organizations.
Using TOGAF results in:
- Enterprise architecture that is consistent
- Reflects the needs of stakeholders
- Employs best practice
- Gives due consideration for:
- Current requirements
- Future business needs
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Group Work:
List the benefits of having an enterprise architecture in four different categories:
Enterprise
1. Business operation
Architecture
Benefits 2. IT operation
3. Investment
4. Procurement
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EA – Framework Domains
Business Model
• Business Direction
• Stakeholders
• Functions
TOGAF • Information Business
Architecture
Standards
• Data Model • Applications
• Information Flows • Application Integration
Information Application
• Databases Architecture Architecture
• Application Technology
• Server Technology
• Network / Communications
• Platforms / Operating Systems
Technology Architecture
• Database Systems
30/09/2018
• Security Technologies 16
Business benefits
Efficient business operation:
1. Lower business operation costs
Benefits
2. More agile organization
3. Business capabilities shared across the organization
4. Lower change management costs
5. More flexible workforce
6. Improved business productivity
30/09/2018 17
Business benefits
Efficient IT operation:
1. Lower software development, support, and maintenance costs
Benefits
2. Increased portability of applications
3. Improved interoperability and easier system and network
management
4. Improved ability to address critical enterprise-wide issues like
security
5. Easier upgrade and exchange of system components
30/09/2018 18
Business benefits
Better return on existing investment, reduced risk for future investment:
1. Reduced complexity in the business and IT
Benefits
2. Maximum return on investment in existing business and IT
infrastructure
3. The flexibility to make, buy, or out-source business and IT
solutions
4. Reduced risk overall in new investments and their cost of
ownership
30/09/2018 19
Business benefits
Faster, simpler, and cheaper procurement:
1. Buying decisions are simpler, because the information governing
Benefits procurement is readily available in a coherent plan
2. The procurement process is faster - maximizing procurement
speed and flexibility without sacrificing architectural coherence
3. The ability to procure heterogeneous, multi-vendor open systems
4. The ability to secure more economic capabilities
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Key people identify areas of change required in order for new business goals to be met. Such people are commonly
referred to as the "stakeholders" in the change. The role of the architect is to address their concerns by:
Identifying and Developing views Showing the
trade-offs that are
refining the of the architecture
Stakeholders going to be made
requirements that show how the in reconciling the
that the concerns and potentially
requirements are conflicting
stakeholders concerns of
going to be
have different
addressed
stakeholders
30/09/2018 21
Regulatory Drivers
• Clinger-Cohen Act 1996 US Information Technology Management
Reform Act. Designed to improve the way the US
Architecture Federal Government acquires and manages IT.
Mandates the use of a formal enterprise architecture
framework process for all US federal agencies.
• Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 US Public Company Accounting Reform.
Passed in response to a number of major corporate
and accounting scandals involving prominent
companies in the US (Enron, Worldcom). Companies
must provide attestation of internal control
assessment including IT.
• EU Directives on the Award of Require vendors involved in Public Contracts to
Public Contracts show that they are using formal enterprise
architecture processes within their businesses when
supplying products and services.
30/09/2018 Regulatory = Finance = Bonus 22
Assignment – Sarbanes Oxley - Enron
1. Review Enron´s Rise
ENRON 2. List the causes of Enron´s Bankruptcy
3. Who was morally responsible?
4. What happened with Valhalla?
5. Lessons learned
• Is Enron the result of a couple of corrupt guys or the result of a dark side of the system?
• Ken Lay & J. Edgar changed the law
https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xryvpp_enron-los-tipos-que-estafaron-a-america-1d2_news
30/09/2018 Regulatory = Finance = Bonus **John Edgar Hoover the first Director of the FBI. 23
EA
1. Which is NOT one of the seven parts of TOGAF
document?
(A) ADM Guidelines and Techniques
Certification
Questions (B) Architecture Content Framework
(C) Architecture Governance
(D) TOGAF Reference Models
Basic Concepts
(E) Architecture Capability Framework
9/30/2018 25
Introduction to Enterprise Architecture
Structure of
TOGAF
Document
7 Parts
30/09/2018 26
Seven (7) parts of the TOGAF document
1. PART I - (Introduction) key concepts
Types of 2. PART II - (Architecture Development Method) - a step-by-step approach to
Architectures developing an enterprise architecture.
3. PART III - (ADM Guidelines and Techniques)
Domains
4. PART IV - (Architecture Content Framework) structured metamodel,
building blocks, architecture deliverables.
5. PART V - (Enterprise Continuum & Tools) taxonomies and tools to
categorize and store the outputs of architecture activity
6. PART VI - (TOGAF Reference Models) TOGAF Foundation Architecture,
Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model (III-RM).
7. PART VII - (Architecture Capability Framework) organization, processes,
skills, roles, and responsibilities.
30/09/2018 *Although all parts work together as a whole, it is also feasible to select particular parts for adoption while excluding others 27
2. What is Architecture in the Context of TOGAF?
(A) The fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its components, their
relationships to each other and the environment, and the principles governing its design and
evolution
Certification
(B) A rigorous description of the structure of an enterprise, which comprises enterprise
Questions components (business entities), the externally visible properties of those components, and
the relationships (e.g. the behavior) between them
(C) An architecture is the most important, pervasive, top-level, strategic inventions, decisions,
and their associated rationales about the overall structure (i.e., essential elements and their
relationships) and associated characteristics and behavior
(D) Architecture is the use of abstractions and models to simplify and communicate complex
structures and processes to improve understanding and forecasting
Basic Concepts (E) A formal description of a system, or a detailed plan of the system at a component level to
guide its implementation or the structure of components, their inter-relationships, and the
principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time
9/30/2018 28
Definition: Architecture
What is Architecture in the Context of TOGAF?
Architecture 1. A formal description of a system, or a detailed plan of the
system at a component level to guide its implementation.
2. The structure of components, their inter-relationships, and
the principles and guidelines governing their design and
evolution over time.
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3. Which of the following according to TOGAF is NOT a
reason to use an Enterprise Architecture Framework?
(A) It will speed up and simplify architecture development
Certification
Questions (B) It will ensure more complete coverage of the designed
solution
(C) It will make certain that the architecture selected allows
for future growth in response to the needs of the business
(D) Its use may be mandated by federal agencies
Basic Concepts (E) It will ensure compliance and protect the interest of
stakeholders
9/30/2018 30
Architecture framework
Why do we need a framework for enterprise architecture?
Architecture
framework - Speed up architecture development
- Simplify architecture development
- Ensure more complete coverage of the designed solution
- Make sure that the architecture selected allows future growth
Scalability = Be prepared = Future Growth = Opportunities
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4. Which one of the following statements best describes
the TOGAF standard?
A. The TOGAF standard is a tool for developing Technology
Architectures only.
Certification
Questions B. The TOGAF standard is a framework and method for
architecture development.
C. The TOGAF standard is a business model.
D. The TOGAF standard is a specific architecture pattern.
Basic Concepts
E. The TOGAF standard is a method for IT Governance.
9/30/2018 32
Introduction to Enterprise Architecture
“TOGAF is an architecture framework.
What is
TOGAF? TOGAF is a framework - a detailed method and a set
of supporting tools - for developing an enterprise
architecture. It may be used freely by any organization
wishing to develop an enterprise architecture for use
within that organization.”
30/09/2018 33
5. Which one of the following best describes why you
need a framework for enterprise architecture?
A. Architecture design is complex.
Certification
Questions B. Using a framework can speed up the process.
C. Using a framework ensures more complete coverage.
D. A framework provides a set of tools and a common
vocabulary.
Basic Concepts
E. All of these.
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6. Which of the following is not considered one of the
main constituent parts of the TOGAF document?
Certification A. The Architecture Development Method
Questions
B. The Enterprise Continuum & Tools
C. The Technical Reference Model
D. The TOGAF Architecture Capability Framework
Basic Concepts
9/30/2018 35
Introduction to Enterprise Architecture
Structure of
TOGAF
Document
7 Parts
30/09/2018 36
7. Which one of the types of architecture below is not
commonly accepted as part of the enterprise architecture
addressed by the TOGAF standard?
A. Business Architecture
Certification
Questions B. Data Architecture
C. Application Architecture
D. Technology Architecture
Basic Concepts
E. Pattern Architecture
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EA – Framework Domains
Business Model
• Business Direction
• Stakeholders
• Functions
TOGAF • Information Business
Architecture
Standards
• Data Model • Applications
• Information Flows • Application Integration
Information Application
• Databases Architecture Architecture
• Application Technology
• Server Technology
• Network / Communications
• Platforms / Operating Systems
Technology Architecture
• Database Systems
30/09/2018
• Security Technologies 38
8. Which part of the TOGAF document provides a number
of architecture development phases, together with
narratives for each phase?
Certification A. Part I: Introduction
Questions
B. Part II: Architecture Development Method (ADM)
C. Part III: ADM Guidelines and Techniques
D. Part IV: Architecture Content Framework
E. Part V: Enterprise Continuum & Tools
Basic Concepts
9/30/2018 39
