Introduction to Linux
e-Yantra Team
Embedded Real-Time Systems Lab
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
September 17, 2017
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Table of contents
1 History
2 Why Linux ?
3 Operating Systems overview
4 Processes
5 Grep and Pipe
6 Manage Groups and Users
7 Manage File Permissions
8 Remote Login
9 Archive
10 Vim
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History
Introduction to UNIX
UNIX is not an open source project
UNIX requires specialized hardware resources, hence cannot be
installed on every machine
UNIX is mainly used in server systems and main frames
In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU project to create free
UNIX like operating system
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History
Major releases of Operating Systems
Linus Benedict Torvalds developed Linux in the year 1991 when he
was an undergraduate student
Considering the versions of Ubuntu there are around 52 major releases
which includes the latest version 17.04
Windows 1.01 - First major version, released on Nov 20, 1985
After the first release, there are 25 more major releases for windows,
which includes windows 10 also
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Why Linux ?
Why Linux ?
Open source Multi-user Operating System
User can add new features, implement new ideas. This way Linux gives
more flexibility to the users
Can revive older computers - can be fitted from low end to high end
systems
Supports all major programming languages like C, C++, Python,
Java, Perl etc
No need to worry about setting environment paths
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Why Linux ?
Why Linux ?
Variety of distributions
Best customer support from Linux forums(askubuntu.com)
We will be assisted with in minutes after posting a query in these
forums.
No need to reboot frequently
No need to reboot after installation, remove, update and upgrade of
any application.
Security
Every user is assigned with minimum level of privileges over files of
other users.
Pre-installed with drivers
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Operating Systems overview
Operating Systems overview
Operating System is a collection of programs which is used to:
Manage the hardware resources
For example, allocation and deallocation of memory
Schedule the processes which are in memory
Synchronization of processes
Synchronization between the processes is required for consistency of
the data.
File system Manipulation
Create file/directory
Read/Write/Execute a file
Manage file permissions
and many more
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Operating Systems overview
Levels of Abstraction in Linux
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Operating Systems overview
Process Management
Process Management describes about start, pause, resume and
termination of processes
Process management also includes scheduling of processes
Some of the standard scheduling strategies are:
FCFS
SJF
SRT
Round Robin
Static Priority Based Scheduling
Dynamic Priority Based Scheduling
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Operating Systems overview
Memory Management
Responsibilities:
Keeps track of which part of memory is being used by whom
Deciding which processes memory need to be moved in and out of
memory
Deciding how much amount of memory needs to be allocated to a
particular process
Each user process will have its own section of memory
One process may not have the access to private memory of another
process
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Operating Systems overview
Device Drivers
A device is typically accessed in kernel mode i.e., they should run on
CPU without any preemption
Device drivers perform the following operations:
Accepts requests from device independent software
Interact with the device for I/O and perform required error handling
Making sure that execution completed successfully
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Operating Systems overview
System Calls
System calls perform specific tasks which user process cannot do alone
For example, opening a file, reading a file, writing to a file etc
How a process start:
fork() - Creates a new process
exec() - Starts the process
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Operating Systems overview
Flavours of Linux
Below is the list of Linux flavours most people use:
Ubuntu
Mint
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Operating Systems overview
List of Basic Commands
who
Displays who is logged on
ls -la
List the files in the directory with permissions as well as author name
mkdir
Create directory
cd directory_name
cd stands for Change Directory. This will make the user to switch the
directory
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Operating Systems overview
List of Basic Commands
pwd
Returns the full path of the current directory
touch < file_name >
Creates an empty file with the mentioned file name
rm -r < directory _name >
Removes the entire directory
echo < some_text > » welcome.txt
Creates a new file welcome if it does not exist
Appends the text to the text file welcome.txt
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Operating Systems overview
List of Basic Commands
cat -n < file_name >
Dumps the file content on to the terminal with line numbers at left
margin
wc < file_name >
This command will count the number of lines, number of words and
number of characters in the text file
less
This command dumps the text content of the file onto the screen.
The main use of this is to scroll the content.
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Operating Systems overview
List of Basic Commands
apt-get
This command is used along with one of the options install, remove,
upgrade, update, autoremove, clean
ifconfig
Stands for Interface Configuration
This command will show the ip address(Ethernet, WLAN) as well as
the physical(MAC) address of the system
Used to view the network configuration of the system
man < command >
Opens the manual page of the command.
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Operating Systems overview
Copy and Move
cp < source_file_path >< dest_path >
Copies file from source and paste into the destination
cp -r < source_dir _path >< dest_path >
Copies directory from source and paste into the destination
mv < source_file_path >< dest_path >
mv command just works like cut and paste. For moving directory use
-r option.
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Processes
Processes
top
This command lists the processes which are consuming relatively more
resources with their names, IDs and % of memory occupied.
ps -A
This command lists all the processes.
killall < process_name >
This command kills all the threads of the process with the mentioned
name
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Grep and Pipe
Grep and Pipe
grep -i linux linux_tutorial.txt
This command will finds all the lines which contain the linux in the
linux_tutorial.txt
grep -A 2 -i linux linux_tutorial.txt
This command will finds all the lines which contain the linux in the
linux_tutorial.txt along with two lines after it.
cat demo.txt | grep important
This will print all the lines which contain the word important in the
text file demo.txt
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Grep and Pipe
Grep and Pipe
ps -A | grep chrome
This will show all the running threads which contain the word chrome
along with the thread IDs.
We can search for all the patterns on the content which is dumped on
to the terminal after running a command can be easily located using
pipe symbol along with grep.
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Grep and Pipe
Search in a Directory
find < path > −name < file_name >
This command returns all the directory paths in which the file exists
find < path > -name *.jpg
This returns all the jpg files in the directory mentioned in the path
grep -r abstract *
This command will search for the word abstract recursively in all the
files in the directory.
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Manage Groups and Users
Users and Groups on Linux
Users
Root user or Super user
Other users
Each user will have user ID as well as group ID to which he belongs to
Set of users can form a group
Root user can set privileges to individual user separately or user can
set privileges to a group of users using group name and group ID
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Manage Groups and Users
Create and Delete Users, Groups
sudo useradd < user _name >
Creates user
sudo userdel < user _name >
Deletes user
sudo groupadd < group_name >
Creates group
sudo groupdel < group_name >
Deletes group
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Manage Groups and Users
Create Group and Add Users to Group
sudo adduser < user _name >< group_name >
Adds user with the specified name to the group with the specified
name.
Before deleting a group, delete all the users of the group without
which it is not possible to delete a group.
Adding, Deleting of users and groups must be done as a root user.
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Manage File Permissions
File Permissions
chmod 754 < file_name >
4 - Read
2 - Write
1 - Execute
0 - No permission
Each digit is a combination of these numbers. For example 7 is a
combination of 4+2+1, 5 is a combination of 4+0+1 and 4 is a
combination of 4+0+0.
chmod a+wx < file_name >
Add write and execute permissions to all the users for the file
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Manage File Permissions
File Permissions
chmod -R 754 < file_name >
Here from the above command sets permission as:
RWX - For User
RX - For a users of the group
R - For other users
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Remote Login
SSH and SCP
ssh username@ip_address
Used to remote login to a system. After running this command enter
the password of the remote system.
scp -r < local_directory _path >< dest_user _name > @ <
dest_ipaddress >:< dest_path >
This command is used to securely copy the local directory into remote
location with the specified user name and ip address
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Archive
Archive
tar -cvf example.tar example
This creates the tar file for the directory example and stores it in the
current working directory.
tar -xvf example.tar
This will untar the file example.tar and stores it in the current working
directory
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Archive
Archive
tar -cvzf images.zip images
This will zip the images directory and saves in format images.zip for
the directory images
tar -xvf images.zip
This command will unzip and creates the directory images.
-c : creates an archive
-v : verbose
-f : Allows us to specify file name of the archive
-x extract files from archive
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Vim
Vim Introduction
Vim is an open source command line editor
User may not always have access to GUI editors
For low end flavours of Linux, we don’t have access to GUI
Vim has the powerful features for text navigation
Vim comes along with tutorial. Just run the command vimtutor on
your terminal which will show all the commands along with their
description
According to a survey conducted by stackoverflow, 30%(of 55,000
approx) of software employees still use Vim as their primary editor
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Vim
Modes
Insert Mode
To insert the text
Normal Mode
To easily navigate between the text
In Insert Mode, press Esc to switch to Normal mode
In Normal Mode, press i to switch to Insert Mode
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Vim
Navigate Between the Text
Keys h, j, k, l to move the cursor left, down, up and right respectively.
Key w
Moves the cursor to start of next word
Key b
Moves the cursor to beginning of the previous word
Key e
Moves the cursor to end of the next word
Key 3w
Moves the cursor to start of 3rd word from current cursor position.
Similarly for keys 3b, and 3e also
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Vim
Insert Text Multiple Times
10i- + Esc
10 hiphens with just one command
10i% + Esc
10% symbols with just one command
This way Vim saves lot of time as compared to other text editors
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Vim
Nth Occurrence of a Character
fa
First occurrence of the character from the current cursor position
5fa
Fifth occurrence of the character from the current cursor position
Shift + %
Jumps to matching parenthesis
0
Jumps to beginning of the current line
$
Jumps to end of the current line
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Vim
Nth Occurrence of a Word
*
First occurrence of the word from the current cursor position
5*
Fifth occurrence of the word from the current cursor position
#
Immediate previous occurrence of the word from the current cursor
position
5#
5th previous occurrence of the word from the current cursor position
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Vim
Navigate to a Specific Line
gg
Move the cursor to beginning of the file
G
Move to cursor to end of the file
2G
Moves the cursor to the 2nd line of the file
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Vim
Search for a Word
/between
Search for the word between from the current cursor position
For further continuation of search for the same word use the key n
For searching the same word in other direction use the key N
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Vim
Insert a New Line
o
Inserts new line above the current line
O
Inserts new line below the current line
After entering the above key, mode immediately shifts to insert mode
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Vim
Delete Characters, Words and Lines
x
Deletes the character under the cursor
X
Deletes the immediate previous character
r
Replace a character under the cursor
dw
Deletes the word under the cursor from the current cursor position(may
not be complete word)
dd
Deletes the current line
(.)
command is used to execute the previously executed command
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Vim
Copy and Paste
yy
Copies the current line
5yy
Copies 5 lines from the current cursor position
p
Paste below the current line
P
Paste above the current line
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Vim
Visual Mode
v
Switch to visual mode
This mode enables user to perform operations on the selected text
ved
Selects the text upto the end of the word and deletes the text
v$d
Selects the text upto the end of the current line and deletes it
v0d
Selects the text from the start of the current line to the current cursor
position and deletes it
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Vim
Save and Quit
The :w command is used to save the file
:q is used to quit from Vim
:q! Is used to quit without saving
u is used to undo and Ctrl+R is used to redo
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