STRUCTURE OF
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A MATERIAL (3)
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Engineering Material Class
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Imperfections in
the Atomic Arrangement
• The arrangement of the atoms in all materials
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contains imperfections which have a profound
effect on the behaviour of the materials.
• By controlling lattice imperfections, we create:
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- Stronger metals and alloys.
- More powerful magnets.
- Improved transistors and solar cells.
- Glassware of striking colours.
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Three Basic Types of
Lattice Imperfections
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• Point Defects
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• Line Defects (or dislocations)
• Surface Defects
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DISLOCATIONS
• Line imperfections in an otherwise
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perfect lattice.
• Introduced in the lattice during
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solidification or deformation of the
material.
• Present in all materials, useful in
explaining deformation and
strengthening in metals.
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Two Types of Dislocation
The Screw
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Dislocations
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The Edge
Dislocations
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Screw Dislocations
• The axis, or line
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around which we
trace out this path,
is the screw
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dislocation.
• The Burgers vector
is parallel to the
screw dislocation.
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Edge Dislocations
• The bottom edge of the
inserted plane represents
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the edge dislocation.
• Burgers vector is
perpendicular to the
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dislocation.
• By introducing the
dislocation, the atoms
above the dislocation line
are squeezed too closely
together , while the atoms
below the dislocation are
stretched too far apart. 7
Mixed Dislocations
• Have both edge
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and screw
dislocations, with
a transition
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region between
them.
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9
SLIP
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• When a shear force is acting in the direction of the
Burgers vector is applied to a crystal containing a
dislocation, the dislocation can move by breaking bonds
between the atoms in one plane. The cut plane is shifted
slightly to establish bonds with the original partial plane of
atoms. This shift causes the dislocation to move one atom
spacing to the side. 10
SLIP
• The process by which a dislocation moves and
causes a material to deform is called slip.
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• During slip, a dislocation moves from one set
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surroundings to an identical set of
surroundings. The Peierls-Nabarro stress is
required to move the dislocation from one
equilibrium location to another.
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SLIP SYSTEM
• Slip direction: the direction in which the
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dislocation moves = direction of the Burgers
vector for edge dislocations.
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• Slip plane: the plane formed by the Burgers
vector and the dislocation which during slip, the
edge dislocation sweeps out the plane.
• Slip system: the combination of slip direction
and slip plane.
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If this process continues, the dislocation moves
through the crystal until a step is produced on the
exterior of the crystal – deformation occurs. 13
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The dislocation moves in
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a slip system that
requires the least
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expenditure of energy.
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Significance of Dislocations
• Slip explains why the strength is much lower
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than the value predicted from the metallic
bond.
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• Slip provides ductility in metals. If no
dislocations were present, an iron bar would
be brittle.
• The mechanical properties of a metal or alloy
can be controlled through interference of the
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dislocations movement.
Dislocation Density
• Enormous numbers of dislocations are found in
materials.
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• Dislocation density represents the amount of
dislocations present. It tells the total length of dislocation
per unit volume.
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POINT DEFECTS
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POINT DEFECTS
Point defects are localised disruptions of the
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lattice involving one or, possibly, several atoms.
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They introduced by movement of atoms when
they gain energy by:
- Heating
- During processing of the material
- Introduction of impurities
- Alloying 21
SCHOTTKY DEFECT
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Importance of Point Defects
• Point defects disturb the perfect arrangement of
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the surrounding atoms, distorting the lattice for
perhaps hundreds of atoms spacing from the
actual point defects.
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• A dislocation moving through the general vicinity
of a point defect encounters a lattice in which
the atoms are not at their equilibrium position.
This disruption requires that a higher stress be
applied to force the dislocation past the defect,
therefore increasing the strength of the material. 23
