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Realization of Digital Filters: Z-Transform

1) The z-transform is used to analyze discrete-time signals in linear time-invariant systems. It converts a time-domain signal into its complex plane representation using a power series. 2) Signals can be right-sided, left-sided, or two-sided depending on whether their values are nonzero for n greater than, less than, or both greater and less than some finite value. This determines their region of convergence in the z-plane. 3) A digital filter's transfer function can be realized recursively using feedback or non-recursively without feedback as finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (FIR) filters respectively. FIR filters are commonly realized using direct-form structures.

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156 views8 pages

Realization of Digital Filters: Z-Transform

1) The z-transform is used to analyze discrete-time signals in linear time-invariant systems. It converts a time-domain signal into its complex plane representation using a power series. 2) Signals can be right-sided, left-sided, or two-sided depending on whether their values are nonzero for n greater than, less than, or both greater and less than some finite value. This determines their region of convergence in the z-plane. 3) A digital filter's transfer function can be realized recursively using feedback or non-recursively without feedback as finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (FIR) filters respectively. FIR filters are commonly realized using direct-form structures.

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santosh
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Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

Digital Signal Processing Unit 4

REALIZATION OF DIGITAL FILTERS

Z-Transform:

The Z-transform is used to analyze the discreet time signals in


LTIsystems.The z-transform of a discreet-time signal is defined as the power
series

Where zis a complex variable. The above relation is sometimes called as the
direct z- transform because it converts the time-domain signal into its

complex plane representation .

The z- transform of a signal is denoted by

Whereas the relationship between is indicated by

z- transform is an infinite power series, it exists only for those values of z for which
this series converges. The region of convergence (ROC) of . is the set of

values of z for which attains a finite value.


Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

Right casual sequence:

A right hand sequence is one for which for all n< where is positive

or negative but finite.If , the resulting sequence is casual or a positive time


sequence. For such type of sequence ROC is entire z-plane except z=0.

Left hand sequence:

A left hand sequence is one for which for all , where is

positive or negative but finite. If the resulting sequence is anticasual

sequence. For such type of sequence the ROC is entire z-plane except at

Two-sided sequence: A signal that has finite duration on both the left and right
sides is known as sided sequence. For such type of sequence the ROC is entire z-
plane except at z=0 & at z=

Determine the z-transform of:

1. .for a right casual sequence.

Sol: =1+2 . ROC: entire z-plane except z=0.

2. for a left casual sequence.


Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

Sol: +4. . ROC: entire z-plane except at z=

3. for a two sided sequence where x(0)=4.

Sol: : +4. +3. +2. +1. .

ROC: entire z-plane except at z=0 & at z= .

Pb: find the ROC of given casual sequence

Sol: The signal consists of an infinite number of nonzero values

The z-transform of x (n) is the infinite power series

Since,
Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

Therefore,

Hence ROC is

Im(z) ROC z-plane

zero at origin
pole at z=1/2

Re(z)

1/2

Fig: ROC for

Difference equation of Z-Transform:

The output of a (relaxed) linear time-invariant system to an input sequence


x(n) can be obtained by computing the convolutionof x ( n ) with the unit
sample response of the system. The convolution property can be used to
express this relationship in the Z-domain as :Y(z)= H(z)X(z)

where Y(z) is the z-transform of the output sequence y(n). X (z)is the z-
transform of the input sequence x ( n ) and H ( z ) is the z-transform of the
unit sample response h(n).
Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

Now inverse z-transform of H(z) is

But

Hence

Or can also be written as,

Therefore, a linear time-invariant system described by a constant-coefficient


difference equation.

REALISATION OF SIMPLE DIGITAL FILTERS:

A digital filter transfer function can be realized in variety of ways. There are
two types of realizations: 1.Recursive, 2.Non recursive.

1. For recursive realisation the current output is a function of past outputs,


past and present inputs. It This form corresponds to an Infinite
Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

Impulsive Response(IIR) digital filters.

2. For non- recursive realisation the current output sample y(n) is a


function of only past and present inputs. It doesnot require any
FEEDBACK. This form corresponds to an Finite Impulsive
Response(FIR) digital filters.

FIR Realization

1.Direct form Realization:


Realize given difference equation in direct form realization

1.y(n)=3.x(n)+2.x(n-1)-1/2x(n-2)

x(n) 3
y(n)

2 -1/2

z-1 z-1

2.y(n)=-0.5x(n)+3.x(n-1)+4.x(n-2)

x(n) -0.5
y(n)

3 4

z-1 z-1

3.5y(n)=3.x(n)+2.x(n-1)
Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

x(n) 3/5
y(n)

2/5

z-1

3.3y(n)=3x(n)+2(x(n-1)+x(n-2)).

x(n) 1
y(n)

2/3 2/3

z-1 z-1

Cascade Realization
Let us consider an IIR system with system function

Where,

It’s block diagram can be represented as,

1 2

H1(z) H2(z) o/p


i/p direct direct
Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

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