PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES

(The Setting)

Lesson 1 – Part 1
The Setting

Location: Off the south-east coast of Asia and sprawls between Asia mainland and
Australia

Land Area: The Philippines has a total land area of approximately 343,448.32 sq.
km.2and comprises 7,107 islands, some 4,000 of which are named and 1,000 are
inhabited. The Philippine Archipelago is one of the largest island groups in the world.

Coastline: 36,289 km

• It is a country undeniably rich in natural resources.

The Mountain System

The 3 distinct Ranges in Luzon

1. Western Caraballo Mountain – runs from north to south and divides itself into central
and northern Cordillera.
2. Caraballo del Baler - begins from the town of Baler and ends in the strait of San
Bernardino. This mountain range includes Mayon volcano in Albay and Bulusan in
Sorsogon.
3. The Sierra Madre – also known as the pacific coast range begins- Baler Quezon,
Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya and Cagayan.

VISAYAS
• divided into two by a range running from Northwest to Southwest with Kanlaon
Volcano.

• Panay has range running from north to south that separates Antique from Iloilo,
the Capiz and Aklan.

Four distinct ranges of Mindanao

1. The Surigao range which follows the contours of the pacific coast.

2. The Butuan range which extends to the south and forms the watershed of the Agusan
river

3. The Central western ranges which Mt. Apo is the highest.

4. The Western range which begins west of Iligan Bay and ends on the shore of Basilan
strait.

The River System

• The Philippines has extensive but small river system which mostly delineated by
the mountain ranges.

The fluvial system of the Philippines

1. The Rio Grande de Cagayan and its tributaries which drain the Cagayan Valley.

2. The Agno Grande which drains Benguet and the valley of Nueva Ecija , Pangasinan
and Tarlac.

3. The Abra River system which receives its tributaries from the Cordillera and drains
Lepanto, Bontoc and Abra;

4. The Rio Grande of Pampanga and its tributaries which drains the fertile Valleys of
Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Bulacan.

5. Mindanao has the largest river system in the Philippines.

6. The Rio Grande de Mindanao drains the Central basin of Mindanao and receives the
waters of two lakes, Agusan which is second to the Rio Grande, draws the basin of
Surigao.

Volcanoes

• Volcanoes dot the three geographic regions of the country and have been for
centuries one of the natural causes of destruction of life and property.

Most Active Volcanoes in the Philippines

1. Iraya- in Batanes Island

2. Taal- in Batangas
3. Banahaw- In Quezon
4. Mayon – in Albay
5. Hibok-Hibok- in Camiguin Island
6. Makaturing – in Lanao
7. Apo – in Davao
8. Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales
• Mayon- has been the most active volcano in the country. It has erupted more than
thirty times since 1615.
PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES
(The People)

Lesson 1 – Part 2

 The Filipino belongs to a mixture of races, although basically he is a malay.

 There is in him a blending of the east and the west.
 His character exhibits curious contradictions which foreigners are apt to
misunderstand.
 Then came the “mestizo”.
 He could be a Chinese mestizo.
 The Spanish mestizo
 The American mestizo.
 Between a mestizo and a native, there has been a barrier of feeling that borders on
hostility.
 During the 19th century, the Spanish mestizo looked down to the native.
 The native formed a feeling of resentment toward the mestizo.
 The mestizo depends entirely with his other “half” of ancestry.
 The mestizo is a “Spaniard” before a native.
 And a Filipino before a Spaniard.

Common Traits

Hospitality
 One patent Filipino trait that immediately commends itself to the foreigner is his
hospitality.
 The Filipino opens his heart to you.
 He makes you feel that he is honored by your invasion of his privacy.
 This hospitality is often misunderstood.
 Foreigners lead to thinking that the Filipino hospitality is a show of inferiority.

Close Family Ties

 Family has been the unit of society and everything revolves around it.
 The Filipino family consists of grandparents, parents, and children.
 The father of the family rules.
 The mother governs.
 Grandparents, whose opinions and decisions on all important matters are sought.

Respect for the Elders

 It is an “unwritten law.”
 Parents exercise almost absolute powers over the children.
 Manifested by “po” and “opo”
 Words like “kayo”, “inyo”, “ninyo”
 Elders demand that they be obeyed – right or wrong.
 Brings to that aspect of family life which is both reasonable and unreasonable.

Fatalistic

 No amount of expostulation on the virtues of science and logic can dislodge him
from his idea of fatalism.
 “Fate” (bahala na) – come what may.

Loyalty to a Friend

 This trait is very strong in the Filipino.

 Do him a little favor and he will remember you to the end of his days.
 Friendship is sacred.
 Implies mutual help under any circumstances.
 A man’s friend is considered a member of the family

Sensitive

 He would not allow any man berating his countrymen.

Tendency to be Indolent

 Might be the result of the tropical climate.

 An abundance with which nature has endowed the country.

Lack of Initiative

 Explained by a natural fear of competition.

 The Filipino society is cooperative, not competitive.

Curious

 The Filipino is solicitous.

 If ever he asks questions about another’s life and mode of living it is because, as a
man of abundant faith and sympathy, he wants – and is ready – to offer his unsolicited
help.

Individualistic

 Helpful and cooperative, respectful and generous even to a fault, the Filipino is
nevertheless individualistic in a different way.

Jealousy

 When his neighbor buys something new, he also wants the same.

Regionalistic

 He does not think in terms of national boundaries but in regional oneness.

Pakikisama

 Translated loosely as the intensive significance of camaraderie or spirit of

comradeship.

 “mabuting makisama”
 “masamang makisama”

END OF LESSON
UNDER IMPERIAL SPAIN
Lesson 2

Why the Spaniards came?

 The most spectacular change during the Renaissance which shaped the course of
history was the opening of the world to European shipping.

Two Superpowers
Spain and Portugal

The 3 G’s
 Gospel
 Gold
 Glory

East Meets West

 The search for spices (which are very expensive at that time) triggered the
opening of Asia to European trade.
 The inclusion of Asian trade to Europe led not only to the flow of economic
products and the wealth of Asia to European societies…
 …but also to the dynamic interaction of cultures.
 It intensified the rivalry of two super nations (Spain and Portugal).
 It led to the intervention of the only known power in European relations – the
Pope.

 Portugal was first to use innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding

established by Henry the Navigator.
 He founded the first navigational school in the globe at Sagres Point in 1419.

Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506)

1492

 Christopher Columbus (c. 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer and
explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of
the American continents in the Western Hemisphere.

 He initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general

European colonization of the "New World."
 With Isabella I of Castile financing the Columbus voyages, it was Spain who
dispatched the first truly momentous exploration of the new world.
1492
 In October 1492, Columbus made a landfall in Guanahani, (he later named it San
Salvador).
 Today, it is known as the Bahamas.
 This voyage, further resulted to the dispute over new territories between Portugal
and Spain.
 Pope Alexander VI mediated by issuing the Inter Caetera and Examiae
Devotionis.
 The lands to the west were awarded to Spain.
 To the right, for Portugal.
 Both nations agreed to propagate the tenets of Christianity in their newly found
lands.

 In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed which partitioned the non-
Christian world into two spheres of influence.

The Magellan Expedition

 Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese serving the Spanish royalty.

 He led the expedition with 5 very antiquated ships with 235 men.
 He sailed from San Lucar, Spain in 1519 and sailed around the southern tip of
South America, across the vast Pacific Ocean.
 He arrived at the Philippines on March 17, 1521.
 Magellan did not live to see the final completion of the “first known voyage in
history to circumnavigate the globe”.
 He was killed in the island of Mactan after a battle in April 1521.
 Only the Victoria managed to complete the voyage and return to Spain in 1522
with Juan Sebastian del Cano in command.
 A mere 18 Europeans and 4 Malays survived, thus leaving 170 of “the original
lost on the way”. Others survivors were retrieved later by subsequent expedition.

Significance of the Magellan Voyage

 It was through this trip that the Europeans first learned the existence of the
Philippines.
 Proved that the earth was round.
 Established the vastness of the Pacific Ocean.
 East Indies could be reached by crossing the Pacific.
 Showed that the Americas was really a land mass entirely separate from Asia.
Villalobos Expedition
(1542-1546)

 Led by Ruy Lopez De Villalobos with 6 ships and some 370 men.
 Departed from the Juan Gallego, Maexico in November 1542.
 Landed on Sarangani Islands in 1543
 Villalobos was forced to leave Sarangani, and he surrendered to the Potugese at
Amboina in the Maluku, where he succumed to a malignant fever.
 The greatest contribution of Villalobos was the naming of Tandaya or Kandaya
(Leyte) in 1543 as Las Phelipinas in honor of crown-prince Philip II.

Legaspi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564)

 Exactly 22 years since Villaobos set sail from the same port Juan Gallego, 4
vessels sailed to the Philippines in 1564.
 Led by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi with 4 ships and 350 men.
 Reached Cebu in February 1565 and contracted blood compacts with Si Katinaw
and Si Gala of Bohol.
 In April, Villa de San Miguel (Cebu) was changed to Ciudad Santisimo Nombre
de Jesus.
 The first Spanish town established in the archipelago.

The Making of the Spanish Indio

 It was easy for Legaspi to accomplish an almost “bloodless” conquest of the

Philippines.
 The “cross” helped the pacification of the “Indios”.
 “En cada fraile tenia el rey en Filipinas un capitan general y un ejercito entrero.”
 In each friar in the Philippines, they had a captain and a whole army.
 With the permanent colonization by Legaspi, the indios lost the freedom they
enjoyed earlier.

END OF LESSON
INSTITUTIONAL IMPACT OF SPANISH RULE
Lesson 3

1521…

 The year when Spain made a landfall on Philippine soil…

 …there is no denying that we have changed since then.
 With the coming of western influence, the natives were given a new name…
 …the land was owned by a new people.

Economic Institutions

Taxation without Representation

 Income-generating mechanisms introduced by the Spanish colonial government.
 DIRECT TAX
 Personal tribute and Income tax
 INDIRECT TAX
 Customs duties and the bandala
 MONOPOLIES
 Rentas Encantadas
 Crops,liquors, tobacco, explosives, and opium
 BUWIS
May be paid in cash or kind.
 In 1884, the tribute was replaced by cedula personal.

Polo y Servicio
 Polo comes from the Tagalog “pulong”.
 Means meeting of persons and things
 Or community labor
 Drafted polistas were either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos ranging from 16 to
60 years old.
 They were obligated to give personal service to community projects like
construction.

Encomiendas
 Encomendar means “to entrust”.
 A grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious Spaniard to exercise control over
a specific place including its inhabitants.
 First implemented in the Visayas,Legazpi authorized the encomendero to collect
tribute of 8 reales yearly in kind or in cash.
 ¼ goes to the encpmendero
 A potion to the priests (prayle)
 And the remaining to the government

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815)

 Two vessels making a yearly journey (incoming and outgoing) between Manila
and Acapulco de Juarez.
 Through the Manila Galleons, the Amerasian worlds were linked by untold
luxuries of wealth.
 1637… Chinese immigrants converged at the Parian or Alcaicera of Manila in
Binondo.
 1687… a community of Christian Chinese and mestizos was already formally
based in Binondo.
 Retail and small credit business came under the control of Chinese mestizos.

 DAMAGING EFFECTS OF THE TRADE:

 Neglect of native extractive industries like agriculture.
 The only Filipino involvement was the construction of galleons.

 POSITIVE EFFECT:
 Intercultural exchanges.
Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895)
 Objective: “To form a society of learned and competent persons capable of
producing useful ideas.”

 1780… the Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais was formed.
 Composed of leading men in business whose purpose is to exploit the island’s
natural bounties.
 Introduced the monopolies in tobacco, areca nut, spirituous liquors, and
explosives, which brought hardships to the Filipinos.

Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utilities Development

 The Ferrocarril de Manila extended 120 miles long up to Dagupan.
 The only railway line in the archipelago.
 The Puente Colgante (now Quezon Bridge) in Arroceros Quiapo was constructed
(designed by Gustave Eiffel).
 The telephone line in Manila began functioning in 1890.
 In 1882, the Manila-Hong Kong overseas telegram was laid via Cape Bolinao in
Pangasinan.
 In 1893, Intramuros and suburbs were already powered by electricity.
Educational Transformation
“La Letra Con Sangre Entra”
 “Spare the rod, spoil the child.”

 The earliest schools in the country were in compliance with Charles V’s decree of
July 17, 1550.
 Indios in all the Spanish dominions were to be taught the conqueror’s language.

Boy’s Colleges and Secondary Schools

 Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio (1589), exclusive for sons of Spaniards.
 Later became a university (1621), College of San Ildefonso (now the University
of San Carlos), the only secondary school outside of Manila.
 The College of the Immaculate Conception (Ateneo)grew out of the Escuela Pia
for poor boys (1817), founded by the Jesuits in 1859.
 1865… converted to the Ateneo Municipal de Manila.
 Dominicans also established tertiary education for boys and girls.
 Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario in 1611 (UST).
 Opened in 1620, the present College of San Juan de Letran was originally
founded as the Seminario de Niños Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo (for orphaned
Spanish children).
 Since 1640, it was known by its present name and is now considered oldest
secondary school.

Girl’s Schools
 The first boarding schools for Spanish girls in the Philippines were the Colegios
(secondary schools) of Santa Potenciana (1591-1864) and Santa Isabel (1632), oldest
school for girls.
 School for girls were also known as “beaterios”; the girls are called “beatas”, who
led secluded lives.

Social Transformation
 Probably the one of the indelible marks left by Spanish conquest on the Filipinos
was the adoption of Hispanic names in 1849Bahay-kubo for the clase pobre.
 And bahay na bato, a metamorphosized bahay-kubo.
 A two storey dwelling made of stone in the first floor and fine wood in the second
floor.
 Food
 Adobo, mechado, menudo, sarciado, and pochero are Spanish influenced food.
 Pancit came from the Chinese.
 Wearing of Spanish and westernized clothing were also evident.
 Spanish loan words that filtered into the major and minor languages of the
Philippines.
 Birth of Fiestas honoring the saints.
 Compadrazgo (ritual of co-parenthood) came the ritual of baptism.
 The first funeral parlor was established in the Philippines, La Funeraria was
established by Carlos March in Manila (1833).

Cultural Transformation
 When the Spanish friars introduced the art of printing in the Philippines, their
primary purpose was to facilitate their work of converting the Filipinos.
 Doctrina Christiana (en la lengua española, y tagala) by Fr. Juan Cobo, 1593
 The first printed document published by Spain the Philippines.
 Early Tagalog writings:
 “May Bagyo Ma’t May Rilim” (1605)
 “Salamat ng walang hanga” by Fernando Bagongbanta
 “Auit”, Tomas Pinpin

 1792… Filipinos were forbidden to speak their own dialects in convents,

monasteries and courts.

 Sinakulo
 Pasyon
 Zarzuela

 Museo Biblioteca de Filipinas opened in 1892

 After all these changes, influences, and transformation, the questions

remain….
ARE FILIPINOS HISPANIZED?

Did we lose our identity as a

unique people?

END OF LESSON
FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO
Lesson 4

 When a people is gagged….

 …when its dignity, honor, and all its liberties are trampled…
 …when it no longer has any legal recourse against the tyranny of its oppressors…
 …when its complaints, petitions and groans are not attended to…
 …when it is not permitted even to weep…
 …when even the last hope is wrested from its heart…
 …then…
 …then…
 …then…
 It has left no other remedy but to take down with delirious hand from the altars
the bloody and suicidal dagger of revolution!
- Ilustrados1889

 Lapulapu of Mactan (1521) and

 Dagami of Cebu (1567)
 First Filipinos to refuse to bow under Spanish yoke.

Categories of Revolts

Personal Motives
 Personally led by datus and maharlikas, babaylans or katalonans.
Reasons
 Lost their prestige and power with the coming of the Spaniards.
 To regain the freedom they formerly enjoyed.

Lakandula and Soliman (1574)

 Last of the Manila chieftains.
 The same year Limahong attacked Intramuros.
 Before Legaspi died (1572), Lakandula was baptized as “Carlos Lacandola”.
 Together with Rajah Soliman, he and his descendants were compensated.
 Also exempted from forced labor and tribute.
 Lavezares (successor of Legazpi) sequestered the lands of the maharlikas.

1574
 Known as the “conspiracy of the Maharlikas”.
 Led by the kin of Lakandula (Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan).
 Towns of Bulacan and Pampanga.
 When caught, they were brutally killed.
 Their lifeless bodies were dragged hanged, decapitated, beheaded, and exposed to
Indios as a grim warning.
Francisco Dagohoy (Bohol, 1744-1829) 85 years
 Opposed forced labor.
 Triggered by the refusal of Fr. Gaspar Morales to give his brother Sagarino, a
Christian burial.

1621-1622
 Tamblot (Bohol), an outlawed babaylan employed magic in alluring the people to
abandon Christianity and return to their former beliefs.
 Tamblot guaranteed that their ancestors and diwatas would support them.
 He was crushed by Juan de Alcarazo, alcalde mayor of Cebu.

Religious Motives
 Christianized and baptized under the Catholic religion.
 Some reverted to their old beliefs.

Miguel Lanab and Alabanan

(1625-27, Apayao)
 Known as Isneg uprising.
 Mutilated and beheaded the Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia and Brother Onofre
Palao.
 Spaniards burned and destroyed palms in the mountains of Apayao.
 Driven by hunger, they were forced to surrender.

Tapar (Ilo-Ilo, 1663)

 Proclaimed himself “God Almighty”.
 Killed Francisco de Mesa.
 When they were captured, their flesh was fed to the crocodiles.
 1664, peace had returned to Panay.

Francisco Rivera (1718, Cagayan)

 Known as the Magtangaga revolt in Cagayan.
 Killed the alcalde mayor of Lal-lo.
 Stopped by Juan Pablo Orduña.

Ermano Apolinario dela Cruz (1840-41, Tayabas)

 1832, founding of Cofradia de San Jose.
 1841, death of dela Cruz.
 1870, revival of Cofradia.
 1871, capture of Labios (successor of dela Cruz)

Resistance to Spanish Imposed Institutions

 Taxation
 Forced Labor
 Galleon Trade
 Indulto de Comercio
 Monopolies
(Persistent irritants that cause Filipinos to revolt)
Magalat (Cagayan, 16th Century)
 Opposed tribute collection.
 Assassinated in Mindanao by paid hirelings (spies) from his own camp.

Caraga Revolt (1629-31)

 Opposed the encomiendas.
 Parish priest acting as encomendero and tribute collector.

Sumuroy and Caamug (1649-50, Samar)

 Reaction to Gov. Diego Fajardo’s order to shift the recruitment of polo from
Luzon to Visayas.
 Sumoroy was also betrayed by his followers who presented his head before the
alcalde mayor.

Luis Magtangaga (Chief of Malueg, now Cagayan, 1718)

 Opposed tribute collection and polo.
 Also failed.

Juan Caragay (1719, Pangasinan)

 Flamed by the tyrannical acts of the alcalde mayor on tribute and polo.
 Slain the governor.
 Beheaded by Igorots from the troops of Juan Ramos.

Juan Dela Cruz Palaris, a principalia (Pangasinan, 1762)

 Opposed alcalde mayor Joaquin de Gamboa
 Opposed the increasing tribute and polo.
 Betrayed by his own sister.
 Hanged in Lingayen.
 His body parts were mutilated and displayed in six major bridges in the province.

Diego Silang (principalia, 1762, Ilocos)

 Opposed exaction of común (annual tribute) and drafting of polistas.
 Unscrupulous practices of new alcalde mayor Antonio Zabala.
 Bishop Bernardo Ustariz excommunicated Silang.
 The Bishop blessed Miguel Vicos, the assassin of Silang.
 Vicos was helped by Pedro Buecbuec, ex-confidant Silang.
 Silang was shot at his back.
 He died in the arms of his wife, Gabriela.

Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang

 The first woman to lead a revolt.
 Succeeded her husband as the leader of the Ilocandia revolt.
 Alcalde Mayor Manuel Arza y Urrutia ordered her capture.
 Executed on Sept. 20, 1763 after being forced to watch the hanging of his faithful
soldiers.
Lagutao (1785)
 Sparked by the oppressive monopoly on tobacco and basi.
 Lagutao was killed in a battle when pursued by Spanish troops led by Mateo
Cabal.

Samal(Bataan) Mutiny (1787)

 Led by Lt. Andres Magtanong and Sub-Lt. Francisco Malibiran, members of town
militia.
 In retaliation, their houses were torn down.
 Sites were plowed and strewn with salt so that no living thing would ever grow.
 Mutineers were hanged.
 Their bodies were displayed in public.

Ambaristo or Basi Revolt (1807)

 Led by Pedro Mateo
 Opposed the control of Spanish officials in making basi.
 Included in the existing tobacco monopoly.
 The revolt failed after the death of its leader whose body was mutilated.

Peasant Unrest
 1745, the Tagalog regions were marked by peasant unrest which started in Silang,
Cavite.
 Led by Joseph dela Vega and others (April 1745), they attacked a hacienda which
is known to usurp a large portion of their lands.
 The agrarian revolt spread as far as Bulacan and Batangas.
 The revolt failed and the leaders were either killed or banished.

Casimiro Camerino, Imus Farmer (El Tulisan, 1860s)

 Fought against the land abuses of the friars.
 Granted amnesty by Gov. Carlos Maria dela Torre.
 Assigned in the rural police force.
 Implicated in the Cavite Mutiny, he was executed by the garrote vil.

Failure of Revolts

Reasons:
 Insular make up of the Philippines.
 No sense of national unity.
 Wide communication gap.
 There was a multitude of major and minor ethnolinguistic groups but no lingua
franca, much less, a national language to communicate and bind one another.

End of Lesson
REFORM and REVOLUTION
Lesson 5 – Part 1

 “Without 1872, there would have been no Plaridel, Jaena or Sanciongco; nor
would the brave and generous Filipino colonies in Europe have existed…

 Without 1872, Rizal would now have been a Jesuit and instead of writing "Noli
Me Tangere," would have written the opposite…

 Observing those injustices and cruelties fired my young imagination and I

pledge to dedicate myself and to avenge some day those victims…

 With this idea, I have studied and this can be discerned in all my works and
writings…

 God will give me the opportunity someday to keep my vow.”

- Jose Rizal in a letter to the staff of La Solidaridad in Paris

 The unjust execution of the three Filipino priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora was the turning point in Philippine history….

 …for it ushered in a new era…

 …the reform movement.

The Role of the Middle Class

Middle Class or Clase Media

 Composed of Spanish and Chinese mestizos.
 The middle class rose to a position of power in the Filipino community.
 They became leaders in finance and education.
 Spanish society in the Philippines was divided into two.
 The Peninsulares and Insulares.
 Peninsulares is the inner circle.
 They are the Spaniards born in Spain.
 Insulares are Spaniards born in the Philippines.
 The third in the caste system were the “natives” or indios.
 The conflict between the peninsulares and insulares arose from the common
notion that anybody born in the Philippines was ipso facto, inferior.
 The Filipino middle class and the natives came to work hand in hand…

1869
 Gen. Carlos Maria dela Torre became governor.
 Dela Torre was a democratic ruler.
 He lived simply.
 Abolished flogging as punishment.
 Dismissed abusive officials.

Nature of the Reform Movement

Assimilation
 Make the Philippines a province of Spain.
 The reformists believed that the Filipinos would be better off if they were to
become Spanish citizens.
 They would enjoy the privileges of Spaniards.
 Representation in the Spanish Cortés.
 Would be immune from abuses of Spaniards.
 Freed from paying unreasonable taxes.

 There was NO clamor for independence…

 This Assimilation of the Philippines to Spain was to be accomplished in a

peaceful manner.
 Reformists were intellectuals who believed in the power of words more than the
sword.

The Great Reformists

Graciano Lopez Jaena

 He initiated the Reform Movement.
 Born in Jaro, Iloilo on December 17, 1856.
 Studied in the Seminary of Jaro.
 Highly intelligent and keen observant.
 He was already into writing at an early age.
 Wrote the tale Fray Botod.
 Fray Botod is designed to criticize the friars.
 Jaena became a subject of manhunt.
 He secretly left the Philippines in 1880 and went to Spain.
 Studied medicine in the University of Valencia.
 Later went to Madrid.
 He had the power and the genius of a born orator.
 He was the first editor of La Solidaridad in 1889.
 In 1891, Jaena published Discursos y Articulos, a collection of his speeches and
articles
 With all his genius, Jaena was a reckless man.
 He always drinks wine and anything that would make him drunk.
 Tuberculosis stepped in.
 On January 20, 1896, in Barcelona, the great Filipino passed on as a living
memory.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

 The political analyst of the Filipino colony in Spain.
 Born in Kupang, Bulakan on August 30, 1850.
 Studied law at the University of Santo Tomás in 1880.
 Began his career in 1880, he campaigned against the Spanish oppressors.
 Gifted with the power of speech, he used the plaza as his platform.
 He was a master of Tagalog.
 In 1882, he founded the nationalistic newspaper Diariong Tagalog.
 1888, del Pilar issued Caingat Cayo, in defense of Rizal and his Noli using the
pen name Dolores Manapat.
 Wrote Dasalan at Toksohan,a brilliant parody of the prayer book.
 Wrote Ama Namin, a parody of “Our Father”.
 He left for Spain on October 1888 to escape his arrest.
 He became the editor of the Sol in 1889.
 He became the moving spirit behind the reform movement.
 He used the pen name Plaridel in writing for the La Solidaridad.
 1896
 Lopez Jaena was sick.
 Rizal was in exile in Dapitan.
 Friendless and hungry, the great reformist died on July 4, 1896.
Marcelo H. del Pilar
 Upon his death, even his Spanish political adversaries paid him homage.
 “Marcelo del Pilar was the greatest journalist produced by the purely Filipino
race.”

-La Politica de España en Filipina ( Spanish newspaper of the Friars)

José Rizal
 The most cultured of the reformists.
 Born in Kalamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861.
 As a child, he wrote “Sa Aking Kabata”.
 Enrolled in Ateneo Municipal.
 Displayed his talents in poetry, mathematics, rhetoric, painting, and sculpture.
 Won first prize for “A la Juventud Filipina”.
 Best entry for “El Consejo de los Dioses”, but he was not recognized simply
because he was a Filipino.
 Studied in the University of Santo Tomas.
 In 1882, at 21, he left for Spain with the help of his brother, Paciano.
 He studied medicine.
 Mastered languages including French and German.
 He used pen names like Dimas Alang and Laong Laan in writing for the La
Solidaridad.
 At 26, he finished writing the Noli.
 Subject to attack from all directions, the Noli was followed by the Fili.
 El Filibusterismo was published in 1891.
 On the night of July 3, 1892, at a house in Tondo, Rizal founded La Liga Filipina.
 A few days later, he was arrested.
 In 1892, he was arrested and thrown in Fort Santiago.
 In July 7, 1892, he was banished to Dapitan.
 In 1896, he requested to leave for Spain.
 His request was granted.
 Before the ship could dock to Barcelona, he was arrested.
 He was put into trial on charges of treason and complicity in the revolution.
 Hence he was sentenced to die by musketry (firing squad).
 On the early morning of December 30, 1896, he was shot amidst the frenzied
shouts of the Spaniards.

Failure of the Reform Movement

 The intensive campaign of La Solidaridad for reforms did not yield any tangible
result in the form of changes in the administration of the Philippines.
 …yet, it brought to the attention of the peninsular Spaniards the so-called
Philippine problem.

Reasons
 Spain was too preoccupied with its own internal problems.
 The friars were too powerful.
 The societies established in the Philippines whose purpose was to campaign for
reforms did not have sufficient means with which to carry out their aims.
 Some of the members realized the futility of the peaceful propaganda.
 The Sol had not succeeded in convincing Spain to grant needed reforms.
 Propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousies.
 Most of the members of the middle class lacked the courage and the hope to
continue the campaign.
END OF LESSON

REFORM and REVOLUTION

Lesson 5 – Part 2

 The failure of the reform movement ushered the birth of a revolutionary

movement that clamor for independence by force of arms.
Founding of the Katipunan

 The news of Rizal’s deportation shocked and surprised the people…

 …because to them, Rizal was the symbol of freedom.

July 7, 1892
 The same day Rizal was deported to Dapitan, the Katipunan was born.

 Andres Bonifacio,Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato

Arellano and a few others, met secretly at a house on Azcárraga (now CM Recto
Ave.), in Tondo.

 They decided to form an association called Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangan

na Katipunan nang manga Anak ng Bayan, or Katipunan.

 The men gathered around a flickering table lamp, performed the ancient
blood compact, and signed their membership papers with their own blood.
Triangle Method of Recruitment
Katipunan Objectives
 Under the leadership of Bonifacio, the Katipunan laid down three
fundamental objectives – political, moral, and civic.

 Political objective
 Working for the separation of the Philippines from Spain.

 Moral objective
 Revolved around teaching of good manners, morals, hygiene, and attacking
religious fanaticism, obscurantism, and weakness of character.

 Civic objective
 Principle of self-help and defense of the poor and the oppressed.

Structure of the Katipunan

 Influenced by masonry as to initiation rites.
 Patterned after La Liga Filipina as to organization.
 This is so because Bonifacio was amember of the Liga founded by Rizal.

 3 Governing Bodies
 Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)
 Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)
 Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council)

 Judicial Body
 Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council)
October 1892
 Bonifacio convened the original members and decided to change the
recruitment method.

 Triangle method is so slow.

 This time, a member could take in as many members.
First Supreme Council (1892)
 Deodato Arellano.... President/Supremo
 Andres Bonifacio…Interventor/Comptroller
 Ladislao Diwa…….Fiscal
 Teodoro Plata…… Secretary
 Valentin Diaz……. Treasurer
Second Supreme Council (1893)
 Roman Basa…..... President/Supremo
 Andres Bonifacio…Fiscal
 Jose Turiano Santiago…. Secretary
 Vicente Molina…. Treasurer

Third Supreme Council (1895)

 Andres Bonifacio.............. Supremo
 Emilio Jacinto….………… Fiscal
 Jose Turiano Santiago…. Secretary
 Vicente Molina………….. Treasurer
 Pio Valenzuela………….. Physician

Fourth Supreme Council (1895)

 Andres Bonifacio.............. Supremo
 Pio Valenzuela….………...Fiscal/Physician
 Emilio Jacinto……………. Secretary
 Vicente Molina………….. Treasurer

Fifth Supreme Council (1895)

 Andres Bonifacio….. Supremo
 Emilio Jacinto………Secretary of State
 Teodoro Plata…….. Secretary of War
 Briccio Pantas…….. Secretary of Justice
 Aguedo de Rosario.. Secretary of Interior
 Enrique Pacheco….. Secretary of Finance

 Before the outbreak of the revolution, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan

into a government revolving around a “cabinet” composed of men of his confidence.
Membership
 3 Grades of Membership
• Katipon (Password is Anak ng Bayan)
• Kawal (Soldier), (Password is GomBurZa)
• Bayani (patriot), (password is Rizal)

 To keep the society secret, the Katipunan used codes.

 Bonifacio evolved a system of writing that would make it difficult, if not
impossible, for the Spanish authorities to discover the existence of the society.
Katipunan Flags

 Benita Rodriguez and Gregoria de Jesus made the first Katipunan Flag.

 The flag designed by General Mariano Llanera.

 Designed by General Pio del Pilar.

 The flag of the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan in Cavite.

 The revised Magdalo flag.

 In the Naik Assembly of March 17, 1897, the Katipunan military leaders
decided to adopt a new design.
Andres Bonifacio
Andres Bonifacio
 Founder and organizer of the Katipunan.
 Born in Tondo on November 30, 1863.

 The death of his parents forced Andres to give up schooling to shoulder the
burden of his family.

 Had meager education but he loves to read books.

 Among his favorites are Noli and Fili.

 He also read Rizal’s favorite books like Lés Miserablés and The Wandering
Jew.
 He read the lives of the Presidents of the United States, French Revolution,
International Law, etc.

 His first wife died, but he re-married in 1892 with Gregoria de Jesus
(Lakambini ng Katipunan).

 He honored and adopted the Kartilla written by Emilio Jacinto because it was
better than his version on the “teachings” of the Katipunan.

 Andres did not insist to become the President of the society he founded.

 Bonifacio is humble and tolerant.

 But when the society’s existence is at stake, he never hesitated to take drastic
action against anybody whom he thought would defeat the purposes for which the
Katipunan was founded.

 Bonifacio might have been ignorant from the point of view of the middle
class…

 …but he succeeded where the middle class failed.

Emilio Jacinto
Emilio Jacinto
 Called the “Brains of the Katipunan”.
 Born in Tondo on December 15, 1875.

 He enrolled in San Juan de Letran.

 Later, in the University of Santo Tomas.

 At 18, he joined the Katipunan and became the youngest member.

 Became a trusted friend of Bonifacio.

 Died on April 16, 1899 when he contracted fever in Laguna while directing a
campaign against the Spaniards.

 He was called the “Brains of the Katipunan” because he authored articles

which influenced the masses to join the society and to make sacrifices for the welfare
of the native land.

 He was the editor of Kalayaan, the official newspaper of the Katipunan.

 Articles written by Jacinto:

 Liwanag at Dilim
 Pahayag
 Sa mga Kababayan
 Ang Kasalanan ni Cain
 Pagkatatag ng Pamahalaan sa Hukuman ng Silangan
 Samahan ng Bayan sa Pangangalakal
Expansion of the Katipunan

 The publication of the Kalayaan immediately influenced the thinking and

feeling of the masses in Central Luzon.

 Jacinto’s and Bonifacio’s writings awakened the people from a long lethargy
and immediately swelled the ranks of the Katipunan.

 Bonifacio’s single-minded devotion to the Katipunan and to all that it stood

for finally yielded results.

 From the founding of the society until 1896, it did not have more than 300
members…
 …since the appearance of the Kalayaan, membership increased to around
30,000.

 The Kalayaan had done its bit…

 … the people were now prepared to shoulder the risks demanded of them…

 …in the struggle for the emancipation of the Philippines.

END OF LESSON
The Revolution: First Phase
LESSON 6 – Part 1

“Aling pag-ibig pa ba ang hihigit kaya kaysa pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa?”

- Andres Bonifacio, Supremo, Katipunan

Rizal and the Revolution

 Bonifacio wanted Rizal’s opinion of the necessity of rising in arms against the
Spaniards.
 Bonifacio commissioned Dr. Pio Valenzuela to go to Dapitan in June 1896 to
confer with Rizal.
 Valenzuela related to Rizal the founding of the Katipunan.
 He told that the revolution might break out prematurely because of the impatience
of the masses.
 Rizal was against the premature outbreak of the revolution.
 Rizal was not against the revolution itself.
 He pointed out that the rebels lack preparation and arms.

Preparations for the Struggle

 Bonifacio ordered the manufacture of bolos to be distributed to the members of

the society.
 The Katipuneros stole rifles and pistols from the Maestranza (arsenal).

Spanish Suspicion Aroused

Reasons:
 Increased number of members.
 Rumors of nocturnal meetings.

The Discovery of the Katipunan

 Apolonio dela cruz and Teodoro Patiño were two katipuneros working in the
Spanish-owned Diario de Manila.
 The two had a misunderstanding.
 Patiño took his revenge by revealing the secrets of the Katipunan to his sister
Honoria.
 Honoria was an inmate in an orphanage in Mandaluyong.
 She cried and revealed what was told by her brother to the madre portera, Sor
Teresa.
 Sor Teresa suggested Honoria to tell Father Mariano Gil what she knows.
 In the afternoon of August 19, Patiño told Father Mariano Gil the about the secret
society.
 The discovery was followed by mass arrests of Filipino suspects.
The Cry of Pugadlawin

 Bonifacio secretly instructed his runners to summon all the leaders of the society
to a general assembly on August 24.
 August 19 – discovery of Katipunan.
 August 19 – same night, Bonifacio and his trusted men reached Balintawak before
midnight.
 August 21 – Bonifacio changed the Katipunan code.
 August 22 – they proceeded to Pugadlawin.
 August 23 – in the yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino (“Mother of
Katipunan”), Bonifacio asked his men if they were prepared to fight to the bitter end.
 The men obediently tore up their cedulas, shouting “Long live the Philippines!”
(“Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!”).

First Skirmishes

 August 24 – they assembled at the yard of Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora).

 The rebels were notified of a general attack on Manila on the night of August 29,
1896.
 August 25 – civil guards approached. A burst of fire came from the approaching
Spaniards.
 Because of their inferior weapons, the rebels decided to retreat.
 The intended attack on Manila on August 29 did not materialize.
 August 30 – Bonifacio and Jacinto led their men in an attack at San Juan Del
Monte.
 With the arrival of Spanish reinforcements, Bonifacio and his men lost the battle.

The Reign of Terror

 The flames that now engulfed many provinces worried the Spanish authorities to
no end.
 The Spanish authorities resorted to a reign of terror to frighten the Filipinos to
submission.
 Suspected Katipuneros were arrested and thrown to jail.
 The Governor General issued a decree on August 30 declaring the provinces of
Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Pampanga,Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija in a State
of war and placing them under Martial Law.
 The arrested men were tortured to death.
 Fort Santiago was packed of suspected katipuneros.
 September 4 – four Katipuneros were executed at the Luneta.
 September 12 – thirteen men from Cavite were executed (“Los Trece Martires de
Cavite”).
 December 30 – Rizal was executed at the Bagumbayan field.
The Katipunan in Cavite

 The Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two factions – Magdalo and
Magdiwang.

 Magdalo was led by Baldomero Aguinaldo with headquarters at Cavite el Viejo

(now Kawit).
 Magdiwang was led by Mariano Alvarez based at Noveleta.
 Unlike the Katipunan led by Bonifacio, the Katipunan in Cavite won many
battles.
 One of the most historic was the victory of Emilio Aguinaldo on Septembe 5.
 Aguinaldo returned to Imus as a hero.
 He was called General Miong.
 December 13, 1896 – Blanco was replaced by the brutal Governor General
Camilo de Polavieja.

Bonifacio in Cavite

 The Magdiwang faction invited Andres Bonifacio to intervene in the conflict

between the Magdiwang and Magdalo.
 Bonifacio went to Cavite toward the end of December 1896.
 December 31 – an assembly was held in Imus to determine whether the Katipunan
should be replaced by another form of government.
 Magdalo agreed.
 Magdiwang did not.

The Tejeros Convention

 March 22, 1897 – the 2 factions met again in Tejeros.

 The suggestion to replace the Katipunan led to a heated argument.
 The session resumed with Bonifacio as Chairman.
 Bonifacio stated the principle that the will of the majority should be respected and
obeyed must be followed.
 Thus, the Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed.
 Emilio Aguinaldo………… President
 Mariano Trias…………….. Vice President
 Artemio Ricarte………….. Capitan-General
 Emiliano Riego de Dios.. Director of War
 Andres Bonifacio………….Director of the Interior

 When Bonifacio was being proclaimed, Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, stood up and
said: “The position of Director of the Interior is an exalted one and it is not proper that a
person without a lawyer’s diploma should occupy it. We have in our province a lawyer,
Jose del Rosario!”

 Bonifacio demanded that Daniel Tirona retract what he said.

 Tirona did not apologize.
 Bonifacio whipped his pistol when Ricarte held his arm.

 “I as chairman of this assembly, and as President of the Supreme Council of

the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly dissolved, and I annul
all that has been approved and resolved.” - Andres Bonifacio

 Aguinaldo was in Dasmariñas and was notified of the result of his election to the
Presidency.
 Aguinaldo proceeded to Santa Cruz de Malabon (Tanza) where he and others
(except Bonifacio) took their oath of office.

The Second Meeting at Tejeros

 Bonifacio met with his men in Tejeros on March 23.

 They felt bad about the election proceedings the previous day.
 Acta de Tejeros was issued as their reasons for not accepting the new government.

 Aguinaldo wanted to bring Bonifacio back to the fold, he sent a delegation to

persuade him to cooperate with the new government.
 Bonifacio refused to return to the revolutionary fold headed by Aguinaldo.

The Naik Military Agreement

 Bonifacio and his men drew up a document establishing a government

independent of, and separate from, the government established in Tejeros.

 The document posed a potential danger to the cause of the Revolution.

 It meant a definite split in the ranks of the revolutionists.

The Trial and Execution of Bonifacio

 The Naik Military Agreement came to the knowledge of Aguinaldo.

 He ordered the arrest of the Bonifacio brothers.

 April 28 – Aguinaldo forwarded the Bonifacio case to the Council of War “to
conduct the necessary trial…”

 The trial lasted from April 29 to May 4, 1897.

 Andres and Procopio Bonifacio were found guilty of treason and sedition in spite
of the fact that the evidence was not sufficient.

 May 8 – Baldomero Aguinaldo wrote President Aguinaldo recommending

approval of the Council of War’s decision – the execution of the Bonifacio brothers.

 On the same day, Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence to banishment.

 Generals Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar asked Aguinaldo to pursue the original
death sentence.
 With Bonifacio alive, there would be no unity in the ranks of the revolutionists.

 General Aguinaldo withdrew his order.

 The original decision of the Council of War stood – death for the Bonifacio
brothers.

 May 10, 1897 – Major Makapagal was handed a sealed letter with orders to read
its contents after reaching Mount Tala.
 The letter contains an order to execute Andres and Procopio Bonifacio.

 Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio died in the hands of Magdalo soldiers
carrying out their duty.
 Bonifacios grave was shallow, the hole having been dug by bayonets.
 Makapagal placed a few twigs on the grave.

The Biyak na Bato Republic

 April 23 – Polavieja was replaced by Primo de Rivera.

 The Biyak na Bato Republic was created with Aguinaldo still as President.
 The Biyak na Bato Constitution was signed on November 1, 1897.

The Truce of Biyak na Bato

 Pedro A. Paterno approached Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera that he may be made a
mediator between the Filipinos and Spaniards.

 November 18 – the Truce of Biyak na Bato was signed.

Conditions of the Truce

 Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile abroad.
 Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of 800,000 to the rebels in 3 installments.
 An additional 900,000 would be paid to the non-combatant Filipinos who suffered
during the armed conflict.

 December 27 – Aguinaldo and his men sailed for Hongkong with the P400,000
check in his possession.

Failure of the Truce

 Some Filipinos did not surrender their arms to Spanish authorities.

 Filipinos did not trust the Spaniards and vice-versa.
 General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac, established the Central Executive
Committee which intended to be a provisional one “ until a general government of the
Republic in these islands shall again be established.”

 Hence, the resurgence of the revolution.

End of Lesson
The Revolution: Second Phase
LESSON 6 – Part 2

The Relief of Primo de Rivera

• The Conservative Party in Spain was replace by the Liberal.
• De Rivera’s party was Conservative.
• He was replaced by General Basilio Agustin on April 9, 1898.

American Designs on the Philippines

• The Cuban revolution had drawn the United States to the side of the Cuban rebels
because of economic interests.
• Theodore Roosevelt, an influential American, wished that war between Spain and
the US should break out in order to expand the navy.

• Roosevelt (as an Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897) conceived of attacking

Manila should a war break out between Spain and the US.
• To carry out the plan, he commissioned Commodore George Dewey.
• Feb. 25, 1898 – Roosevelt ordered Dewey to make Hongkong his base of
operations.
• Dewey was also instructed to attack the Spanist flotilla based in Manila.
• Dewey wasin a position to attack Manila should the war break out.
• So, when the war finally broke out, Dewey rushed to Manila to destroy the
Spanish warships.
• The coming of the Americans was not a mere accident of the Spanish-
American war, but a planned action.

The Spanish-American War

• The war between the two countries was triggered by a letter insulting President
McKinley wrote by Dupuy de Lome, Spanish Ambasador to America, addressed to his
friend in Havana, Cuba, calling the president a weakling and a low politician.
• The letter was stolen and published in a New York periodical.
• Feb.15, 1898 – the American warship Maine was blown up in Havana harbor.
• It was an excuse to declare war against Spain.

The Battle of Manila Bay

• Dewey sailed from Mirs Bay near Hongkong, for the Philippines with 7 heavily
armed ships.
• Dewey hoped to find Admiral Patricio Montojo’s fleet.

• May 1, 1898 – Dewey’s fleet entered Manila Bay with the flagship Olympia.
• The naval battle that followed was one-sided, it was a massacre.
• At 12:30PM, Dewey completely destroyed Montojo’s fleet.
• News of the victory of Dewey in Manila Bay electrified the Americans.
• They sought geography books to find the location of the Philippines.

Aguinaldo in Singapore
• In Hongkong, Aguinaldo and his companions were following the trends of the
Spanish-American war.
• It was an opportunity to oust the Spaniards.
• Isabelo Artacho sued Aguinaldo because he wanted the P400,000 to be divided
among them.
• To avoid appearing in court Aguinaldo left for Saigon where he took another ship
to Singapore.
• April 23 – Howard Bray contacted Aguinaldo and informed him that the
American consul E. Spencer Pratt, wanted to talk to him.

• “You need not have any worry about America. The American Congress and
President have just made a solemn declaration disclaiming any desire to posses Cuba
and promising to leave the country to the Cubans after having driven away the
Spaniards and pacified the country. Cuba is at our door, while the Philippines is
10,000 miles away.” - E. Spencer Pratt

• Pratt cabled Dewey, who was in Hongkong, about Aguinaldo.

• Dewey answered: “Tell Aguinaldo come as soon as possible.”
• Pratt arranged for Aguinaldo’s departure.
• April 26, 1898 – Aguinaldo sailed for Hongkong.
• Unfortunately, Dewey had already sailed for Manila Bay.

Aguinaldo and Consul Wildman

• In Hongkong, American Consul Rounsville Wildman met Aguinaldo.
• Wildman suggested that Aguinaldo should establish a dictatorial government upon
his return to the Philippines.
• After the war, Aguinaldo should establish a government similar to that of the
USA.
• Aguinaldo purchased arms and ammunition with the help of Wildman.
• His first purchase materialized (P50,000).
• The second did not (P67,000).

Aguinaldo Returns

• May 17, 1898 – aboard McCulloch, Aguinaldo left Hongkong with the assistance
of Wildman.
• May 19 – he arrived in Cavite. Aguinaldo met with Dewey aboard the Olympia.
Renewal of the Struggle
• The news of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo’s return spread throughout Central Luzon.
• Arms were secured from the captain of the American warship Petrel and
distributed among the Filipinos.
• The Aguinaldo forces captured territories of Spaniards all over Central Luzon.
• By June of 1898, Luzon (except the port of Cavite and Manila) were in rebel
hands.

The Siege of Manila

• What was then known as the City of Manila was the Walled City of Intramuros.
• Dewey blockaded Manila to prevent Spanish ships from entering and leaving the
bay.
• Dewey did not attack the city because he was waiting for reinforcements from
America.
• Filipino forces besieged the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy within its
walls.
• Aguinaldo cut off the city’s food and water supply.
• It was only a matter of weeks before the Spanish authorities surrender to
Aguinaldo.
• June 6, 1898 – Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen. Agustin honorable surrender.
• The Governor refused.

Spanish-American Secret Agreement

• June 30 – first American reinforcements arrived led by Gen. Thomas Anderson.

• July 7 – second reinforcement under the command of Gen. Francis V. Greene.
• July 31 – third reinforcement under the command of Gen. Arthur McArthur.
• Dewey started negotiations with Agustin on the surrender of Manila.
• To save face, Spain insisted that a mock battle is needed to preserve Spain’s code
of honor.
• After which, the Spanish armed forces would surrender.
• Gen. Jaudenes (the reliever of Agustin) of Spain insisted that the Filipino rebels
should be excluded from participating in the surrender of Manila.
• Dewey and Merritt accepted the terms.

Beginnings of the Filipino-American Rift

• It was Dewey’s policy not to provoke an armed conflict with the Spaniards until
after the arrival of the reinforcements.
• Upon the arrival of reinforcements, Gen. Merritt decided that then offensive
against Manila should be conducted along bayside.
• Problem was, it was occupied by Filipinos.
• Merritt instructed Greene to ask Aguinaldo’s cooperation by evacuating Filipino
forces from the bayside area so that American troops could occupy it.
• Continuous stream of American forces worried Aguinaldo.
• He wondered why, in spite of the fact that the Spaniards were at the mercy of the
Filipino troops, American reinforcements continue to arrive.
• But American troops already secured their positions and get on with the secret
agreement with Jaudenes.

• “Do not let your troops enter Manila without permission from the American
commander.” - Gen. Anderson in a message to Aguinaldo

• Such attitude served to increase Aguinaldo’s suspicious of American intentions.

• What began as a friendly alliance worsened into silent hostility.
The Mock Battle of Manila

• The assault on Manila was to have begun on August 10.

• Bad weather delayed the plan.
• August 7 – Dewey ordered to evacuate the Spanish non-combatants to safe places.
• August 13 – Mock Battle of Manila commenced.
• Despite orders from American Generals not to advance his troops when the attack
commenced, Aguinaldo stood firm in his decision to participate in the assault on Manila.
• Dewey’s Olympia, MacArthur’s, and Greene’s troops were to advance in
different directions.
• There was a short display of fireworks on the side of the enemies.
• By 12:00 noon, Manila had fallen.

Terms of Capitulation

• It was about 5:00PM when the terms of capitulation was signed by both sides
(America and Spain).
Terms
• Spanish authorities agreed to surrender the Spanish troops and the Filipino
volunteers found inside Intramuros.
• The Americans agreed to safeguard the city, its inhabitants, churches, and
religious worship.
• August 14 – the document containing the terms of surrender was formally signed
by the representatives of both parties.

Protocol of Peace
• The peace commissioners (from America and Spain) scheduled to meet in Paris to
sign a treaty of peace, not later than October 1, 1898.
• August 12 – President McKinley issued a proclamation directing that “all military
operations against the enemy be suspended.”
• Merritt did not receive the proclamation until the afternoon of August 16, when
the mock battle of Manila had already been “fought” and the terms of capitulation signed.

End of Lesson
The Malolos Republic
LESSON 7

 “…now we witness the truth of what famous President Monroe said to the effect
that the United States was for the Americans; now I say that the Philippines is for the
Filipinos.”
- Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo

 Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines from Hongkong with a plan to form a

Filipino government.

The Dictatorial Government

 Aguinaldo established the dictatorial government on May 24, 1898.
 Critical times demanded a government with strong executive.
 The Dictatorial Government was temporary in nature.

 “…so that when peace shall have been reestablished and our legitimate
aspiration for unrestricted liberty attained, it may be modified by the nation, in which
rests the principle of authority.” - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo

Treatment of the Enemy

 One of Aguinaldo’s first acts as Dictator was to issue a circular dated May 29,
1898, urging the people to stop the disgraceful treatment of Spanish prisoners.

Declaration of Independence
Reasons of Declaration:
 To urge the people to fight more eagerly.
 Lead the foreign countries to recognize the independence of the Philippines.

 Apolinario Mabini objected on the plan to declare independence

 He said it was more important to reorganize the government so as to convince the
foreign powers of the competence and stability of the new government.
 It was too early to declare independence.
 June 5. Aguinaldo issued a decree setting aside June 12 as the day for
proclamation of Philippine independence.
 He commissioned Julian Felipe to prepare a composition to be played during the
independence ceremonies.
 June 11. Felipe showed the musical draft entitled Marcha Filipina Magdalo.
 Aguinaldo changed it to Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March).
 June 12, 1898. Aguinaldo, in the presence of a huge crowd,
proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at Cavite El Viejo (Kawit).

 For the first time, the Philippine National Flag was officially
hoisted and the Philippine National March played in public.

Apolinario Mabini
 Brought to Aguinaldo as his adviser.
 Apolinario Mabini was born of very poor parents, Inocencio Mabini and Dionisia
Maranan, in Talaga, Tanawan, Batangas.
 Studied in San Juan de Letran and University of Santo Tomas, where he received
his law degree in 1894.
 His mother wanted him to be a priest, but he chose his dream to defend the poor.
 In 1896 he contracted an illness that led to the paralysis of his lower limbs.
 He was arrested when the revolution broke out.
 But when Spanish authorities saw him, they decided to release him.
 They thought they made a mistake.
 Mabini was also a member of La Liga Filipina.
 When Aguinaldo saw Mabini, he thought he made a mistake.
 But when Mabini spoke, Aguinaldo’s doubts vanished.
 From then on, Mabini stood behind Aguinaldo.
 Envious enemies called him “The Dark Chamber of the President”.
 To his admirers, he is the “Brains of the Revolution”.
 One of Mabinis first ideas was to reorganize the Local Government.
 June 18, 1898. Aguinaldo signed the decree prepared by Mabini.

The Revolutionary Government

 The Dictatorial Government lasted only for one month (May 24 to June 23).
 Mabini prepared a message delivered by Aguinaldo on the shift to Revolutionary
Government.
 On the same day, Aguinaldo issued a decree setting up a Revolutionary
Government.
 It changed the title of the chief of State from Dictator to President.

 “…struggle for independence of the Philippines until all nations, including the
Spanish, shall expressly recognize it, and to prepare the country so that the true republic
may be established.”

4 Departments
 Foreign Affairs, Navy and Commerce
 War and Public Works
 Police and Internal Order, Justice, Education and Hygiene
 Finance, Agriculture and Manufacturing Industry

 July 15. Aguinaldo made his first cabinet appointments.

 September 8. Aguinaldo increased the number of departments to 6.
 Foreign Affairs, War, Interior, Welfare, Justice, and Treasury.

The Malolos Congress

 September 15, 1898. the Congress convened at the basilica of Barasoain.
Officers of Malolos Congress
 Pedro A. Paterno………… President
 Benito Legarda…………… Vice President
 Gregorio Araneta…………. First Secretary
 Pablo Ocampo……………. 2nd Secretary

 The first significant act of the Congress was the ratification (September 29) of the
independence proclaimed in Kawit on June 12.
The Malolos Constitution
 January 21, 1899. Aguinaldo promulgated the Malolos Constitution.
 The Malolos Constitution was the first important Filipino document ever
produced by the people’s representatives.

Features of the Malolos Constitution

 Anchored in democratic traditions.
 Created 3 branches of the government (executive, legislative and judicial).
 Enumerated national and individual rights.

Malolos Constitution as unique document

Reasons;
 The Assembly or legislative branch is superior over the executive and judicial.
 There is a Permanent Commission to sit as a legislative body when the Assembly
was not in session.
 Established a unicameral legislature.

The Philippine Republic

 January 2, 1899. Aguinaldo appointed Mabini as President of his Cabinet.
 Apolinario Mabini……President of Cabinet
 Teodoro Sandico….. Secretary of Interior
 Baldomero Aguinaldo. Secretary of War
 Mariano Trias………. Secretary of Finance
 Gracio Gonzaga…… Secretary of Welfare

 Jan. 23, 1899. The Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos.

Revolutionary Periodicals
 El Heraldo de la Revolucion. The official organ of the Revolutionary
Government.
 Later, it was changed to Heraldo Filipino.
 Then, to Indice Oficial.
 Finally, to Graceta de Filipinas.
 Most famous among the periodicals was the La Independencia (edited and owned
by Gen. Antonio Luna).

Diplomatic Activities
 Aguinaldo sent emissaries to the international community to work for the
recognition of the Philippine independence by the foreign powers.
 Felipe Agoncillo was assigned as a diplomatic agent to the United States.
 His attempts to secure an official audience with President McKinley failed.
 He sailed for Europe to appeal to the American Peace Commissioners – he also
failed.
 He returned to Washington to fight the ratification of the Treaty of Paris, but the
Filipino-American hostilities forced him to flee for his life.

The Treaty of Paris

 In accordance to the Protocol of Peace signed on August 12, 1898, five Americans
and five Spanish commissioners were appointed to meet in Paris to discuss peace
between Spain and United States.
 The members of the Peace Commission met in Paris on October to December,
1898.
 Americans demanded the cession of the Philippines to the United States.
 December 10, 1898. the Treaty of Paris was signed.

Terms:
 Spain would cede the Philippines to the United States.
 The US would pay the amount of $20,000,000 to Spain.
 The US would give Spain the right to ship commodities for a period of 10 years.

 The Treaty of Paris did not take effect until after ratification.
 Many US senators believed that the treaty was unfair to the Filipinos.
 But because of the Filipino-American hostilities which started on February 4,
1899 led many opponents of the ratification to vote affirmatively.
 The proponents of the treaty reported that the Filipinos fired the first shots which
triggered the hostilities.
 Hence, the senators were convinced to sign the treaty.
 Thereafter, the Philippines became a territory of the United States.

End of Lesson

The Filipino-American Hostilities

LESSON 8

McKinley’s Benevolent Assimilation

American Vested Interests in the Philippines:
 Economic Interests
 Naval and Military interests
 Religious interests

 Dec. 21, 1898. McKinley issued his “Benevolent Assimilation” Proclamation.

 Indicated the intention of the US to stay in the Philippines by exercising the right
of sovereignty over Filipinos.
 In other words, the US would assume control and disposition of the government
of the Philippines.
 Gen. Elwell Otis, an American Commander assigned in the Philippines, received
the proclamation.
 He edited the original version.

Filipino Reaction
 Gen. Miller (Iloilo) published the original text of the proclamation.
 Gen. Antonio Luna led the attack on the proclamation.
 January 5, 1899. Aguinaldo issued counter-proclamation.
 Gen. Otis regarded the move of Aguinaldo as tantamount to war.
The San Juan Bridge Incident
 Feb. 1, 1899. A group of American engineers was arrested by Filipino troops.
 Feb. 2. Otis filed protest.
 Feb 4. Pvt. Willie W. Grayson shot 4 Filipinos in San Juan bridge.
 Feb. 5. Gen. McArthur issued his order to advance against the Filipino troops.
 The Filipino-American clash armed was on.

American Victories
 Gen. Arthur McArthur recaptured Manila in a matter of days driving Gen.
Antonio Luna to the north.
 Gen. Otis began his intensive drive to the north.
 Gen. Henry W. Lawton took the offensive to the south.
 March 30. The American army was knocking at the gates of Malolos.
 The Aguinaldo government evacuated to Nueva Ecija.
 With the conflict between Gen. Antonio Luna and Gen. Tomas Mascardo, Gen
Gregorio del Pilar was left to defend the Filipino lines.

The Fall of Mabini

 With the proclamation of McKinley, Mabini urged Filipinos to continue the bitter
struggle for independence.
 Paterno and Buencamino, prominent members of the Malolos Government
wanted to accept the American offer.

 They pressured Aguinaldo to expel Mabini from his cabinet.

 May 7. Aguinaldo wrote Mabini notifying him of the formation of the new cabinet
under Paterno.
 On the following day, Mabini resigned.

Assassination of Luna
 Luna was the best soldier and most prepared to fight the American enemy.
 He was educated in Europe and studied military science and tactics.
 But nature endowed him with unruly temper that made men fear and hate him.
 He planned to recapture Manila but the Kawit company refused to cooperate.
 June 1899. Luna was in Bayambang, Pangasinan.
 He received a telegram asking him to see Aguinaldo in his headquaters in
Kabanatuan.
 Jan. 5. Luna went to see Aguinaldo.
 One of the guards was a member of the Kawit company.
 Luna slapped the guard.
 He went upstairs and he saw Buencamino, whom Luna had an argument.
 A rifle was fired and Luna went downstairs to see the incident.
 The soldiers ganged up on him and stabbed him to death.
 Luna received no less than 40 wounds.

Aguinaldo Flees to the Mountains

 With the assasination of Luna, the Filipino troops were demoralized.
 Otis took advantage of the situation.
 He planned to trap Aguinaldo in Angeles, Pampanga.
 McArthur was waiting in the north if Aguinaldo decides to move.
 Oct. 12. Aguinaldo moved his capital to Tarlac.
 Later to Nueva Vizcaya.
 Then trasferred to Bayambang, Pangasinan.
 Nov. 13. Aguinaldo flees to the north.
 Dec. 25. Aguinaldo surrendered the women and children.
 Sept. 6. He reached Palanan, Isabela.

The Battle of Pasong Tirad

 In Aguinaldo’s flight to the north, his rear guard commander, Gen. Gregorio del
Pilar, noted the advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad.
 Gen. del Pilar suggested that he would stay behind and make a last stand.
 Such a battle would delay the Americans.
 Major March pursued Aguinaldo.Dec. 2. March proceeded at the Pasong Tirad.
 Filipino defenders relentlessly fought the battle atop the Pass.
 Januario Galut, a Christian Igorot, led the Americans to a secret trail behind the
Pass.
 Before noon, the Americans overcame the Filipino defenders.
 Del Pilar, wounded in the shoulder, ordered his men to escape.

 As he boarded his white horse, a Krag rifle rang out through the midday air and
felled him with a bullet that passed through the neck.

 Del Pilar’s body was left by the roadside for 2 days.

 In his diary he wrote:

“The General has given me the pick of all men that can be spared and ordered me to
defend the Pass. I realize what a terrible task has been given me. And yet I felt that this
is the most glorious moment of my life. What I do is done for my beloved country. No
sacrifice can be too great.” – Del Pilar

The Capture of Aguinaldo

 Many Filipino soldiers surrendered to the Americans with the insistence of the
Filipino upper class.
 Col. Frederick Funston, stationed in Nueva Ecija, planned the capture of
Aguinaldo.
 Funston employed 2 former officers of the Filipino Army (Macabebes), Lazaro
Segovia and Tal Placido.
 March 23, 1901. Funston with his companions, pretending to be captives of the
Macabebes, arrived at Palanan, Isabela.
 Aguinaldo met them joyfully and gave them food and water.
 Without any warning, the Macabebes turned against their countrymen.
 Tal Placido grabbed Aguinaldo from behind.

 With Aguinaldo fighting back, Dr. Santiago Barcelona said:

 “My General, you owe it to our people to live and continue fighting for
freedom.”

 April 1, 1901. Aguinaldo was brought back to Manila.

 April 19, Aguinaldo appealed to all Filipinos to accept the “sovereignty of the
United States…”

 The capture of Aguinaldo ended an era and opened another.

 Behind him, Aguinaldo left the ashes of the past that became embedded in the
memory as the fanatical struggle of an enslaved people to win freedom and independence
through blood and tears.

End of Lesson
Colonial Politics: Towards Complete Autonomy
LESSON 9 – Part 1

 1912. Woodrow Wilson became President of the US under the Democratic Party.
 Democrats have a different view on colonialism compared to the Republicans.

 The new leadership in the US government resulted to the appointment of Francis

Burton Harrison, the first Democratic Governor General in the Philippines.

 American rule in the Philippines saw the realistic implementation of American

policies.

Jones Law
 Passed in 1916.
 Legislative power in the islands was given to Filipinos.
 Created a bicameral legislature.

 1899. The Supreme Court was created.

 1901. Filipino justices in the SC increased in number.

The Wood-Forbes Mission

 March 1921. The Republican Administration of Warren G. Harding sought to
verify Filipino preparedness for independence.
 Gov. Gen. W. Cameron Forbes and Major Gen. Leonard Wood.
 Investigating mission appointed to look into Philippine affairs.

Criticisms/Conclusions
 Lack of sufficient press;
 Mistakes in finances;
 Delay in the administration of justice;
 Need for good teachers;
 Inadequate treatment of cultural minorities.

Recommendation
 “…the present general status of the Philippine Islands continue until the people
have had time to absorb and thoroughly master the powers already in their hands.”

 The Wood-Forbes mission spent barely four months in the Philippines.

 They came up with lengthy recommendations with a conclusion not to award
independence to the Filipinos.

Leonard Wood Administration

 With President Harding replacing Wilson, colonial policies changed.
 Harding appointed Leonard Wood to replace Harrison.
 Wood was unlike Harrison.
 He implemented the Jones law in a different way.
 That is, no legislation shall be passed unless it benefits the US.
Wood vs. Filipino Politicos
 July 17, 1923. Filipino members of the Wood Cabinet resigned.
 This conflict versus Wood was led by Senate President Quezon.
 Wood was firm not to give independence to Filipinos yet.
 Despite Wood’s shortcomings, he was an able and hardworking administrator.

Henry L. Stimson Administration

 March 1, 1928. Henry L. Stimson replaced Wood as Governor General.
 Stimson steered away from the emotional independence issue and concentrated on
political or administrative cooperation while expressing his view that only that would
“save the islands from the danger of immediate independence.”
 Stimson had only one year in the Philippines.

End of Lesson

The Campaign for Independence

LESSON 9 – Part 2

 The United States had no definite answer for Philippine independence.

 The only matter that was definite was to grant independence in the future.
 But the question hangs in the air… WHEN?
 Fortunately, each side was afforded the opportunity to formulate policy as they
openly discuss the issue of independence.

 1916. Filipinos received a promise of independence “as soon as a stable

government can be established.”
 Such was expressed in the Jones Law.

 The leaders who involved themselves in the campaign for independence had been
on the Philippine political scene from 1907 – they are all members of the educated elite
and products of American tutelage.

The Commission for Independence

 1918. the Phil legislature created the Commission of Independence.
 It was composed of Filipino Senators and Congressmen.

 It should be noted that the leadership in the legislature remained with the
Nacionalista Party, the majority party, led by Manuel L. Quezon.
 The minority was the Democrata (opposition).

 Prominent members were Manuel L. Quezon, Sergio Osmeña, Manuel Roxas,

Benigno Aquino Sr., Elpidio Quirino, and Claro M. Recto.
The Independence Missions
 1919. First Parliamentary Mission sent to the US. It was led by Senate President
Quezon and Sen. Rafael Palma.
 It was just after WW-I and the issue of the Philippines cannot be entertained.
 US Congress were unconvinced that the Filipinos were ready for independence.
 March 1921. Harding won the US Presidency.
 He ignored the issue of independence left behind by Wilson.
 April 1922. Second Mission was led by Quezon and Osmeña.
 They justified the political autonomy granted by Gov. Gen. Harrison.
 Pres. Harding said that the question of independence was “out of the question.”
 1923. A special mission was led by the new Speaker of the House, Manuel Roxas.
This is to present a listing against Gov. Wood’s “militaristic rule”.
 By then, the US President was Calvin Coolidge.
 The President rebuked the Mission members.

The Fairfield Bill

 It calls to increase autonomy for the Phils.
 1924. Sentiment was strong in the US Congress to come to a solution to the
Philippine problem.

 “…the Filipinos should be given what they wanted – immediate independence at

any cost.”

 The Fairfield Bill proposed a 30-year period of autonomy in which the Phils.
would have control of insular affairs, with elective Governor General for the
“Commonwealth of the Philippines.”

 In its final form, the Fairfield Bill provided for absolute independence for the
Philippines in 1944, after a 20-year commonwealth period.

 The third Parliamentary Mission (Quezon, Osmeña and Recto) was considered the
most distinct because of the emergence of the Fairfield Bill.

 The Democrata (opposition) questioned the Fairfield Bill and immediately

demanded independence.
 It resulted to political conflict between Nacionalista and Democrata.

 The reelection of Coolidge in 1924 maintained the 20-year transition to

independence.

OsRox Mission, 1931-1933

 December 1931. Osmeña and Roxas left for the US to secure the Philippine issue.
 The mission succeeded in securing the passage of an independence bill - the
controversial Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act of 1933.
 The Act provided for the establishment of a ten-year Commonwealth to serve as a
transition government before the proclamation of independence on July 4, 1946.

 Quezon opposed the bill.

 Quezon caused the Philippine legislature to reject the bill.
 By then, the incoming President of the US was Franklin D. Roosevelt.

 November 1933. Quezon left for the US as head of the legislative committee for
the purpose of securing a better independence bill for the Philippines.

 It just served a re-run of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act under a different name – the
Tydings-McDuffie Act.

 The important thing is – Quezon brought it home and he was acclaimed hero of
his people.

 In the final analysis, what was more significant was not which of the two
independence bills was enacted, but who secured independence for the Filipino people.

 May 1934. the Phil. Legislature unanimously accepted the Tydings-McDuffie Act.

 Whatever the circumstances and motivations, independence came to the

Philippines as the result of a peaceful political process and the attainment of
independence through prolonged parliamentary process influenced Philippine political
developments profoundly.

End of Lesson
Transition to Independence:The Commonwealth
LESSON 9 – Part 3

 May 1, 1934.The Philippine Legislature unanimously accepted the Tydings-

McDuffie Act.

 “…we have taken one more step forward in our onward march to the realization
of our national ideal… In this solemn moment, let there be no exultation of victory. Let it
be a moment of consecration.” - Manuel L. Quezon

 Governing was now almost entirely a Filipino responsibility and Quezon must
have realized that much work had not been done and much awaited the transition to
independence.

The Framing of the Constitution

 July 30, 1934. Election of Constitutional convention.
 Claro M. Recto was elected President of the Constitutional convention.
 The Philippine Constitution followed the American model in structure and formal
appearance (except unicameral and unitary).

Features of the 1935 Consti:

 Separation of church and state.
 Limitation on the size of agricultural lands to be owned by private individuals or
corporations.
 Principle of State supremacy over the individual and exaltation of authority.
 Compulsory civil or military service.
 State was empowered to own and operate public utilities and enterprises and
regulate employment relationships.
 Vested authority and constitutional powers to the President including the power to
veto.
 In terms of war or national emergency, Congress could authorize limitless critical
powers.

 Feb. 8, 1935. the constitutional convention approved the 1935 Constitution.

 President Roosevelt signed it on March 23.

 September 1935. The Nacionalista Party (Quezon, Osmeña, Roxas) won

overwhelmingly over rivals (Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay).

 Nov. 15, 1935. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated with
Manuel L. Quezon as President.
 Sergio Osmeña as Vice President.
 …in 10 more years, the birth of the nation would become a reality, and
independence would be recognized.
The Sakdal Uprising
 Nov. 7, 1930. The CPP was formally established.
 1932. It had been declared illegal.
 May 1935. Before the inauguration of the Commonwealth Government, rebels
attacked the nearby provinces surrounding Manila.
 The disturbance was perpetuated by anti-Quezon and anti-Nacionalista rebels who
called themselves Sakdalistas led by Benigno Ramos.
 The Sakdalistas are composed of peasants and oppressed masses.
 The Sakdal uprising demonstrated the extent of discontent in the provinces and
the effectiveness of Sakdal appeal to address grievances which had plagued the common
tao for generations.

National Security and National Defense

 Commonwealth Act # 1. The National Defense Act.
 Gen. Douglas MacArthur, retired Chief of Staff of the US Army, was
commissioned to lead.
 MacAthur was conferred the title Field of Marshal of the Phil Army.
 The defense plan envisioned organization of a citizen army (Regular force and
PC).
 Reserve force consisting of 21-year old men.
 Preparatory Military Training (PMT) would be given in elementary, high school,
and college levels.

The Social Justice Program

 The 1935 Constitution mandated that “the promotion of social justice to insure the
well being and economic security of all the people should be the concern of the state.”
 Social justice was equated with justice to the common man.
 Protecting the tao from exploitation.
 Improvement of the lot of the tao.
 The tao should get what is rightfully due him.
 “If we are just to the people, we will be free from internal rebellion.” - Pres.
Quezon

Achievements:
 Commonwealth Act 211, established minimum wage for laborers (P1/day later
raised to P1.25/day).
 8-hour labor law.
 Establishment of the Court of Industrial Relations.
 Awarding lands to the tillers.
 National Relief Administration.

Education
 1936. Creation of the National Council of Education chaired by Rafael Palma.
 Osmeña headed the Department of Education, first time a Filipino assumed that
position.
 Curriculum were developed for the primary and secondary levels.
 School children were required to take vocational courses.
 But vocational schools did not become popular among Filipino families.

 The Commonwealth government also provided adult education.

 Quezon’s dream of building a literate society was realized in various parts of the
country.

The National Language

 Commonwealth Act 570. Tagalog-based national language would become one of
the official languages of the country effective upon independence on July 4, 1946.

Economic Development
 What would happen to the Philippines when trade arrangements with the US
would terminate in 1946?
 The other aspect of the economic problem was foreign control of vital sectors of
Philippine resources.
 The economic trend during the Commonwealth period was slow and uneven
development.
 The emphasis on production for the export market was so great that the Phils,
potentially one of the great food-surplus-producing areas in Asia, became one of the
major food deficit areas.
 The agrarian problem raised the more fundamental questions of political stability
and economic progress.

Partyless Democracy
 The Commonwealth government was “Quezon Government” with Quezon clearly
dominating political life.
 Quezon was the most dynamic personality of the pre-war era and exemplified the
“modern lawyer-politician”, a characteristic of the political leadership of contemporary
Philippines.
 In 1941, Quezon eliminated all elite opoosition.
 He announced the theory of “Partyless Democracy”.
 He claimed that “opposition parties” and “individual liberties” were two
democratic fetishes that must be discarded.
 The failure of the country’s leadership to provide a balanced party system and to
correct the uneven distribution of power in government resulted in the continuing
dominance of an “irresponsible autocracy”.

 The Commonwealth era had been stagnant.

 The post-war years of the Republic were the true years of transition to
independence.
 It has to be noted that legislative power was in Filipino hands as early as 1916 and
executive power as early as 1935.
 Yet no basic economic programs for economic and social development took hold
until the post-war period.
 Quezon seemed to rest most of his hopes for development upon continued
preferential trade with the United States.
End of Lesson

Results of the American Occupation

LESSON 10

 Of all the countries which conquered the Philippines, the Americans have
undoubtedly left their prints all over the archipelago.

Progress in Education
 The greatest contribution of the US to the Phil civilization is the system of public
education.
 Unlike the Spaniards, Americans compelled the Filipinos to learn the English
language.
 1898. Seven schools were established in Manila.
 American soldiers were the first teachers. Later they were replaced by
Thomasites; American teachers on board SS Thomas.
 1908. The University of the Philippines was established.
 English became the medium of instruction in all schools, colleges, and
universities.
 It resulted to the increase in Filipino literacy.

Public Health and Welfare

 Priority next to education.
 Epidemics are minimized.
 Competent American doctors came to render their services.
 Mortality rates were reduced.
 1901. Creation of the Board of Public Health.

Trade, Commerce & Industry

 Economic development of the Phils under the US is attributed to free trade
relations.
 1909. Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act. Partial free trade relations between US and the
Philippines.
 All Phils. exports were allowed to enter American markets within quota limits.
 American exports to the Phils.were unlimited and duty-free.
 Simmons-Underwood Act (1913) abolished the quota limitations.
 Resulted to high export of the Phils.
 Domestic trade also developed.
 The Phils. developed in textile, cigarette factories, fishing and canning, alcohol
distilleries and sugar.
 Mining became the backbone of the Philippine economy.
 In retrospect, it may have improved the standard of living, but it was artificial and
deceiving.
 Free trade relations placed the Philippine economy at the mercy of the Americans.

Transportation and Communication

 Bridges were built.
 Roads were constructed and reconstructed.
 Means of transportation vastly improved.
 Cars, trucks, and railway cars speeded up the means of transportation.
 Water transportation also developed.
 Interisland shipping was encouraged.
 Communication means also progressed.
 1905. Telephone lines were introduced in Manila.
 1933. Radio telephone service.
 Towns and provincial capitals were linked with telephones, telegraph lines, and
radio.
 1935. Mail offices catered ordinary mail, telegrams, money orders, and air mail
letter and packages.

Individual Freedoms
 1901. Sedition Law. Seditious of any Filipino to advocate independence.
 1907. Flag Law. Prohibited the display of the Filipino flag.
 Other than those two restraints, Filipinos enjoyed the era of freedom.
 But it is a mistake to suppose that Americans taught the Filipinos the meaning of
freedom…
 …that they brought from across the Pacific the heritage of democracy.
 The Filipinos knew the meaning of freedom and its blessings even before the
Americans came.
 They enjoyed the blessings of democracy under the Revolutionary Government
and the Republic.

Manifestations:
 Tejeros Convention
 Malolos Congress
 Malolos Constitution
Political Consciousness
 Partisan politics.
 Founding of political parties.
 Issues were outlined.
 Platforms were prepared.
 Speeches were delivered.
 Political funds accumulated.
 1916. Creation of bicameral legislature.
 Filipinos learned the intricate machinery of government.
Language and Literature
 One of the most lasting influences in the Philippines.
 Adoption of American words.
 The influence of the English language has the character of permanence.

Negative Results
 Filipinos take pride in describing the Philippines as the only Christian country in
the Orient.
 Most westernized country in Asia.
 Economic invasion of America brought the American mode of living close to the
Filipinos.
 American goods are considered luxuries; after 45 year, they became necessities.
 It resulted to neglect of Filipino industries.
 “Stateside” mentality.
 De-Filipinization of Filipinos.
 The great American dream.

End of Lesson
The Japanese Occupation
LESSON 11 – Part 1

 The 10-year preparatory period (Commonwealth) was interrupted when the

Japanese started war in the Pacific.
 Japan was a fast rising power in the Pacific.
 It was expanding in surrounding areas.
 July 26, 1941. The Phil reserve regular forces were incorporated into the US
Army.
 USAFFE. United States Army Forces in the Far East.
 USA froze Japanese assets in their country.
 It imposed economic sanctions on Japan.
 USA wanted to settle the matter in a peaceful way.
 September 1941. Japan sent Admiral K. Nomura to Washington to settle the
American-Japanese problems.
 While talks was on going, Pearl Harbor was attacked…..

Pearl Harbor
 December 7, 1941, Hawaiian time. Pearl Harbor. The US naval first line of
defense was attacked by Kamikaze pilots.
 2,897 men died….
 USS Arizona sank.
 December 8, 1941. Roosevelt declared war.
 In Great Britain, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of England also declared war.

The Japanese Offensive

 Four hours after Pearl, Harbor, the Japanese bombed Clark Field (Philippines),
December 8, 1941.
 December 26, 1941, Gen. Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an Open City, to
spare it from attacks.
 …but the Japanese did not respect Manila as Open City.
 Manila was brutally destroyed.

The Occupation of Manila

 The Japanese attack on the Phils was intricately planned.
 Japanese landings were made in Davao in the South, Aparri in the north.
 Clark Field was destroyed in the first days of Japanese offensive.
 American and Filipino defenses were too weak to resist.
 Japanese forces advanced through USAFFE territory.
 Dec. 22. Major landings stormed Lingayen and onwards Central Luzon.
 USAFFE retreated to Bataan.
 January 2, 1942. Manila was occupied by the Japanese.

Quezon in Corregidor
 Quezon was very sick when the war broke out.
 Dec. 24, 1941. Quezon and his family left for Corregidor.
 Acting Chief Justice Jose P. Laurel was restrained to come.
 “No Laurel, someone will have to meet the Japanese.” - Quezon

The Fall of Bataan

 The heroic defense of the Filipino-American troops in Bataan irritated the
Japanese.
 But as months dragged on, aid from the US seemed impossible.
 The Japanese had all the coastlines under control.
 Without arms, ammunition, and food, the USAFFE was bound to disintegrate.
 March 11, 1942. MacArthhur left Corregidor for Australia upon orders of
President Roosevelt.
 …but before he left, he made a promise to the Filipino people and the brave
American soldiers…
 “I SHALL RETURN.”
 Quezon left for Australia earlier (Feb. 18).
 MacArthur was succeeded by Gen. Jonathan Wainwright.
 April 9, 1942. Bataan surrendered.
 The surrender resulted to the infamous “death March” (Bataan to Capas).
 With Bataan falling on Japanese hands, Corregidor was the last line of defense.
 The small island was subjected to intense fire by Japanese forces.
 May 6, 1942. Gen. Wainwright surrendered Corregidor to Gen. Homma.

Reorganization of the Government

 The government remained status quo Commonwealth style.
 National government was renamed Central Administrative Organization.
 Each department shall have a Japanese adviser.
 “Japanese advisers” only served as spies.
 October 14, 1943. The Japanese-sponsored Republic was proclaimed with Laurel
as President.
 Japan wanted the Filipinos to believe that they intend to see the Phils become a
Republic.
 …but the Filipinos did not believe what seemed to be an empty promise.

Economic Conditions
 The term “Mickey Mouse Money” was a popular nickname of the peso during the
Japanese occupation.
 It connotes that goods, big or small, were sold in astronomical prices.
 There was scarcity of food everywhere.
 The lowly kangkong saved thousands of lives.
 Laurel introduced programs to alleviate the sufferings of his people.
 It is to the credit of Laurel and his colleagues in the government that, faced with
what appeared insurmountable tasks, they remained loyal to the people and worked hard
to soften the impact of the Japanese occupation.

Social Conditions
 The Kempeitai (Japanese Military Police) began a career of wanton disregard of
human lives.
 House were raided.
 Men were thrown in Fort Santiago.
 They faced inhuman punishments (e.g. water cure, punching bag of a prisoner’s
body, pressed hot iron or electric wire on a helpless prisoner).
 Heads were cut off with Samurai.
 Women were raped.
 As a result, several Filipinos joined the guerrilla forces.
 No one slept soundly.
 Everybody was waiting to be arrested and tortured.
 There was no safety.
 Japanese soldiers slapped men, women, and children who failed to bow before
them.
 The most feared Japanese word was “kura” (come here or dismissed).
 Slapping was a common sight.
 Side by side with the Japanese presence was the “spy”.
 Indeed, the coming of the Japanese, who stayed in the archipelago for a very short
period of time, became the darkest hours for the Filipinos…

End of Lesson
The Liberation
LESSON 11 – Part 2

 Gen. Douglas MacArthur’s promise to return has yet to be realized….

 ….but Filipinos never doubted the promise that came after three years of darkness
under the claws of the Japanese.
 The national experience of having undergone during the Spanish period similar
privations…
 …brutalities, and lack of respect for persons and property…
 …instinctively gave them the courage and the hope with which to live
dangerously in the shadow of the enemy.

Guerilla Warfare
 With the retreat of the USAFFE to Bataan, the officers and soldiers who were
isolated by the rapid advance of the enemy organized guerilla units.
 In the north, Walter M. Cushing formed a guerilla outfit.
 July 1942. North Luzon guerilla units were tightly knit.
 Sept. 19, 1942. Cushing was killed by Japanese soldiers.
 His death did not end the guerilla resistance.
 In Central Luzon, the dominant guerilla outfit was known by the name
HUKBALAHAP led by Luis Taruc.
 In Southern Luzon, they were known as PQOG (President Quezon’s Own
Guerillas).
 Guerilla warfare spread all throughout the country.
 The guerillas performed 3 functions:
 To ambush/kill enemy soldiers and civilians.
 To relay intelligent reports to MacArthur in Australia.
 To liquidate spies and Japanese sympathizers.

The Government in Exile

 From Australia, Quezon sailed to America.
 The government was exiled in Washington.
 The government separated with its people with some 12,000 miles and a vast
Pacific Ocean, was not able to do anything but boost the morale of Filipinos.
 August 1, 1944. Quezon died in New York because of tuberculosis…
 …the President did not live to see the day when his country he loved so dearly
had a taste of liberation.
 Osmeña succeeded the Presidency.

“I SHALL RETURN”
 The year 1944 was crucial for the combatants in the Pacific.
 Slowly and painfully, the American naval and marine forces inched their way
north from the vicinity of Australia.
 June 19, 1944. The Battle for the Philippine Sea began.
 It was primarily an air combat.
 The air battles started in Guam.
 Japanese forces were heavily damaged.
 In Manila, the Japanese paper Tribune described the alleged destruction of
American fleet.
 …but the Filipinos were not fooled.
 They knew deep in their hearts, the General have returned.

The Road to Leyte

 After the capture of the Philippine Sea, the American naval and marine forces
concentrated to capture Saipan from Japanese hands.
 July 9. Saipan was back in American hands.
 July 21. American marines landed in Guam.
 August 10. Guam was captured.
 Other surrounding lands followed.
 American territorial losses were back in their control.
 Sept. 21, 1944. American carrier planes swooped down upon Manila undetected.
 Heavy damage was inflicted on Japanese installations in and around Manila.
 Similar airstrikes were undertaken in Visayas under the command of Admiral
William F. Halsey.
 This led to the conclusion that invasion of the Philippines must begin in Leyte and
not in Mindanao.
 Japanese air resistance was weak in the Visayas.
 The date for the invasion of Leyte was set for October 20, 1944.
 The way was paved for the “return of the beloved”.

The Leyte Landings

 Air strikes were carried out to Leyte from October 9 to 20.
 Similar raids were conducted in the North to paralyze the Japanese forces.
 October 18 and 19. It was Central Luzon’s turn.
 These were done to prevent enemy interference to Leyte.
 October 20, 1944. With the enemy neutralized by heavy bombings and naval
guns. Troops fanned out to several directions to drive out the enemy…
 …the Americans had returned.

The Battle of the Leyte Gulf

 Admiral Toyoda organized the “Sho Operation” to control the air and
neutralization of American menace.
 The battle of Leyte Gulf, the greatest naval battle in history was fought
simultaneously in 3 different places from Oct. 24 to 26.
 Battle of Surigao Strait (Oct. 25).
 Battle of Samar (Oct. 24).
 Battle of Cape Engaño (Oct. 24).
 October 6, 1941. Leyte Gulf was safe in American hands.

The Ligayen Gulf Landings

 Preparatory to the recapture of Manila, MacArthur’s forces landed on the
southwest coast of Mindoro in December 1944.
 The move fooled the Japanese into thinking that American forces would enter in
the Mindoro area.
 January 9, 1945. The Americans unexpectedly landed in Lingayen Gulf, taking
the enemy by surprise.
 Having defeated the Japanese resistance, the Americans landed at San Fabian.
 They started onwards Central Luzon.

The Liberation of Manila

 Once MacArthurs forces had set foot on Lingayen, they relentlessly moved down
south.
 It was imperative that Manila be captured without delay.
 February 3, 1945. American forces entered Manila.

The Return of the Commonwealth

 The temporary seat of the Commonwealth Government was established in
Tacloban, Leyte on Oct. 23, 1944.
 Nov. 15, 1944, on the 9th anniversary of the Commonwealth, Osmeña returned as
the President.
 Feb 27, 1945. Gen. MacArthur turned over the reins of civil government to
President Osmeña.
 July 4, 1945. MacArthur proclaimed the liberation of the Philippines.

End of War
 MacArthur broughth the war right to Japan’s door.
 Thereafter, Japan was bombarded by American troops from above and below.
 Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, and Kure were bombed day and night.
 July 26. The Allied Forces through Pres. Truman and PM Churchill, issued the
Postdam Proclamation calling Japan to surrender.
 Japan proud of its Samurai spirit, refused to surrender.
 August 6, Tokyo time. The United States Air Force unleashed the deadly atomic
bomb on Hiroshima.
 August 9. Another atomic bombed was dropped in Nagasaki.
 August 15. Japan accepted the unconditional surrender.
 September 2. Japan signed the terms of surrender on board the battleship USS
Missouri at Tokyo bay…
 …the war is over.

End of Lesson