Basic Statistics

Representing Data - Graphing

Representing Data
Learning Intentions
Today we will understand:

 Graphics don’t just report data they

show trends and patterns
 The graphic used is determined by
the types of data collected
 Pie charts, bar graphs, histograms, scatterplots

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Graphing
 Is an important way of visually representing data

 Provides a significant amount of information

 Moves from reporting data to showing trends and patterns

 Relationships are more easily identified

in a graphic representation as
compared to a table

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Graphing
 The graphic used is determined by the types of data
collected
 Remember……..
Graphing Categorical Variables

Bar Graph Pie Chart

Figure 2. JCU students favourite movie

Figure 1. JCU student demographics genre

Images accessed: https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat100/book/export/html/20

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/pie-secteurs/5214826-eng.htm
Bar Graph
Date Egg Colour Egg Colour Frequency
1 Oct White White 6
1 Oct White
Dark brown 4
1 Oct Dark Brown
1 Oct White Blue 1
1 Oct Dark Brown Light brown 1
1 Oct Blue
2 Oct Dark Brown
2 Oct Dark Brown
2 Oct White
2 Oct White Organise data
2 Oct White
2 Oct Light Brown
Bar Graph
 Each category has its own bar with gaps between bars

7
6
5
4
Frequency

3
2
1
0
White Dark Brown Blue Light Brown

Egg Colour
Figure 3. The colour of eggs laid during a two day period in October
Bar Graph
 Column graphs can be combined to compare data
Date Colour Egg Colour Frequency
1 March Blue
White 1
1 March Light Brown
1 March Dark brown Dark brown 1
1 March Light Brown Blue 5
1 March Blue
Light brown 5
1 March Blue
2 March Blue
2 March Light Brown
2 March White
2 March Light Brown Organise data
2 March Blue
2 March Light brown
Bar Graph
 Column graphs can be combined to compare data

Eggs Laid in October Eggs Laid in March

Egg Colour Frequency Egg Colour Frequency

White 6 White 1

Dark brown 4 Dark brown 1

Blue 1 Blue 5

Light brown 1 Light brown 5

Bar Graph

5
Frequency

3 October
March
2

0
White Dark Brown Blue Light Brown

Egg Colour
Figure 4. The colour of eggs laid during a two day period in October and March
Pie Chart
 The area of the circle is proportional to the frequency

8%
8% DISCRETE White
Dark Brown
50%
Blue
34% Light Brown
DISCRETE

Figure 5. The colour of eggs laid during a two day period in October
Pie Chart
 You cannot plot two variables on the same pie chart but you
can compare two pie charts

8% 8%
8% 8%
White
White
42% Dark Brown
50% Dark Brown
Blue Blue
34% 42%
Light Brown Light Brown

Figure 6. The colour of eggs laid Figure 7. The colour of eggs laid
during a two day period in during a two day period in
October March
Histogram
 Visual display of frequencies
 Quantitative variable – continuous and/or grouped
 Shows distribution of all observations in dataset
 Describes shape, centre and spread of dataset

Image accessed: http://www.six-sigma-material.com/Histograms.html

 Histogram
Frequency

Height (cm)

Figure 8. Distribution of children’s height

Image accessed: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language+-+frequency+distribution

 Histogram
Frequency

Height (cm)

Figure 8. Distribution of children’s height

 Histogram

Frequency can also

30
be expressed as a
25
percentage of total
20
observations.
Frequency (%)

15

10 Why is this not a

5 good example of a
0 histogram?
30 - 35
35 - 40
40 - 45
45 - 50
50 - 55
55 - 60

70 - 75
75 - 80
80 - 85
85 - 90
90 - 95
65 - 70

95 - 100
60 - 65

Which column
Test Scores (%)
would 50 go in?
Figure 9. JCU students test scores 65? 60? 70?
Scatterplot
 Show association between two numerical variables
 Data plotted as Cartesian (X,Y) coordinates
 Suggests relationships between variables
Price ($)

Age (years)
Figure 10. Car price according to age of the car
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Scatterplot
100
90
80
70
Weight (Kg)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
140 160 180 200
Height (cm)

Figure 10. Height (cm) and weight (Kg) of JCU students

Scatterplot
 Can show a “Trend Line” or “Line of Best Fit” on a scatterplot
 Quantifies the correlation
100
90
80
70
Weight (Kg)

60
50 y = 0.8247x - 73.891
R² = 0.8361
40
30
20
10
0
140 160 180 200
Height (cm)

Figure 11. Height (cm) and weight (Kg) of JCU students

Correlation Between Variables
 Correlation is the relationship between two variables
 Correlation is positive when the values increase together
 Correlation is negative when one value decreases as the
other increases

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Graphs Can Be Misleading

Image accessed: http://www.statisticshowto.com/misleading-graphs/

Graphs Can Be Misleading……
455000

450000
Average House Price ($)

445000

440000

435000

430000

425000
2013 2014 2015
Year

Figure 12. Average house price in Cairns

A Better Representation……

500000
450000
400000
Average House Price ($)

350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
2013 2014 2015
Year

Figure 13. Average house price in Cairns

Keep It Simple
7

5
Frequency

0
Blue Dark Brown Light Brown White

Egg Colour

Figure 15. The colour of eggs laid during a two day period in October

Is better than.........
Keep It Simple

4
Frequency

1
0
Blue
Dark Brown
Light Brown
White

Egg Colour
Figure 16. The colour of eggs laid during a two day period in October

The simplest representation is best

Graphing Using Excel
 Excel is a good data management
tool

 With some practise, you can produce

and edit graphs quickly in Excel

 Search the internet and YouTube for

videos and tutorials about creating
graphs in Excel

 Specialised statistical software such as S-Plus will enable you

to produce graphs that represent your data with more
precision
Lynda.com
 You can find and access courses to help with your study
through Lynda.com
1) Go to website www.jcu.edu.au
2) Click on “Library”
Lynda.com
3) Go to “Learn”
4) Click on “Lynda.com”
Lynda.com
5) Log in using your jc number and password
Lynda.com
6) Browse the Lynda Library for courses of interest
Lynda.com
7) Search the Lynda Library for courses of interest

8) Select the
course that you
want from the
available course
list or search again
Lynda.com
9) When you select a course it opens up like this
Lynda.com
10) It is suggested that you save it to your playlist so that it is
easy to find again
Lynda.com
11) To find the course again click on My Courses located on
the left side of the screen
Lynda.com
12) When you select My Playlist your saved course(s) appear
References
http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language

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