Analysis with JK Flip Flops
For circuits with other types of flip flops such as JK,
the next state values are obtained by following the two
step procedure:
1. Determine the flip-flop input equations in terms of
the present state and input variables.
2. List the binary values of each input equation.
3. Use the corresponding flip-flop characteristic table
to determine the next-state values in the state table.
4. Draw state diagram
1 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Analysis with JK Flip Flops
JA = B(t) Input Equations
KA = X’.B(t)
JB = X’
KB = A(t) xor X
A(t+1) = JAA’+KA’A
B(t+1) = JBB’+KB’B
Characteristics Equations of FFs A&B
A(t+1) = BA’+XA+B’A
B(t+1) = X’B’ + AXB +A’X’B State Equations
2 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
JK Analysis State Table
JA = B
KA = Bx’
JB = x’
KB = A’x + Ax’ = A x
2-State table: m=2, n=1 8 rows
Flip Flop Inputs 3- find the binary
values of each
input equation.
3 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
JK Analysis State Table
JA = B
JB = x’
KA = Bx’
KB = A’x + Ax’ = A x
4-Determine the next-state values
Flip Flop Inputs
4 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
JK Analysis State Diagram
5- Draw state
diagram
5 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
T Flip Flop Analysis
Analysis of a sequential circuit with T flip flops
follows the same procedure outlined for JK flip flops.
The next state values in the state table can be obtained
by using the characteristic table or the characteristic
equation
Q(t + 1) = T Q
= T’Q + TQ’
6 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
T Flip Flop Analysis Example
x A
T
y
TA = Bx
T TB = x
B
Y = AB
R
CLK Reset
7 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
T Flip Flop Analysis State Table
TA = Bx
TB = x
A(t + 1) = TA A = Bx A
Y = AB
B(t + 1) = TB B = x B
8 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
T Flip Flop Analysis State Table
TA = Bx
TB = x
A(t + 1) = TA A = Bx A
Y = AB
B(t + 1) = TB B = x B
9 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
T Flip Flop Analysis State Diagram
10 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Analysis vs. Design
The analysis of sequential circuits starts from a circuit
diagram and culminates in a state table or diagram.
The design of a sequential circuit starts from a set of
specifications and culminates in a logic diagram.
Analysis
Circuit diagram Equations State table State diagram
Design
State diagram State table Equations Circuit Diagram
11 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Design Procedure
Design starts from a specification and results in a
logic diagram or a list of Boolean functions.
The steps to be followed are:
Derive a state diagram
Assign binary values
Obtain the binary coded state table
Choose the type of flip flops to be used
Derive the simplified flip flop input equations and
output equations
Draw the logic diagram
12 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Sequential Circuit Design
Remember that a synchronous sequential circuit is
made up of flip flops and combinational gates.
Part of the design is to choose the flip-flop type and
combinational circuit structure which, together with
the flip-flops produce a circuit that fulfills the stated
specification.
How many FLIP FLOPS?
The number of flip-flops is determined from the
number of states in the circuit
n flip-flops can represent up to 2n binary states.
13 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Designing with D Flip-Flops
Design a clocked sequential circuit that operates
according to the state diagram.
1- State diagram
Number of states=4
2 D flip flop
14 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Synthesizing Using D Flip Flops
The next step is to create a state table and then select
two D flip flops to represent the four states, labeling
their outputs as A and B.
There is one input, x, and one output, y, representing
the input sequence and the output value respectively.
Remember that the characteristic equation of the D
flip flop is
Q(t + 1) = D
15 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Designing with D Flip-Flops
2- State Table
State equations can be obtained directly from the table using
minterms and input equations in DFF is the same as state
equations
A(t + 1) = DA(A, B, x) = ∑(2,4,5,6)
16 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Designing with D Flip-Flops
3- Input Equations and output equation
However, we have to minimize the
expression in a similar way used for
combinational logic design!
17 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Designing with D Flip-Flops
18 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Designing with D Flip-Flops
Circuit Diagram
DA = AB’ + BX’
19 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
A Sequence Detector
Design a circuit that detects a sequence of three ones.
Input Output
Circuit Detects
`111’ at input
20 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
A Sequence Detector
Design a circuit that detects a sequence of three ones.
Input Output
Circuit Detects
`111’ at input
1- Circuit Diagram
S0 00
Input
S1 01
S2 10
S3 11 output
21 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Synthesizing Using D Flip Flops
The next step is to create a state table and then select
two D flip flops to represent the four states, labeling
their outputs as A and B.
There is one input, x, and one output, y, representing
the input sequence and the output value respectively.
The output y is one only when we detect the input
sequence of `111’
22 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
State Table for Sequence Detector
2- State Table
Input equations can be obtained directly from the table
using minterms:
A(t + 1) = DA(A, B, x) = ∑(3, 5, 7)
B(t + 1) = DB(A, B, x) = ∑(1, 5, 7)
y(A, B, x) = ∑(6, 7)
23 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Boolean Minimization
4- Input Equations and output equation
K-Maps can be used to minimize the input equations,
resulting in
DA = Ax + Bx
DB = Ax + B’x
Y = AB
24 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
Logic Diagram
5- Circuit Diagram
25 EC 381 Digital Systems Fall 2013
