Heater Distillate Bottom Product
Power, HETP
W1, W2 (m)
Temperature Refractive Mole Flow rate Temperature Refractive Mole
(kW)
(0C) Index Fraction (ml/min) (0C) Index Fraction
1.5 31.7 1.3601 0.165 18.38 59.4 1.3424 0.040 30.00
2.0 31.8 1.3623 0.175 103.45 78.2 1.3450 0.080 10.00
2.5 76.0 1.3634 0.200 214.29 81.9 1.3490 0.092 6.00
3.0 89.3 1.3667 0.315 300.00 89.9 1.3456 0.084 6.00
3.5 90.2 1.3690 0.510 333.33 90.6 1.3467 0.082 2.00
Calculated Data for Experiment 9
Time(min) Distillate Bottom Product HETP
(m)
Refractive Temperature Mole Refractive Temperature Mole
Index (0C) Fraction, Index (0C) Fraction,
XD XW
5 1.3651 91.1 0.31 1.3522 93.5 0.070 1.25
10 1.3654 91.4 0.33 1.3500 94.5 0.068 1.11
20 1.3657 91.8 0.34 1.34824 96.4 0.067 1.01
30 1.3664 92.0 0.36 1.34753 97.2 0.051 1.00
40 1.3668 92.1 0.37 1.34671 97.6 0.032 0.91
50 1.3665 92.2 0.36 1.34490 97.9 0.028 0.54
60 1.3660 92.2 0.35 1.34379 98.1 0.012 0.51
Calculated Data for Experiment 10
Volume of Volume of Mol Fraction
ethanol(ml) water(ml) ethanol Refractive Index
0 10 0 1.342
2 8 0.0713 1.352
4 6 0.1699 1.361
6 4 0.315 1.367
8 2 0.5509 1.369
10 0 1.001 1.365
Table 3: Tabulated data for ethanol in vapour and liquid phase (Perry, R H.)
Mole fraction of ethanol in vapor phase, Mole fraction of ethanol in liquid phase,
y x
0 0
0.1700 0.0190
0.3891 0.0721
0.4375 0.0966
0.4704 0.1238
0.5089 0.1661
0.5445 0.2377
0.5580 0.2608
0.5826 0.3273
0.6122 0.3965
0.6564 0.5079
0.6599 0.5198
0.6841 0.5732
0.7385 0.6763
0.7815 0.7472
0.8943 0.8943
1 1
APPENDIX B
Calculation
Specifications of ethanol-water mixture
Molecular weight of ethanol, g/mol 46.07
Density of ethanol, g/cm3 0.789
Molecular weight of water, g/mol 18.016
Density of water, g/cm3 1.000
In 10ml mixture of ethanol- water mixture (6ml ethanol +4ml water),
ρethanol
Mr ethanol
Mole fraction (composition) of ethanol in mixture, x1 =
9 × ρethanol ρ water
+
Mr ethanol Mr water
0.789 g /cm3
46.07 g /mol
=
6 × 0.789 g /cm3 4 .000 g/cm3
+
46.07 g/mol 18.016 g /mol
= 0.315
Mole fraction (composition) of water in mixture, x2 = 1 – x1
= 1 – 0.315
= 0.685
Hence, the same calculation steps were applying for the rest of the series of ethanol
and water system.
Calculation of the overall tray efficiency using Mc-Cabe Thiele method
For heater power of 3.5kW
Total number of stages = number of theoretical trays + reboiler
Number of actual tray = 10 stages
Based on the equilibrium diagram of ethanol water mixture at 3.5kW
N= 1.5 stages
No of theoritical stages
Overall efficiency ¿ x 100%
Noof actual stages
1.5
¿ X 100%
10
¿ 15 %
Calculation of HETP for the tray tower
For a tray tower, the HETP can be defined as:
T
HETP¿
E0
where T is tray spacing and E0 is the overall tray efficiency
T =0.3 m for a 0.5m diameter tower.
0.30
HETP¿
0.15
¿2m
The equation of the operating line for enriching section:
Reflux ratio = 3
At t=5min,
R xD
y n+ 1= xn +
R+1 R+1
3 0. 31
y n+ 1= x+
3+ 1 n 3+1
∴ y n+1=0.75 x n +0.0 775
Height equivalent theoretical plates, HETP
Height of packing, H = 1m
For t = 5 min,
Height of packing, H
HETP=
number of theoretical stages needed , N t
1m
¿ =1.25 m
0.80
The same method was used to calculate HETP for other time interval.
The amount of the ethanol left
The initial volume of ethanol in still, Vethanol = 1Litres
The initial volume of water in still, Vwater= 3Litres
ρethanol ×V ethanol
The original number of moles of ethanol =
Mr ethanol
g
0.789 3 × 1000 cm3
= cm
46.07 g/mol
= 17.13 moles
ρwater ×V water
The original number of moles of water =
Mr water
g
1 3 ×3000 cm3
= cm
18.00 g /mol
= 166.67 moles
The feed composition of ethanol, x1 = 0.093
The final composition of ethanol at t=60min, x2 = 0.012
L x
dL
1
L1 dx
1
Rayleigh equation: ∫ =ln =∫
L
L
2
L2 x y−x 2
0.093
dx
ln 17.13−ln L2= ∫
0.012 y−x
ln L2=ln ( y −0.093 )−ln ( y−0.01 2 )+ 2.841
ln L2=ln ( 0.41−0.0 93 )−ln ( 0.41−0.012 ) +2.841
ln L2=2.613
∴ L2=13.65 moles
g
46.07 × 13.65 moles
mol
The amount of the ethanol left in the evaporator =
g
0.789 3
cm
= 0.797 litres
Graph of experiment 9
Pw=1.5kw
Pw=2.0kw
Pw=2.5kw
Pw=3.0kw
Pw=3.5kw
Graph of flow rate of distillate(ml/min) versus heated power(kw)
Flow rate of distillate(ml/min) vs heater power(kw)
350
300
Flow rate of distillate (ml/min)
250
200
150
100
50
0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
heater power (kw)
For experiment 10
Equilibrium diagram for ethanol water mixture at t= 5min
Equilibrium diagram for ethanol water mixture at t= 10min
Equilibrium diagram for ethanol water mixture at t= 20min
Equilibrium diagram for ethanol water mixture at t= 30min
Equilibrium diagram for ethanol water mixture at t= 40min
Equilibrium diagram for ethanol water mixture at t= 5 0min
Equilibrium diagram for ethanol water mixture at t= 60min
HETP(m) vs Heater Power(kw)
35
30
25
20
HETP(m)
15
10
0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
heater power (kw)
Amount of ethanol left (litre)
vs Time(min)
1.2
amount of ethanol left (litre)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time(min)
