SLUMS

PLANNING PRACTICES
SUBMITTED BY:- PRAVEEN MUKATI
(141109029)
KAVITA GUPTA
(141109035)

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 CONTENTS
• URBANIZATION GLOBAL CONTEXT
• URBANIZATION INDIAN CONTEXT
• DEFINITION OF SLUM BY DIFFERENT ORGANIZATION
• DEFINITION OF SLUM BY DIFFERENT SCHOLARS
• SLUM TYPOLOGIES
• CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUM
• SCHEMES FOR SLUMS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE
• GOVERNMENT SCHEME :- HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022
• SLUM SCENARIO IN BHOPAL
• ORGANISATIONS WORKING ON SLUMS : A CASE OF BHOPAL
• WHAT ARE BYELAWS AND WHY WE NEED BYELAWS ?
 WORLD URBANISATION PROSPECT
Major area, region total Urban population Urban population (% Estimated slum Estimated slum
population (millions) of total population) population population (% of
(millions) (thousands) urban population)

World 6134 2923 47.7 923,986 31.6

Developed regions 1194 902 75.5 54,068 6.0
Europe 726 534 73.6 33,062 6.2
Other 467 367 78.6 21,006 5.7
Developing regions 4940 2022 40.9 869,918 43.0

Northern America 146 76 52.0 21,355 28.2

Sub-Saharan Africa 667 231 34.6 166,208 71.9
Latin America and the caeibbean (LAC) 527 399 75.8 127,567 31.9

Eastern asia 1364 533 39.1 193,824 36.4

South central asia 1507 452 30.0 262,354 58.8
South eastern asia 530 203 38.3 56,781 28.0
Western asia 192 125 64.9 41,331 33.1
Oceania 8 2 26.7 499 24.1
Least developed countries (LDCs) 685 179 26.2 140,114 78.2
3
Landlocked developing countries(LLDCs) 275 84 30.4 47,303 56.5

Small island developing states (SIDS) 52 30 57.9 7,321 24.4

 URBANISATION (GLOBAL CONTEXT)
Percentage of population at mid year residing in urban areas, by region, 1950-2030
Source : united nations 2006, world urbanization prospects

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

africa asia europe latin america and the caribbean north america oceania
 GROWTH OF THE MEGA-CITIES
Urban population, by size class of settlement, world 1975-2015
Source : united nations 2006, world urbanization prospects
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
10 million or more 5-10 million 1-5 million 500000-1 million less than 500000
 URBANISATION (INDIAN
CONTEXT)
• India is emerging as one of the fastest urbanizing countries in the world and has
reached a staggering urban population of 285 million (2001 census).
• It is estimated that by the middle of this century or probably earlier, the country would be
more urban than rural.
• The economic base of the nation through expanding industries, trade, commerce and
services has already shifted to the urban centres.
• In 2001, only 1/3 of the country’s population was living in urban areas. Nonetheless,
even at such a low level of urbanisation, the total urban population is very large.
• In 1991, of the 20 largest cities in the world, three (Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi) were form
India. In 2001 6 of the 20 largest metropolises in the world were from India.
www.pdfwww.china-up.com:8080/international/case/case/831.pdf
 Slum & Non-Slum Households (India 2011)

Number of
Indicator
households
(in lakh)
Total (Urban) 789
Slum 137
Non-Slum 652
Number of households (in %)
Slum 17.4
Non-Slum 82.6

censusindia.gov.in
 India’s top 30 urban centers with the largest populations living in slums
City populations are in 100,000s; data source is census 2011

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

slum population population 2011

censusindia.gov.in
 SLUM – CENSUS OF INDIA

Census 2001
 For the first time in Census 2001, slum areas were earmarked across the country,
particularly, in cities and towns having population of 50,000 or above in 1991 Census.
 Subsequently, the slum data was culled out also for towns with 20,000 to 49,999 population in
2001 and statutory towns having population less than 50,000 in 1991 but reported amore than
50,000 population in 2001 and were not considered for carving slum EBs earlier.
Census 2011
 Slums have been earmarked in all the statutory towns irrespective of their population size
based on the same definition as in 2001.
 Three types of slums have been defined in Census, namely, Notified, Recognized and
Identified.

Source: PCA for Slum, 2011

 SLUMS DEFINATIONS BY DIFFERENT
ORGANISATIONS
• SLUM(UN-HABITAT) :- As the slum as defined by the united agency characterised by standard
housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security slum has been defined as an area that
combines various features including inadequate access to safe water ,inadequate access to
sanitation and other infrastructure, poor structural quality of housing, overcrowding and
insecure residential status.
• SLUM (CENSUS) :-As the census defined slum as residential area where dwelling unfit for
human habitation, because they depilated cramped, poorly ventilated unclean, or any
combination of these factors which are detrimental to the safety and health and at least 60-70
households are considered as slums the by census.
• URBAN SECTION – 3 OF THE SLUM AREA IMPROVEMENT AND CLEARANCE ACT, 1956,
slums have been defined as mainly those residential areas where dwellings are in any respect
unfit for human habitation by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of
designs of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light,
sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors which are detrimental to safety, health
and morals. 11
• SLUM (NSSO) :-According to the National sample survey organisations
definition are identified by the presence of certain undesirable living condition
overcrowding, lack of hygiene and sanitation, inadequacy of drinking water
and poor construction and at least 20 households was considered as slum by
NSSO.
• SLUM (WORLD BANK) :- As the World Bank defined slums are generally
considered to be places in cities where the poor are concentrated in
substandard conditions it emphasises multidimensional nature of slums.
• SLUM (RAJIV AWAS YOJNA) :-A compact settlement at least of 20
households with a collection of poorly built tenements mostly of temporary
nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water
facilities in unhygienic conditions.

12
 DEFINITION OF SLUMS BY SCHOLORS
• According to C. Chandramouli, Registrar general & census commissioner puts it “as the slums for the
purpose of the census has been defined as the residential areas where dwelling units are unfit for human
habitations by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of such buildings,
narrowness or faulty arrangements of street, lack of ventilation, light, or sanitation facilities or any
combinations of these factors which are detrimental to safety and health”.
• According to Richard Florida, The definition of the term ‘slum’ includes the traditional meaning – that is,
housing areas that were once respectable or even desirable, but which have since deteriorated as the
original dwellers have moved to new and better areas of the cities. The condition of the old houses has
then declined, and the units have been progressively subdivided and rented out to lower-income groups.
• According to Benjamin Marx, Thomas stoker, and Tavneet suri (the economics of slums in the
developing world) In some parts of the developing world, this growth has more-than-proportionately
involved rural migration to informal growth settlements in and around cities, known more commonly as
“slums”— densely populated urban areas characterized by poor-quality housing, a lack of adequate living
populated urban areas characterized by poor-quality housing, a lack of adequate living space and public
services, and accommodating large numbers of informal residents pace and public services, and
accommodating large numbers of informal residents with generally insecure tenure.
• According to the New Oxford Dictionary of English a slum is either “a squalid and overcrowded
urban street or district inhabited by very poor people” and/or “a house or building unfit for human
habitation. According to Henning Nuissl and Dirk Heinrichs (Slums: perspectives on the definition,
the appraisal and the management of an urban phenomenon) “The term ‘slum’ was used to
identify the poorest quality housing and the most unsanitary conditions; a refuge for marginal
activities including crime, ‘vice’ and drug abuse – a place apart from all that was decent and
wholesome.”
• According to Nisanth. M, Dr. Rajeev.M.M, (Urban Governance and Slum Issues in Kollam
Corporation (Kerala State): A Case Study from an Indian state) A slum is a compact area of
overcrowded populations, poorly built, congested dwelling condition, unhygienic environment usually with
inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.
• The operational definition of a slum that has been recently recommended (by a United Nations Expert Group
Meeting (EGM) held in Nairobi from 28 to 30 October 2002) for future international usage defines a slum as an area
that combines, to various extents, the following characteristics (restricted to the physical and legal characteristics of
the settlement, and excluding the more difficult social dimensions):
-inadequate access to safe water.
-Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure.
-poor structural quality of housing.
-overcrowding
-insecure residential status
www.citiesalliance.org/.../expert-group-meeting-urban-indicators%5B1%
• A slum is a compact area of overcrowded populations, poorly built, congested dwelling condition, unhygienic
environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.
(RESEARCH ARTICLE )Urban Governance and Slum Issues in Kollam Corporation (Kerala State): A Case Study
from an Indian state Nisanth. M, Dr. Rajeev.M.M Faculty Department of Social Work Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Amrita University Kollam Campus Kerala, India
www.journalijar.com/uploads/65_IJAR-5779.pdf
15
• The term ‘slum’ is used in the report and in the MDGs in a general context to describe a wide range of low-
income settlements and/or poor human living conditions. These inadequate housing conditions exemplify
the variety of manifestations of poverty as defined in the Programme of Action adopted at the World
Summit for Social Development.
https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1844070379United Nations Human Settlements Programme - 2003 - Social
Science

• According to the Amitabh kundu “A slum is a building, group of buildings or area characterized by
overcrowding, deterioration, insanitary conditions or absence of facilities or amenities which because of
these conditions or any of them, endanger the health, safety or morals of its inhabitants or the community”
https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0863111521
• According to Webster's new world Dictionary “Slum is a populous area
characterized by Poverty, poor housing etc.”
https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8176488925

• National Housing Authority of Thailand (NHA) defines a slum as ‘a dirty, damp,

swampy or unhealthy area with overcrowded buildings and dwellings which can be
harmful for health or lives or can be a source of unlawful or immoral actions, with a
minimum number of 30 housing units per 1,600 square metres’.
www.developmentprogress.org/sites/.../thailand_full-report-final.pdf

• According to Hunter (1964) slum is a "blighted area," "renewal area," deteriorated

area," "gray area," "lower class neighborhood," "low income area," and "inner core
area." "Slum" is a "good, old-fashioned word that caries real meaning.“
www.icrjmss.in/applications/2Sethuramalingam%20Slum%20A1.pdf

17
 SLUM TYPOLOGY
SLUMS

METRO CORE PERIPHERRY

FORMAL INFORMAL FORMAL INFORMAL

PUBLIC HOTELS, SQUATTER PAVEMENT PRIVATE

TENEMENT TOPHOUS - PRIVATE PUBLIC SQUATTER
S HOUSING S RENTAL SUBDIIVISI S
ES, etc. DWELLERS HOUSING
ONS

AUTHORIZ
ED
HAND-ME- BUILT FOR AUTHORIZ UNAUTHO
POOR ED RIZED OWNER- (INCLUDIN UNAUTHO
DOWNS RENTAL RIZED
OCCUPIED G SITE
AND
SERVICES)

18
 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF SLUM SPATIAL
ANALYSIS
DEVEOPMENT
LOCATION AND LEGALITY AND
ORIGIN AND AGE SIZE AND SCALE STAGES: DYNAMIC
BOUNDARIES VULNERABILITY
AND DIAGNOSIS
• HISTORY CITY- • CENTRAL • LARGE SLUM • ILLEGAL • COMMUNITIES /
CENRE SLUMS • SCATTERED SLUM SETTLEMENTS • INFORMAL INDIVIDUALS
• SLUM ESTATS ISLANDS • MEDIUM SIZE LACKING
• CONSOLIDATING • PERIPHERAL SLUM ESTATES INCENTIVE FOR
INFORMAL • SMALL SLUMS IMPROVEMENT
SETTLEMENTS • SLUMS WITH
• RECENT SLUMS ONGOING
INDIVIDUAL- AND
COMMUNITY-LED
DEVELOPMENT
• INTERVENTION-
LED IMPROVED
SLUMS
• UPGRADED
SLUMS
Identification of Slums

• Notified Slums
• Recognized Slums
• Identified Slums

All notified areas in a town or city

notified as ‘Slum’ by State, UT
Administration or Local Government
under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’
Identification of Slums

• Notified Slums
• Recognized Slums
• Identified Slums

All areas recognised as ‘Slum’ by State, UT

Administration or Local Government, Housing
and Slum Boards, which may have not been
formally notified as slum under any act
Identification of Slums

• Notified Slums
• Recognized Slums
• Identified Slums

A compact area of at least 300 population or

about 60-70 households of poorly built
congested tenements, in unhygienic
environment usually with inadequate
infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and
drinking water facilities (Identified).
 PROBABLE REASONS FOR UPCOMING SLUMS

 Urbanization
 Industrialization
 Higher productivity in the secondary/tertiary sector against primary sector makes cities and
towns centers of economic growth and jobs.
 Cities act as beacons for the rural population as they represent a higher standard of living and
offer opportunities to people not available in rural areas. This results in large scale migration
from rural to urban areas.
 Negative consequences of urban pull results in upcoming of slums characterized by housing
shortage and critical inadequacies in public utilities, overcrowding, unhygienic conditions, etc.

Source: PCA for Slum, 2011

 CONSEQUENCES OF UNBALANCED
URBANISATION
• Unplanned urban growth, for instance cause growth of slums and squatter
settlements, varying affects on environmental degradation and increased burden on
existing infrastructure.
• The general problems which are the by-product of certain kind of urbanisation
characteristic of low income countries are shortage of houses, critical inadequacies
in public utilities viz. Power, water, health facilities, sanitation, deteriorating urban
environment, unemployment, congestion, acute poverty and slum proliferation.
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=2580219
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUM:-
• Lack of basic services
• Lack of access to sanitation facilities and safe water
• Absence of waste collection systems, electricity supply, surfaced roads and footpaths, street
lighting and rainwater drainage
• A high number of substandard housing structures, often built with non-permanent materials
unsuitable for housing given local conditions of climate and location.
For example, earthen floors, mud-and-wattle walls or straw roofs. Various space
and dwelling placement bylaws may also be extensively violated.
• overcrowding is associated with a low space per person, high occupancy rates, cohabitation
by different families and a high number of single-room units.
• Many slum dwelling units are overcrowded, with five and more persons sharing a one-room
unit used for cooking, sleeping and living. Bangkok requires at least 15 dwelling units per rai
(1600 square). 25
• Unhealthy living conditions are the result of a lack of basic services, with visible, open sewers,
lack of pathways, uncontrolled dumping of waste, polluted environments, etc.
• Houses may be built on hazardous locations or land unsuitable for settlement, such as
floodplains, in proximity to industrial plants with toxic emissions or waste disposal sites, and
on areas subject to landslip.
• The layout of the settlement may be hazardous because of a lack of access ways and high
densities of dilapidated structures.
• number of definitions consider lack of security of tenure as a central characteristic of slums,
and regard lack of any formal document entitling the occupant to occupy the land or structure
as prima facie evidence of illegality and slum occupation.
• Informal or unplanned settlements are often regarded as synonymous with slums. Many
definitions emphasize both informality of occupation and the non-compliance of settlements
with land-use plans.
• The main factors contributing to non-compliance are settlements built on land reserved for
non-residential purposes, or which are invasions of non-urban land
26
 SCHEMES FOR SLUMS SINCE
INDEPENDENCE
• Classification of programs implemented in India

BASIC SERVICES PROGRAMMES SHELTER CUM SERVICES SPECIAL PROGRAMMES

PROGRAMMES
Urban community development Sites and services schemes (S&S) Integrated development of small and
medium towns (IDSMT)
Environmental improvement of urban Slum upgradation schemes (SUP) Mega city project
slums (EIUS) / slum improvement
programme (SIP)
Urban basic services for poor (UBSP) Giving of pattas Accelerated urban water supply
programme
Low cost sanitation (LCS) Basic services for urban poor (BSUP)
/ integrated housing and slum
development programme (IHSDP)
Slum networking programme (SNP) Rajiv awas yojana (RAY)
 SCHEMES FOR SLUMS SINCE
INDEPENDENCE
• The Independent India has been urbanizing very fast.
• At the end of 20th century the pattern of urbanization in India has been a spatially and structurally
unbalanced one.
• The process of urbanization has been closely linked with the process and pattern of economic
development in the country.
• The policies of urban development and housing in India have come a long way since 1950s.
• The urban policies could directly contribute to achieve the goals of poverty alleviation and removal of
unemployment and under-employment.
• One significant fact is that the Mega cities have been growing very slowly but cater to the sizeable
portion of urban population.
• Their age-old urban infrastructure need to be upgraded for a healthy living.
 FIVE YEAR PLAN
• The economy of India is based in part on planning through its five-year plans, which
are developed, executed and monitored by the Planning Commission.

• The major aim is to make India as a strong in economical condition and provide
better housing facilities so that different policies were launched in India for providing
this kind of facilities
 FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN (1951-56)

• Construction of houses for Government employees and weaker sections.

• Housing for the refugees from Eastern and Western Pakistan
• Set up of new city-
a) Chandigarh city (Punjab)
b) Sardar Nagar city (Ahmedabad)
c) Gobind Nagar & Hastanapur city (U.P)
• Introduction of Low income group housing scheme (1954)
• At the end of a year about 1.3 million houses were added
 SECOND YEAR PLAN (1956-61)
• The Industrial Housing Scheme was widened to cover all workers.

• Three new schemes were introduced, namely,

a. Rural Housing,
b. Slum Clearance and
c. Sweepers Housing

• At the end of the year approx. 1.9 million houses were added
• Town & country Planning legislation has been enacted in 4
states
i) Madras
ii) Bombay
iii) Hyderabad
iv) Saurashtra

• Establishment of new town –

a) Bhilai (Madhya Pradesh, now in Chhattisgarh)
b) Rourkela (Orissa)
c) Durgapur & Chittaranjan (West Bengal)
d) Neiveli (Tamilnadu)
 THIRD YEAR PLAN (1961-66)
• Setting of Central Housing Board is at present under study

• A scheme for providing loan to Middle Income Group, with funds provided by LIC.

• The plan aimed to increase national income by 30% and agriculture production by
30% and to promote economic developments in backward areas.
 FOURTH YEAR PLAN (1969-74)

• The Plan stressed the need to prevent further growth of population in large cities
and need for decongestion or dispersal of population

• Provision has been made for establishment of a Cellular Concrete Plant at Ennore
in Tamil Naidu.

• Rural water supply scheme were taken up under the programme of community
development , local development

• Central Legislation for prevention of pollution of water was under consideration.

 FIFTH YEAR PLAN (1974-79)
• Provision of Urban Development Programme were taken up in Bombay, Madras
,Calcutta and in other 9 cities(1974-75)

• Total provision of Rs. 256.13 crore has been made for Urban Development.

• Main thrust of the programme was directed towards ameliorating the condition of
the backward

• Reiterated the policies of the preceding Plans to promote smaller towns in new
urban centers.
 SIX YEAR PLAN (1980-85)
• A provision of Rs. 96 crore has been made for the scheme of The Integrated
Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT).

• The Housing and Urban Development (HUDCO)and General Insurance Corporation

(GIC)have also entered the field of rural housing.

• For the National Capital Region (NCR) Delhi. A provision of Rs 10 crore has been
made.

• A sum of Rs.1.60 crore is being provided for research and development in order to
improve the formulation of policy on urbanization and urban development.
 SEVEN YEAR PLAN (1985-1989)

• The plans includes a provision of Rs. 930 crore in the states sector for provision of
infrastructure facilities.

• Board of NCR has been constituted under the chairmanship o f Minister of Works
and Housing

• Many states set up Water Supply and Sewage Boards .

• The plan introduced programs like Jawahar Rozgar Yojana(1989).

 EIGHT YEAR PLAN (1992-1997)
• For the first time explicitly recognized the role and importance of urban sector for
the national economy.

• Long term objectives –”Shelter for All”.

• To check the increasing population growth by creating mass awareness programs.

• To strengthen the infrastructural facilities

 9TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1997-2002)
• focused on increasing agricultural and rural income and to improve the conditions of
the marginal farmer and landless labourers

• Social Schemes are implemented in state sector with state plan provision and loan
assistance from HUDCO and other financial institution.

• The cabinet since has been taken a decision to repel ULCRA.(Urban land and
regulation act,1976)
 10TH FIVE YEAR PLAN 2002-2007)
• Strengthening of vulnerable houses in EWS & LIG category,.
• National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 was announced in
December 2007.
• Taking into account emerging challenges of required shelter and growth of
slums, the first ever urban areas specific
• Public private partnerships brought to the urban agenda
 11TH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2007-
2012)
• PPP are preferred mode for construction and operation of infrastructure services.
• Yojana for Expressway across the country
• Telecom revolution
• The Jawaharlal Nehru national urban renewal mission (JNNURM) is directed to
provide improved urban services.
 42

12TH FIVE YEAR PLAN(2012-2017)

•The government on 4th October approved the 12th five year plan (2012-17) that set average growth
target at 8.2 percent.
•The theme of the Approach Paper is
“FASTER, SUSTAINABLE AND MORE INCLUSIVE GROWTH” .

OBJECTIVES:-
Basic objective : Faster, More Inclusive, and Sustainable Growth.
Could aim at 9.0 to 9.5 percent and For growth to be more inclusive we need: Better performance in
agriculture, Faster creation of jobs, especially in manufacturing, Stronger efforts at health, education
and Infrastructure. Special plans for disadvantaged/backward regions.
 43

STRATEGIC CHALLENGES
Based on an intensive process within the Commission, following "Twelve Strategy Challenges" have been
identified
1. Enhancing the Capacity for Growth
2. Enhancing Skills and Faster Generation of Employment
3. Managing the Environment
4. Markets for Efficiency and Inclusion
5. Decentralization, Empowerment and Information
6. Technology and Innovation
7. Securing the Energy Future for India
8. Accelerated Development of Transport Infrastructure
9. Rural Transformation and Sustained Growth of Agriculture
10. Managing Urbanization
11. Improved Access to Quality Education
12. Better Preventive and Curative Health Care
 SCHEMES UNDER 12TH FIVE YEAR PLAN
Government has stepped up its focus and launched multiple schemes to facilitate urban renewal
and development. This includes the flagship schemes of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission (JNNURM), Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana
(SJSRY) among many others.

• NATIONAL MISSION ON CAPACITY BUILDING FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT

• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
• Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
• Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

• NATIONAL URBAN LIVELIHOOD MISSION HAVING TWO ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS:

• SCHEME FOR SUPPORT TO STREET VENDORS
• SCHEME FOR ASSISTANCE TO THE STATES FOR PROVISION OF SHELTERS.

• NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE HABITAT

• SCHEME FOR MECHANICAL CLEANING OF SEPTIC TANKS
 SCHEMES & PROGRAMMES FOR SLUM REHABILATION

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION (JNNURM)

• It aims to assist state governments in providing housing and basic services to urban poor/ slum dwellers
in 65 select cities under the Sub Mission Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP).
• It runs under the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) in cities and towns
other than ones mentioned above.
• It was launched on December 3, 2005 for a duration of 7 years beginning 2005-06.
• It now extends up to March, 2015 for completion of projects sanctioned up to March 2012.

45
RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY)
• Launched June 2011 (pilot phase)
• Implementation phase - launched on 3.9.2013 for 2013-2022.
• The centrally sponsored scheme covers all the cities/UAs.
• The beneficiary cities/UAs are to be selected by the relevant states in consultation with the Centre.
• Central government to provide assistance of 50% of the project cost for Cities/ UAs with Population more than
5 lakhs
• For those having population less than 5 lakhs it jumps to 75%.
• North-Eastern Region and special category States (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand) will
enjoy central assistance of 80% of the total cost.
• There is an upper ceiling of Rs. 5 lakh per Dwelling Unit (DU) for cities with population more than 5 lakhs plus
all North-Eastern / special category States/towns.
• This ceiling is Rs. 4 lakhs per DU for smaller cities with population less than 5 lakhs
46
RAJIV RINN YOJANA (RRY)

• This Central Sector Scheme (CSS) is applicable to all the urban areas of the Country.
• It is meant to address the housing needs of the EWS/LIG segments through enhanced credit flow.
• The scheme provides interest subsidy of 5% (500 basis points) on loans granted to Economically
Weaker Section (EWS) and Low Income Group (LIG) categories to construct or renovate their houses.
• The upper loan limit is Rs. 5 lakh for EWS and 8 lakh for LIG.
• Interest subsidy will only cover the first Rs. 5 lakh of the loan amount and not beyond
http://www.erewise.com/current-affairs/schemes-for-slum-dwellers-and-urban-
poor_art530741ffd1429.html#.VqmtQYUrLIU
URBAN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT (UCD) PROGRAMME

• launched in 1966 as a centrally sponsored scheme, got transferred to the state sector in 1969
• This programme aimed to involve
 the community in the improvement of slum (included provision of facilities such as sewer lines, public
stand-posts, roads, street lights etc.)
 provision of health facilities and the construction of dwelling units (included as a part of the project)
 thereby reducing the cost of the project and for the post-project maintenance.
• It was successfully implemented in Hyderabad2 in three major stages, namely, granting pattas (tenure
regularisation), finalising the layout plan of the colony and actual construction of the dwelling units.
• The project has delivered nearly 20,000 pattas and upgraded 12,000 houses (Adusumilli 2001).

48
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT OF URBAN SLUMS (EIUS)
AND SLUM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME (SIP)
• concerned with the physical improvement of slums through provision of a standard package of
community facilities, such as provision of water taps, open drains for outflow of wastewater, storm
water drains, community bath and latrines, widening and paving of existing lanes and street lighting.
• However, both programmes were restricted to authorised / notified slums (Mahadevia 2002).
• Both schemes differed in terms of implementation, the former being implemented through the grants of
the central government while under the latter, in some instances the slum dwellers had to pay back the
total cost of improvement.
• Launched in 1972 with total assistance from the central government
• the EIUS was transferred to the state sector under the Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) during the
Fifth Five Year Plan.
• Part of the funds was required to come from the state government.
• In the Eighth Five Year Plan, the scheme was taken up along with Urban Basic Services for the Poor
(UBSP), Low Cost Sanitation (LCS), and Nehru Rojgar Yojana (NRY) under the Urban Poverty
Alleviation Programme.
• This scheme’s coverage remained inadequate because very low grant per family was made available.
URBAN BASIC SERVICES FOR POOR (UBSP)
• an integrated approach to improve conditions in the slums.
• Though, its focus was on women and children, the entire population benefited from it.
• The components of the programme were health and nutrition, education for women and children, water
supply and sanitation (included installation of hand-pumps and construction of low cost pour-flush
latrines), training of community workers and development of community organisations in the slums.
• Part of the programme cost was also shared by the user.
• This programme was initiated by the UNICEF in 1976 and since then the financial participation of the
central government, the state government and the UNICEF was in the proportion of 20:40:40 (Kundu
1993).
• This programme differed from the EIUS / SIP in two major aspects.
• First, unlike the EIUS / SIP, it was an integrated programme and not mere physical improvement of
slum. Secondly, it required financial as well as organisational participation of slum dwellers,
• thereby reduced the possibilities of future displacements (Kundu et al. 1996). The UBSP was
discontinued in 1997 during the Ninth Five Year Plan.
50
THE SLUM UPGRADATION PROGRAMME (SUP)

• started in the Fifth Five Year Plan at the instance of the World Bank and mainly provided shelter and
basic services, like the SIP.
• However, two main distinguishing factors between SIP and SUP were that the latter included the
requirement of giving of land patta on a leasehold or freehold basis and availability of a Home
Improvement Loan (HIL) for shelter upgradation to the beneficiary on an optional basis (Mahadevia
2002).
• The SUP was of two types, one where the pattas were given to individual households on a freehold
basis.
• The MUDP-I and II and the TUDP were examples of this.

51
 THE VARIOUS STAKE-HOLDERS INVOLVED
IN THE SCHEME ARE:
• Slum rehabilitation authority
• National government of organization
• Slum dwellers and association
http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-5-ahmedabad-slumrehab-schemes-see-light-of-day-1906031

52
 2015 SCHEMES SLUM IMPROVEMENT

• The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, today gave its approval for
launch of “Housing for All by 2022” aimed for urban areas with following components/options to
States/Union Territories and cities:-
• Slum rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers with participation of private developers using land as a resource;
 Promotion of affordable housing for weaker section through credit linked subsidy;
 Affordable housing in partnership with Public & Private sectors and
 Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction or enhancement
articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com

53
 GOVT LAUNCHES HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022'
SCHEME
• Government on Wednesday launched its 'Housing for All by 2022' mission
• approved a substantial increase in interest relief on loan for the urban poor to promote affordable
homes.
• The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi accepted the recommendations of an
Inter-Ministerial Committee to increase interest subvention to 6.50 per cent on housing loans to
beneficiaries belonging to economic weaker section (EWS) including slum- dwellers and low income
groups (LIGs).

http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/govt-launches-housing-for-all-by-2022-
scheme_1516721.html?utm_source=ref_article
 TENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN FOR SLUM
• India’s 10th Five Year Plan noted that the urban slum population is growing despite sharp reductions in poverty and rising incomes.
• The central and several state governments recognized the need for intervention by initiating, or enlarging existing urban housing and other
slum subsidy programs.
• With this in mind, the Government of India (GOI) has requested a loan from the World Bank to implement a more effective strategy and
delivery mechanism for the financing of urban slum improvement and sanitation provision in underserved areas.
• In order to support the GOI to achieve the goals delineated in 10th Five-year Development Plan concerning slum improvement and poverty
alleviation in urban areas, the Bank has agreed to consider a program that will focus on
(a) refining the national policy framework for the upgrading of urban slums and sanitation in underserved areas in India;
(b) working with the states and various beneficiaries to establish a methodology which measures program performance of both the GOI
and the states, and identifies concrete monitor able steps that can be taken to improve this performance;
(c) developing appropriate monitoring mechanisms to enable the evaluation and modification or redesign of the programs which would
improve the transparency, efficiency, administrative simplicity, and targeting of the assistance; and
(d) developing funding schemes for slum improvement and sanitation that could provide incentives so that resources are used more
effectively and the program reach expanded.
• In doing so, the program will:
(i) contribute to poverty alleviation in the poorest urban areas in India;
(ii) strengthen human capital in poor neighborhoods by increasing community participation in planning, delivery and maintenance of
public works and services;
(iii) improve the efficacy of the use of more than $400 million of annual government expenditures on these programs.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1269364699096/6892630-
1269364758309/buckley.pdf
 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PROGRAMS FOR THE URBAN AND RURAL
POOR PLAN ALLOCATIONS FOR 2001-02 IN RUPEES MILLIONS

1. THE NATIONAL SLUM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (NSDP)

• launched in 1996.
• Annually, the program provides about Rs. 400 crores in assistance.
• The objective of the program is slum upgrading through the provision of physical amenities, community infrastructure,
health care and social amenities.
• Up to 10% of the funds can be used for housing construction/upgradation. The Planning Commission allocates funds
annually, in proportion to the share of the national slum population in each State or Union Territories (UT).
• Then the Ministry of Finance releases the funds to the States or the UT.
• MOUD&PA is the Nodal Ministry responsible for monitoring and for the implementation guidelines.
• Neighborhood Committees and Community Development Societies should implement the NSDP at the local level.
• 10 Slum Development Committees, including elected representatives from ULBs, NGOs and community-based
organizations, should oversee them.
• The program has both loan and subsidy components.
• For the larger States, loans constitute 70% and subsidies 30% of total allocated funds. For the smaller States, the loan
component is only 10% and the subsidy 90%. All construction is undertaken by contractors

Sources: Annual Report MUDPA, 2001-02, Annual Plan, Planning Commission, 2001-02 and Annual Report MRD 2001-02. Adapted from World
Bank Urban Strategy for India, 2002.
2. VALMIKI AMBEDKAR AWAS YOJANA (VAMBAY)
• initiated in 2001
• was designed to address housing deficits for the urban poor.
• It provides about Rs. 300 crores of annual assistance to designated state agencies who then determine
beneficiaries and monitor the implementation.
• The state government must provide the beneficiaries with a title and/or land as a pre-condition for the loan or
subsidy.
• Its goal is to achieve ‘Cities without Slums’ by providing or upgrading shelter for people living below the poverty line
in urban slums including members of Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) who do not possess adequate shelter.
• The scheme also addresses the lack of rudimentary toilet facilities with a National City Sanitation Project, “Nirmal
Bharat Abhiyan”.
• GOI mandates State governments to use twenty percent of the total allocation under VAMBAY for the National
Sanitation Project.
• The rest of the scheme funding provides matching subsidies and HUDCO loans to title holding beneficiaries to build
or upgrade a house.
• Funds from VAMBAY can only be used in notified slums11.
• In addition, GOI does not release the funds to the state government until they receive the States’ 50% matching
fund.
• Very often, the state government provides land on which to build the house. All construction is undertaken by
contractors.
3. INDIRA AWAAS YOJANA (IAY)
• initiated in 1986 as a part of the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program after which it became part of the
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana in 1989.
• In 1996, it took effect as an independent scheme to provide grants for housing construction to rural residents who are
below the poverty line.
• A minimum of sixty percent of funds are reserved for Scheduled Caste/Tribe (SC/ST) households.
• The beneficiaries are selected by the Village Panchayats based on the list of those households in the target area who
are below the poverty line.
• Rs. 20000 is provided to selected beneficiaries to build a new home or Rs. 10000 is provided for upgrading existing
houses. Selection of construction technology, design of houses, and purchase of construction material is left to the
beneficiaries.
• The dwelling units are required to be in the name of the female member of beneficiary household.
• The beneficiaries are strongly encouraged to build sanitation facilities as part of the dwelling unit.
• Cooking facilities (chimneys) that are fuel-efficient and smoke-free are also required in the dwelling facilities.
• Forth purpose of guidance and monitoring of construction, voluntary agencies with a good track record are
encouraged to be active in the implementation of the IAY.
• The Center allocates funds to the states on the basis of the proportion of rural poor in the state to the total rural poor
in the country.
• Within the states, the same formula is used to distribute funds between districts.
• Eighty percent of the total funds come from the central government and twenty percent from the states.
4. URBAN ASHRAYA HOUSING PROGRAM
• is part of a Government of Karnataka scheme that provides housing to those who are homeless.
• The scheme aims to provide 300,000 urban units and 800,000 rural units to households living below
the poverty line.
• The state grants 15-year loans of Rs. 40,000 to beneficiaries in larger cities and Rs. 25,000 for those in
smaller cities.
• In addition, beneficiaries must make a minimum contribution of Rs. 5,000.
• Since the inception of this scheme, 80,879 houses have been built in urban areas under the
supervision of the Rajiv Gandhi Rural Housing Corporation Limited (RGRHCL).
• The program does not specify the design or construction of the house and beneficiaries are given the
option of building the houses themselves.
• The Government of Karnataka selects beneficiaries based on a 1995 survey of “siteless/houseless
persons” and “those who has their own site but were houseless” which is periodically updated by the
municipality.
• the state government provides land on which to build the house.
5. MYTHRI HOUSING SCHEME
• the primary Government of Kerala housing scheme from 1996 to 2002.
• In this period, the Kerala State Housing Board implemented the scheme and financed over 270,000
homes under this scheme.
• Beneficiaries who qualified for the program could get Rs 9000/- in capital subsidies (cash grants) and
Rs 19000/- in loans at 5.5% interest rates.
• The beneficiaries had to own 1.6 cents and had to make a minimum contribution of Rs 2500/- to avail
of the program.
• The program does not specify the design or construction of the house.
• The Government of Kerala selected the beneficiaries based on whether they fit four of the nine criteria
that identifies Below Poverty Line households.
• Kudumbhashree, a poverty eradication program implemented by the Kerala government, undertook
the targeting for this program
6. BHAVANASHREE HOUSING PROGRAM
• a new program that is designed to be subsidy free, comes under the highly successful
Kudumbhashree program undertaken by the Kerala state government.
• Under this program, ten to fifteen years loans ranging between Rs 30000/- and Rs 40000/- are
allocated to needy households.
• For this purpose, the Community Development Societies have negotiated bulk loans from financial
institutions.
• The program gives the beneficiaries a choice in the duration and the amount of the loan.
• The interest rates range between 7% and 7.5%.
• The Kerala Government calls the program a subsidy free program because of the absence of explicit
subsidies and subsidy-free interest rates (the negotiated interest rates with Housing Financial
Institutions are 7% or less).
• The beneficiaries are those identified to be below the poverty line and who are members of the CDS.
Like the Mythri program, the beneficiaries have to own 1.6 cents of land to qualify for the program.
7. PUNE MUNICIPALITY SANITATION PROJECT
• Over the last fifty years, the Government of India has funded various sanitation initiatives around the
country.
• Most of these were haphazard efforts at constructing public use toilets that over time became
dysfunctional due to poor mechanisms that oversaw maintenance and design.
• Nevertheless, more recently, there have been some signs of success.
• In Pune, a major sanitation initiative resulted in the construction of 475 sanitation units, with each unit
ranging between 10 to 60 seats.
• In total 10,000 toilet seats were provided. For a city with a slum population of 600,000, this is a major
initiative.
• What makes this initiative worth closer study is the fact that while the capital costs of Rs 40 crores
were covered by the Pune Municipal Corporation, community based organizations (CBOs) have
agreed to be responsible for the maintenance.
• This addresses one of the main causes of the failures of earlier programs.
• Furthermore, under this program, a slum family is required to contribute a nominal monthly amount for
the use of the facilities. This contributes to making this program more efficient and sustainable
8. NIRMAL BHARAT ABHIYAN
• A new National City Sanitation Project under the title of “Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan” is an integral sub
component of VAMBAY.
• Twenty per cent of the total allocation under VAMBAY is dedicated to the construction of community
sanitation facilities.
• Of this 20%, fifty percent will be in the form of a subsidy and fifty percent as an HUDCO loan.
• The State Governments/Local Bodies will be free to supplement this amount with their own grant or
subsidy as the case may be.
• Each toilet block will be maintained by a group from among the slum dwellers who will make a monthly
contribution of about Rs.20 or so per family and obtain a monthly pass or family card.
Towns Reporting Slums
India : Census 2011
• Out of 4,041 Statutory Towns
in Census 2011 Slums
reported from 2,543 Towns
(63%)

• Total Slum Enumeration

Blocks (SEBs) in Census
2011 is about 1.08 lakh in the
country

• Largest number of Slum EBs

reported from Maharashtra
(21,359)
Number of Slum Blocks by Type
of Slums – India : Census 2011

• Notified Slums 37,072

• Recognised Slums 30,846

• Identified Slums 40,309

Total: 1,08,227 Blocks

 Households by Type of
Slums – India : Census 2011

• Notified Slums 49.65 lakh HHs

• Recognised Slums 37.96 lakh HHs

• Identified Slums 49.88 lakh HHs

Total: 137.49 lakh HHs

 BHOPAL SCENARIO
• According to a UN Habitat study (2006), Bhopal has a slum population of 128,170 households
living in 380 slums.
• According to the Directorate of Food and Civil Supplies, Government of Madhya Pradesh, 122,076
families were issued BPL cards in keeping with their economic status in the year 1997-98.
• The average size of households in Bhopal city was 5.2 (Census 2001), making the slum
population over 6 lakhs according to either of the above estimates.
• The 2001 India Census shows a decrease of 8.8% of the city population living in slum-like
conditions in 1991 census to 37.6 % in 2001 in spite of a more inclusive nature of the definition of
slums in 2001.
• The quantum of population living in slums is also reflected as having dropped drastically in
absolute numbers from 399,662 to 126,346, which is not at all reflected on the face of the city and
has no logical explanation; it also does not correlate with other documents of the local
administration and therefore cannot be considered reliable.
mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2378&alt=1

67
 NUMBER OF STATUTORY AND SLUM REPORTED TOWNS WITH TYPE
WISE SLUM POPULATION IN MP AND EAG STATES, CENSUS 2011
Towns Type wise Slum Population
Name of State/Union Slum
Statutory Total Notified Recognized Identified
territory reported
towns Population Slums Slums Slums
towns
INDIA 4041 2613 6,54,94,604 2,25,35,133 2,01,31,336 2,28,28,135
MADHYA PRADESH 364 303 56,88,993 19,00,942 25,30,637 12,57,414
UTTARAKHAND 74 31 4,87,741 1,85,832 52,278 2,49,631
RAJASTHAN 185 107 20,68,000 0 0 20,68,000
UTTAR PRADESH 648 293 62,39,965 5,62,548 46,78,326 9,99,091
BIHAR 139 88 12,37,682 0 0 12,37,682
ODISHA 107 76 15,60,303 0 8,12,737 7,47,566
JHARKHAND 40 31 3,72,999 64,399 59,432 2,49,168
CHHATTISGARH 168 94 18,98,931 7,13,654 7,64,851 4,20,426

Source: India-Slum data (PPT) from ORGI website

•State/town Slum PCA of 1103 towns reporting slum population-2001 from ORGI
•PCA for Slum, 2011-India & MP
 NUMBER OF TOWNS HAVING SLUMS : INDIA & MADHYA PRADESH

Census 2001 Census 2011

Statutory Slum Statutory Slum
Indicator towns reported towns reported
towns towns
INDIA
3799 1743 4041 2613

MADHYA
339 142 364 303
PRADESH

Source: India-Slum data (PPT) from ORGI website

•State/town Slum PCA of 1103 towns reporting slum population-2001 from ORGI
•PCA for Slum, 2011-India & MP
 PROJECTS FOR SLUM IN BHOPAL (AREAS OF
S.No. Project
BHOPAL)
1. Slum and poor locality integrated area development scheme phase.1 (Bhopal)

2. Slum and poor locality integrated area development scheme phase.2 (Bhopal)

3. Rehabillition of slum dwellers at baba nagar slum by municipal corporation of bhopal., shahpura.

4. Infrastructure facilities at roshanpura.

5. Houses with infrastructure facilities at shyam nagar.

6. Housing with basic infrastructural facilities inderpuri (kalpna nagar), bhopal

7. Housing with basic infrastructure facilities including development of (weekly market) kotra, bhopal

8. Rehabillition of slum areas ganga nagar and aradhna nagar at kotra, bhopal

9. Rehabillition of indra nagar (phase.1)

10. Development of residential colony for slum dwellers at indra nagar (phase.2)

11. Rehabillition of bajpainagar, police line , ayub nagar etc.

12. Redevelopment of identified slums of Arjun nagar, bhim nagar, madrasi colony and Rahul nagar in city of bhopal

13. 2858 du Bsup for slum redevelopment and rehabilition of identified slums part 1 (bharat mata nagar, naya basera &Arjun nagar)
70
14. 2299 Du Bsup project for slum redevelopment and rehabilition of identified identified slums (housing development) part 2
THE `PATTA’ ACT, 1984 and 1998
• The Madhya Pradesh Nagariya Kshetron Ke Bhoomihin Vyakti (Pattadhruti Adhikaron Ka Pradan
Kiya Jana) Adhiniyam, 1984, popularly known as the `Patta’ Act was introduced to grant leasehold
rights to the landless persons occupying urban lands.
• The Act was amended in 1998 under Rajiv Gandhi Aashray Abhiyan to extend the cut off date of
eligibility to 31st May 1998.
• In addition, the plot areas were revised for different categories of cities (1000 to 600 square feet)
and lease rent per square feet per year for 10 years was introduced at the rate of Rs. 1.00 for
Nagar Panchayats, Rs. 1.50 for other towns and Rs. 2.00 for Rajbhogi cities (Bhopal, Indore,
Jabalpur, Gwalior and Raipur).
• The most important amendment in the Act was to introduce the Mohalla Samitis with the intent to
empower the community in the planning and management of the development and social welfare.
• Under the `Patta’ Act, three categories of pattas are given, category `ka’
(A) for the registration of disputed cases, category `kha’
(B) for permanent lease of 30 years and category `gha’
(C) for temporary lease of 1 year.
www.mpurban.gov.in/pdf/pattaactenglish.pdf
71
• CDS and the Role of DUDA (District Urban Development Authority) District Urban Development
Authority (DUDA) under the Urban Poverty Alleviation Program (UPAP) of the Central Government
has created community Development Societies (CDS). The CDS structure does not cover all the
slums in Bhopal. Amongst the 20 slums covered the tally reads as below.
source:- slum networking of bhopal for government of Madhya pradesh

State of CDS No.

Active CDS 5

RCVs and CDS chairperson but nothing in-between 3

No CDS 12

Active women leadership but not a CDS / mahila mandal 2 72

• The CDS is seen by most residents as a sort of government program from which one can
access money. The thrust has been more on the formation of thrift and credit groups rather than
on empowering the CDS. The role and reach of DUDA in slums in Bhopal is linked to the
implementation of community schemes. One observed that while their identity vis-àvisa the CDS
chairperson or woman community leader was established, there was no contact with the larger
community. In addition, they have not covered the entire city. While it is not expected or
anticipated that there be a contact with every household, it needs to be recognized that DUDA is a
“scheme implementer” rather than a community development wing of the government.
Source:- CDP BHOPAL

Income
inequality,
Poverty, lack Slum
lack of
of affordable
economic formation
houses
growth, in-
migration
73
 ORGANISATIONS WORKING ON
SLUMS: A CASE OF BHOPAL
• T&CP- town and country planning
• BDA- Bhopal development authority
• UADD-Urban Administration and Development Department
• BMC- Bhopal municipal corporation
TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
REASONS OF ORIGIN

1. The Technical branch of Ministry of Urban Development.

2. Consultant and Advisory organization on matters like urban and regional

planning strategies, research, appraisal, and monitoring of central government
schemes and development policies.

3. Agency for assistance to Central Govt., State Govt., Local Development

Authorities on the matters pertaining to urbanization, town planning, urban
transportation, metropolitan planning, human settlement policies, planning
legislation
MAJOR FUNCTIONS

i) It is the highest body of Town and Country Planning working at

national level.

ii) Appraisal and monitoring of central sector projects / programs.

iii) Advice to the Ministry of Urban Development, Planning

Commission and other Central Ministries in Urban
Development policies and strategies.

iv) Technical advice and assistance to State Town and Country

Planning Departments.

v) Undertaking applied research in areas of topical interest.

CONTI….
i) Preparation of Manuals and Guides on various aspects of
planning and development.

ii) Organizing training programs, conferences and

workshops for in-service planners and officials in the field
of urban and regional planning and development.

iii) Providing consultancy services in planning projects at

various levels.

iv) Developing Urban and Regional Information System.

HIERARCHY
i) At national level TCPO is the acting organization.

ii) The State level Head is the Secretary of Housing and

Environment Department.

iii) At state level, The Directorate of TNCP is the acting

agency, which has Director, Joint Director and Assistant
Director along with the working staff.
ROLES
1. Preparation of Master Plan of the Town.

2. Providing technical assistance to the Local Bodies and

implementing agencies.

3. Technical advices for the implementation of the MUD

schemes.

4. Approving any kind of development that happens in the town,

based on the Master Plan and the Building Bye Laws.
JURISDICTION
1. TNCP prepares the Master Plan for the Urban Area which is
under the Municipal Boundary of the town.

2. It also includes the area that are to be developed within the

duration for the Master Plan.

3. For some special schemes and projects, it provides technical

assistance to the agencies working outside the Municipal
Corporation boundary. Such as : In the Pondichery Region.
MAJOR WORKING SCHEMES

1. Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns

2. Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small &

Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)

3. Urban Mapping Scheme

4. National Urban Information System (NUIS)

5. Jawaharlal Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

(JNNURM)
 Development of Small and Medium Towns

1. Centrally Sponsored Scheme, Since 1979-80

2. Development of selected regional growth centers with

infrastructure and service facilities.

3. Since inception of the scheme till end of the financial year 2004-05,
it has been implemented on 1854 towns

4. The ROLE of TNCP :

1. Provides technical advices to the Local Bodies
2. Prepares a development plan
 Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small &
Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)
1. The components for assistance under the scheme include all urban infrastructure
development projects :
1. Urban Renewal
2. Water Supply
3. Sewerage and Solid Waste Management
4. Development of heritage areas
5. Prevention & rehabilitation of soil erosion/landslides only in case of Special
Category States where such problems are common
2. The components which are not under the scheme :
i) Power and telecommunication works,
ii) Rolling stock like buses and trams,
iii) Health and educational institutions,
iv) Urban Transport (MRTS, LRTS etc.)
v) Wage employment programme and staff component
vi) Maintenance work
 Urban Mapping Scheme
1. Preparation of a large scale Base maps of various towns.

2. Started in the 8th five year plan.

3. 53 towns covered in total.

1. 25 towns in first phase, which have non digital maps.
2. 28 towns in second phase, which have Digital maps also.

4. Further, to test the efficacy of the maps generated under the scheme, two towns viz.
Khammam and Nainital have been taken up as pilot studies for generation of GIS
database to enable preparation of Master Plan.

5. The various district level TNCP are responsible for the preparation of the Base Map.
 National Urban Information System (NUIS)

1. Two major components:

1. Urban Spatial Information System Scheme
2. (USIS)National Urban Data Bank and Indicators (NUDBI)
2. Use :
i) Preparation of Master Plan and Zonal Plan
ii) Disaster Management Plan for towns
iii) Traffic Management System
iv) Operation and management of water supply and sewerage system.
 Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

1. Under JNNURM, Chief Planner, TCPO is a member of the Central Sanctioning and
Monitoring Committee of the Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and
Governance, as well as Sub-Mission on Basic Services to the Urban Poor

2. TCPO will provide technical inputs for monitoring and sanctioning of the projects as
well as in scrutinizing the City Development Plans and Detailed Project Reports
 LOCATION OF BHOPAL DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY

• The Bhopal Development Authority was constituted in October 1976, under

the Bhopal Development Authority Act, 1974 by the Government of Madhya
Pradesh.
Jurisdiction: municipal limits of Bhopal
 INTRODUCTION
• In 1973, the city had a 'City Improvement Trust', to assist the Bhopal municipal body in its
developmental activities.
• In 1973, the Improvement Trust converted to Bhopal Development Authority (BDA) under the
Madhya Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1973.
• Primarily, BDA develops new residential areas, responsible for developing basic infrastructure.
• Once a sizable number of plots are sold, the area is formally transferred to BMC, which is then
responsible for the maintenance of the infrastructure in the area.
• BDA transfers the developed Residential areas to BMC for maintenance.
• BDA has taken up a number of development schemes like construction of some major roads,
traffic squares etc.
• The Constitution of the Body of BDA is done by State Government where members are notified
as the provisions of the Act, Commissioner BMC is member of the BDA Board in that capacity.
Bhopal Development Authority, Capital Project Administration and Lake Conservation Authority.
The Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Niyam 1973 (the Act) provides for formation of
development authorities in the State. The primary objective of BDA is the implementation of the
development plan prepared by the T&CPD for Bhopal planning area, which includes the area under
the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation of Bhopal (BMC) and surrounding villages.
OBJECTIVES OF BDA
1. Promote and secure the development of the development area according to
plan
2. Acquire, hold, manage & dispose of land & other property
3. Carry out building, engineering, mining and other operations
4. Execute works in connection with the supply of water and electricity, to dispose
of sewage
5. Provide and maintain other services and amenities

ROLE OF BDA- LAND DEVELOPMENT

1. Develops new residential areas to develop basic infrastructure.
2. Transfers the developed Residential areas to BMC for maintenance.
3. Development schemes
FUNCTIONS OF BDA- AN OVERVIEW
 Master Plan implementation(after the approval of the master plan by T&CP )
 Gives NOC
 Affordable housing .( sold at range of 5 lakhs-10 lakhs )
 Maintenance of roads
 Design approval – Sewage
 Land given on lease basis.
PARAMETERS ON WHICH BDA WORKS
 Sanitation- design & layout
 Water Supply
I. Installation of overhead tanks
II. demand water supply lines from the BMC.
 Road network
I. Development of the roadsstate govt.
II. roads around the projects developed by them
 Housing
I. Affordable Housing
II. Provides building permits & validation of byelaws
 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE
Authority
Board

Chairman

CEO

Sub CEO

REVENU
PLANNING TECHNOLOGY ACCOUN ADMINISTRATIVE
E
BRANCH BRANCH TS BRANCH
BRANCH
Superintending Property Account
Main Architectural Engineer Officer Officer Administrative
Planner Officer
Revenue Accounta
EE Officer nt
Architectural Assistant Superintendent
Planner
Assistant
Engineer

Sub
Engineer
http://bda.org.in/
 TOOLS
• Zoning regulation
• Sub-division regulations
• Building bye-laws
• Architectural control

PROCESS
• Acquisition of government land
• Formulation of schemes
• Approval from TNCP
• Building permission from BMC
Note:- financing of projects is done via the govt. land
• Jurisdiction upon the planning area of Bhopal
 MAIN FUNCTIONS
• Master Plan implementation
• NOC is given from this department(Gives NOC)
• Affordable housing(for LIG, EWS only)- These houses can be sold at range
of 5 lakhs-10 lakhs only. No variation other then this is allowed.
• Over 25 running schemes and projects
• Maintenance of roads(All coming in the municipal limits of Bhopal)
• Design approval – Sewage
• Building permissions are also given in this department
• Land based government policies are handled by the department.
• Land is given on lease basis.
• Scheme coordination/Land use
 Sanctioning and Implementing Agencies

• Non-conforming land uses and major nonaligned sections towards the periphery of
the corporation shall be corrected with improved co-ordination between the
implementing agencies, BMC BDA and TCP necessary changes shall be
incorporated in the development plan.
• Sewers not connected to overall system.
• The colonies in which internal sewer network is laid by BDA/Housing Board or by
private colonizers like NRI colony are connected by Septic Tanks.
• The over flow from septic tanks is to be connected to the overall existing sewer
system. (Time frame; 2 – 2half years)
 URBAN ADMINISTRATION AND
DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
(UADD)
BRIEF OF THE DEPARTMENT
Urban administration and development department , now urban development and environment department is
responsible for inspection of ULBs through 7 divisional offices.
• UADD is responsible for implementation of different acts/rules/orders and circulars.
• Inspection of divisional offices and ULBs.
• Responsible for preparation of details/ notes/proposals desired by central government.
• Assuring the proper execution of order given by chief secretary.
• Responsible for works assigned by chief secretary.
REASONS FOR ITS ESTABLISHMENT
Madhya Pradesh administrative boundaries has 377 ULBs of which 14 are municipal corporations, 100
are municipal councils and 283 are municipalities. UADD has been established in order to inspect,
govern and assist working of thes urban local bodies.

PLACE OF D.A. IN THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

UADD is headed by commissioner and is apex department for inspection of work done by all ULBs. It
works under the state government. It is also responsible for works assigned by central government at
administrative levels.
 ROLES OF UADD
• SANITATION
The sewerage component is proposed for high-density city center areas where co-site or local wastewater
treatment is not appropriate due to insufficient space. Sewage treatment will be using low-cost maintenance/ waste
stabilization ponds.

• WATER SUPPLY
This component includes:-
1. optimizing of the present system, including reducing non revenue water by legitimizing unauthorized
connections and stopping leakages
2. expanding the distribution system into unserved areas
3. augmenting surface water production (intake and treatment) as required.

• ROAD NETWORK
Traffic and transportation projects, parking policy, CMP, urban transport policy etc.
• HOUSING AND GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
project inspections under programs of SJSRY , slum relocation, Bhopal slum networking plan, financial
works under IHSDP.

• HEALTH/SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

This component will increase the efficiency of the collection and disposal service and extent coverage. The
targets are 85% of households n urban centers and 60% in peripheral areas. The program for Bhopal ,Indore, and
Jabalpur city includes:
1. supply of community waste collection containers.
2. supply of compactor trucks and dumper placer vehicles.
3. civil works to construct sanitary landfill sites with provision of equipment and other facilities for handling
refuse.

• TOURISM
Projects under IHCN (Indian heritage cities network) programme.
 101

BHOPAL MUNICIPAL COROPRATION

• Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh counts amongst most developing cities of India.
• Apart from its picturesque location it is one of the major economic centre in central india.
• The city itself has expanded both in terms of size and infrastructure.
• The credit for up keeping the ever growing city goes to bhopal municipal corporation which is also
responsible for the civil infrastructure development of the city.
• The whole area of 285 sq. km comes under BMC.
• The bhopal municipal corporation consists of 66 different wards.
• The BMC is headed by an IAS officer as commissioner of bhopal and the elected governing head as
mayor of bhopal.
 BHOPAL MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
• Came into being in 1907
• R.K. Bisaria first mayor
• Area 71.23 km2 by 1975
• Responsible for civic
infrastructure and
administration
• 66 wards by 1999
• The total area under BMC is
648.24 km2 (250.29 sq mts)
 103

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF

BMC
The BMC is mainly responsible for the upkeep of civil infrastructure and administration of the city. The
detailed responsibilities of the administrating body is listed out below.
• It is responsible to look after the public works of the city.
• All the revenues and taxes come under the BMC responsibility.
• BMC is accountable for the water supply in the city.
• The planning and development start from the BMC office.
• Fire brigade is controlled by BMC.
• Health and sanitation is BMC responsibility.
• BMC manages finance and accounts of various aspects for the city.
• The BMC is responsible for the management of heritage in the city.
• The gardens and parks are maintained by BMC.
• Public relations is governed by BMC in Bhopal.
• The general administration is governed by BMC in Bhopal.
 104

• Public works
This department responsible for the maintenance of civic amenities and comprises of two divisions : mechanical
division and electrical division. The main function of the department is to provide street lights in all the 66 wards and
also up gradation and maintenance of electrical appliances/equipment’s of their zonal & ward offices. The supply and
the maintenance is the main accountability.
• Revenue
Revenue department is responsible for the dealing and collection of all kind of revenues and taxes including
property tax, housing tax within the city. By doing that it ensures timely collection of dues and arrears from the citizens.
The department also sends notices to the defaulters and charge penalty for the default.
• Water supply
the supply of fresh water to the city, cleaning of water, pipeline of water and all other aspects comes under the
ambit of water supply department. This department takes care of all the 66 wards and ensure timely and equal
delivery of the water in all wards. Up keeping the fixing of leakages in water pipes is done by the department.
• Planning and development
The planning and development for the Bhopal city is handled by this department of BMC. The civil infrastructure
and other infrastructure projects are taken care by the department. The department also check on any issues relating
to land grabbing or illegal construction within Bhopal.
• Fire brigade
The life saver fire brigade comes under the Bhopal municipal corporation. The services of fire brigade comes
under the BMC. The service of fire brigade is available for all the wards and its monitored by BMC. The department
not only takes care about the availability of fire brigades but also make sure their availability on time to tackle high
rising flames.
• Health and sanitation
Health and sanitation the most important part of Bhopal city and is handled effectively by BMC. Starting from
providing basic medical facilities to sewage cleaning, cleaning of city, maintenance sanitary structures like public
toilets and bathrooms all and many other comes under the preview of this department.
• Finance and accounts
The finance and accounts for various projects in the city is maintained by the department. This
department is also known as the brain of BMC.
 106

• Heritage cell
Bhopal is a city of heritage and the heritage cell maintains and looks after the heritage buildings in the city.
This department is responsible to take care of the glorious historical monuments of Bhopal. Repairing and other
important work of any religious or secular monument is done by the department.
• Gardens
The parks and gardens within Bhopal are taken care by BMC. From planting new varieties of herbs and
shrubs the department also works on cutting and trimming of the hedges. All the beautiful parks and gardens are
maintained by the BMC. Starting from cutting grasses to make over of every gardens are the responsibility of this
department.
• General administration
This department helps all other departments. The recruitment process is handled by the administrative part
along with creating awareness of the issues and delivering a transparent system to the people of Bhopal.

http://www.bhopalonline.in/city-guide/bhopal-municipal-corporation
AREA UNDER ITS JURISDICTION
ROLE OF BMC
• Preparation of schemes for the execution of plans (Master plan, Zonal plan, traffic and transportation
improvement plans, landscape plans)
• Preparation of housing schemes and execution of other plans.
• Registration of properties and Launching of housing schemes.
• Allotment of developed plots and houses
• Maintenance of properties under its jurisdiction
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL
• Acquisition of land if approved by IAS
• Power to stop, seal, demolish and remove encroachments/ unauthorized construction
• Approval of layouts
• BMC not directly involved in development control
• Exercises development control -launching of schemes
• towards master plan execution
 WORKS OF BMC
• Development, Construction and Maintenance of Amenities & Services
• Infrastructure development - water supply, drainage, sewerage, electricity, parking,
street lighting, etc.
• Provision of different commercial and community facilities
• Slum improvement and redevelopment schemes, and their execution
• Development of community spaces
• Timely maintenance of amenities and services and balancing of funds
 Departments under BMC
Public Works
• Responsible for public works, maintenance of civic amenities and comprises of the Mechanical
division and the Electrical division

Revenue and Tax

• Responsible for the collection of revenue and all kinds of taxes including property tax, housing tax
etc. within the city

Water Supply
• Responsible for the supply of fresh water, cleaning of water pipelines, up keeping and fixing of
leakages in water pipes, cleaning and management of lakes across the city
Planning and Development
• Responsible for the civil infrastructure and other infrastructure projects

Fire Brigade
• Responsible for the availability of fire brigades and ensures their timely availability to tackle high
rising flames
 WHAT ARE BYELAWS AND WHY
WE NEED BYELAWS ?
• Building Bye laws are the rules and regulations set forth by the concerned government
authorities and updated time to time.
• These regulations guides us about what to construct, how and where.
• Bylaws are the written rules by which an organization is governed.
• They set forth the structure of the board and the organization.
• They determine the rights of participants and they determine the procedures by which
rights can be exercised.
• In other words, bylaws guide the board in conducting business.
• Carefully crafted bylaws and adherence to them can help ensure the fairness of board
decisions and provide protection against legal challenges.
• It’s important to note that bylaws are in fact legal documents. This means there are legal
requirements for what should be included.
• These requirements vary depending on the state in which you operate.
For example, some state laws require membership, board selection and other issues
to be stated in the articles of incorporation.
• To be sure your bylaws are on side with state laws, consult a lawyer before you begin.
• Bylaws can help protect your directors and officers from personal liability.
For example, your nonprofit can protect its directors and officers from costs arising
from wrongful lawsuits by including provisions regarding indemnification in your bylaws.
• The Building By laws should be followed strictly by any person or organization who
plans to construct a building.
• Building by laws help in making a planned Development.
• Apart from individual plot or land owners, buyers of under construction property as well as
constructed property should have a thorough knowledge of the building by laws applicable in
that region.
• This will help the buyers question the Construction of structures by the developer.
For Residential building or Group housing buildings the rules entail details
such as width of a setback, percentage of Greens, Built up percentage, distance between two
buildings, height of buildings, mandatory services requirements, distance from high tension
electrical lines and many more.
• As the building is to be sold to the end users eventually therefore the end users should take
interest in gaining knowledge about building plans and mandatory construction practices
also
 BUILDING BY LAWS MAY CONTAIN
REGULATIONS RELATED TO
• F.A.R and Ground Coverage.
• Density.
• Setbacks and Projections.
• Basements and Parking Spaces.
• Well and well type structures.
• Area and area usages.
• Atrium and ornamental structures.
• Building height and other Service Spaces.
• Site Design and service design
REFRENCES:-
mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=2378&alt=1

Sources: Annual Report MUDPA, 2001-02, Annual Plan, Planning

Commission, 2001-02 and Annual Report MRD 2001-02. Adapted from
World Bank Urban Strategy for India, 2002.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/
336387-1269364699096/6892630-1269364758309/buckley.pdf

http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/govt-launches-housing-for-
all-by-2022-scheme_1516721.html?utm_source=ref_article

articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com

http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-5-ahmedabad-slumrehab-
schemes-see-light-of-day-1906031

http://www.erewise.com/current-affairs/schemes-for-slum-dwellers-and-
urban-poor_art530741ffd1429.html#.VqmtQYUrLIU

Source: PCA for Slum, 2011

www.journalijar.com/uploads/65_IJAR-5779.pdf

https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8176488925

www.developmentprogress.org/sites/.../thailand_full-report-final.pdf

www.icrjmss.in/applications/2Sethuramalingam%20Slum%20A1.pdf

https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1844070379United Nations Human Settlements Programme - 2003 -

Social Science

https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0863111521

www.citiesalliance.org/.../expert-group-meeting-urban-indicators%5B1%

www.journalijar.com/uploads/65_IJAR-5779.pdf

www.pdfwww.china-up.com:8080/international/case/case/831.pdf

www.geos.ed.ac.uk/homes/tslater/planetofslums.ppt

papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=2580219
http://www.bhopalonline.in/city-guide/bhopal-municipal-corporation

http://www.bhopalmunicipal.com/history.htm

Jump up^ http://www.bhopalmunicipal.com/dept.htm

www.mpurban.gov.in/pdf/pattaactenglish.pdf

rebels-library.org/files/planet_of_slums.pdf

http://bda.org.in

Source:- CDP BHOPAL

www.aq.upm.es/habitabilidadbasica/.../the challenge_of_slums-(2003).pdf
www.emptownplan.gov.in

https://www.fresherslive.com/urban-administration-and-development-department-
madhya-pradesh-recruitment

http://www.theteamwork.com/articles/2016-1024-bhopal-development-authority-plans-
projects.html

Source: India-Slum data (PPT) from ORGI website

•State/town Slum PCA of 1103 towns reporting slum population-2001 from ORGI

•PCA for Slum, 2011-India & MP

•Census of India 2011

• Rishi Muni Dwivedi “Urban Development and Housing in India (1947-2007)” New
Century Publication , New Delhi (2007)
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.plaanningcommision.com
• www.mhupa.gov.in