New York University Tandon School of

Engineering

The New York University Tandon School of Engi-

neering,[2][3][4] is the second oldest private engineering
and technology school in the United States.[5] The school
dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions, the
University of the City of New York[6] School of Civil En-
gineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate
and Polytechnic Institute, were founded.[7] The school’s
main campus is in Brooklyn's MetroTech Center, an ur-
ban academic-industrial research park.[8]

Polytechnic Institute at 99 Livingston

Street in Brooklyn. The first class, admitted in 1855, con-

sisted of 265 young men ages nine to 17. The school
conferred its first bachelor’s degrees in 1871. Gradu-
ate programs began in 1901 and the school awarded its
first doctoral degree in 1921.[9] From 1889 to 1973 the
school became known as Polytechnic Institute of Brook-
lyn. In 1917, the preparatory program separated from the
NYU Tandon School of Engineering Institute and became the Polytechnic Preparatory Coun-
try Day School. Poly Prep is now located in the Dyker
Heights section of Brooklyn. Polytechnic Institute moved
to its present location in 1957, the former site of the
1 History American Safety Razor Company factory, where it be-
came a co-educational institution.
1.1 Founding institutions
1.1.2 University of the City of New York School of
1.1.1 Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute Civil Engineering and Architecture

On May 17, 1853, a group of Brooklyn businessmen In 1854, the University of the City of New York, now
wrote a charter to establish a school for young men. New York University, founded the School of Civil En-
Named Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, gineering and Architecture at a time when specialized
the school moved into its first home at 99 Livingston schools of engineering were uncommon in America.[10]

1
2 2 FUNDRAISING

Classes began in 1855 and the school awarded its first

undergraduate degree in 1857. As the industrial revo-
lution took shape, the school formalized its engineering
curriculum and the school’s first dean, Charles H. Snow,
changed the name of the school to the School of Ap-
plied Science. During this time the engineering school
officially separated from the university’s arts and science
school then called University College. In 1894 the Uni-
versity of the City of New York moved its engineering
school to a new campus in the Bronx.[11] The new cam-
pus gave the university space to build larger science lab-
oratories that could not be constructed at its Washing-
ton Square site.[12] With the addition of the new cam-
pus, under the leadership of Chancellor Henry Mitchell
MacCracken, the University of the City of New York re- Wunsch Hall, the oldest building on campus, stands in contrast
named itself New York University. The neighborhood to the more modern buildings of MetroTech Center, including the
surrounding the Bronx campus eventually became known adjacent Dibner Library
as University Heights. By 1920 separate electrical and
chemical engineering departments were created and the
school changed its name to the College of Engineering. neering graduates who went on to doctoral studies. An
average of 7.2 percent of Polytechnic graduates went on
to achieve a Ph.D., compared with two other schools with
1.1.3 Expansion, financial difficulties and acquisi- large engineering programs: Carnegie Mellon, with an
tion average of 6 percent, and Princeton, with 4.5 percent.[8]
Polytechnic University became well known for its re-
Enrollment at New York University expanded consider- search centers in electrophysics and polymer blends.
ably from the early 1900s into the postwar decades. How-
ever, by the early 1970s this growth ceased due to ris-
ing crime and financial troubles in New York City. New 1.3 Present
York University faced financial hardships leading it to
sell its University Heights campus that housed its engi- Discussions about a merger with Polytechnic University
neering school to City University of New York, which and New York University began in 2004. Four years later
in turn renamed the campus Bronx Community College. Polytechnic University and New York University agreed
Also during that period from 1969 to 1975, Polytech- to take steps towards a merger beginning with a formal af-
nic Institute of Brooklyn was forced to rely on subsidies filiation between the two schools. This affiliation resulted
provided by New York state to keep the school afloat. in the school changing its name to Polytechnic Institute of
[14]
The state supported Polytechnic on the basis that clos- New York University. The schools officially merged
[8] in 2014 when the New York State Regents approved the
ing the school would create economic hardship locally.
With both Polytechnic Institute and New York University change of charter making NYU the sole member of Poly-
[15][16]
facing financial difficulties, the state brokered a merger technic University.
of New York University’s engineering school with Poly- Since the merger applications to the school and incoming
technic Institute. Polytechnic Institute acquired the fac- SAT scores have increased substantially. The school has
ulty, programs and students of New York University’s also experienced an influx of students coming from out-
engineering school to form Polytechnic Institute of New side of New York state. Fundraising and faculty research
York.[8] Polytechnic Institute of New York gained univer- awards have increased since the merger as well.[14] A gift
sity status in 1985 and changed its name to Polytechnic of $100 million from Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon in
University. 2015 resulted in the school changing its name to the Tan-
don School of Engineering.
1.2 Distinction through technology
By 1986 Polytechnic University in Brooklyn was 2 Fundraising
the largest technological university in the New York
metropolitan area and the second-largest in graduate en- The school has had several fundraising campaigns over
rollment in the nation after the Massachusetts Institute the years. From 2001-2005 the school raised more than
of Technology. Of the 300 engineering schools in the $275 million.[17] Alumnus Joseph J. Jacobs, who founded
United States, Polytechnic had the second-largest gradu- Jacobs Engineering Group, one of the largest engineering
ate enrollment and was among the most successful insti- and construction companies in the world, gave the school
tutions in the country as a producer of science and engi- more than $30 million over the course of his life.[18]
 3

Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon gave the school a $100 4 Campuses

million gift in 2015 resulting in the school changing
its name to the Tandon School of Engineering.[19] One The NYU Tandon School of Engineering main campus is
month prior to the Tandon’s gift, the school received a in Downtown Brooklyn and is close to public transporta-
$10 million scholarship grant.[20] The school received tion routes. In addition to its main address at MetroTech
nearly three dozen donations of $5 million or more in Center in Downtown Brooklyn, the school offers pro-
2014 and 2015, excluding the Tandon’s gift.[20] Also in grams in Manhattan. The school is an integral part of
2015, New York state awarded a $4.45 million grant to NYU Abu Dhabi, NYU Shanghai and the NYU Cen-
the school.[20] ter for Urban Science and Progress (CUSP) in downtown
Brooklyn.[21]

3 Name
4.1 Brooklyn campus

Wunsch Building
Polytechnic Institute Electrostatic Laboratory 1903–1904
The school played a major role in bringing about
The school has carried a number of different names: MetroTech Center, one of the largest urban university-
corporate parks in the United States, while closing down
• 1854: Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Insti- the larger campus at its former Long Island Graduate
tute; University of the City of New York School Center. Today, the 16-acre, $1 billion complex in Brook-
of Civil Engineering and Architecture (founding lyn includes the school’s main campus, along with several
names, separate institutions) technology-dependent companies such as Securities In-
dustry Automation Corporation (SIAC), as well as New
• 1889: Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (separated
York City Police Department's 9-1-1 Center, New York
from preparatory program)
City Fire Department Headquarters and the U.S. technol-
• 1896: New York University School of Applied Sci- ogy and operations functions of JPMorgan Chase.
ence (separate from Polytechnic Institute)[10]
The school has seven buildings in Brooklyn, as well as
• 1920: New York University College of Engineering leased spaces in some other nearby buildings. The seven
(separate from Polytechnic Institute) buildings are as follows:
• 1973: Polytechnic Institute of New York (acquired • Jacobs Academic Building
the faculty, programs and students of New York
University’s engineering school) • Jacobs Administration Building

• 1985: Polytechnic University (acquired university • Rogers Hall

status) • Wunsch Building
• 2008: Polytechnic Institute of New York University • Dibner Building
(affiliated with New York University)
• Othmer Residence Hall
• 2014: New York University Polytechnic School of
Engineering (merged with New York University) • Civil Engineering Building (currently closed)

• 2015: New York University Tandon School of En- An eighth 460,000-square-foot building, adjacent to
gineering Rogers Hall, will open in Fall 2017.[22]
4 5 ACADEMIC PROFILE

4.2 Manhattan site • Technology Management and Innovation (affiliated

with Leonard N. Stern School of Business)
Located in downtown Manhattan, this site offers de-
gree programs in Financial Engineering, Management
of Technology, Information Management and Accel- 5.2 Accreditation
erated Management of Technology, and the Exec 21
Construction Management certificate.

4.3 Online
NYU Tandon Online is the online learning unit at NYU
Tandon School of Engineering which offers 8 master’s
degrees, 2 graduate certificates, and 6 certificates of com-
pletion programs fully online. Focused on peer-to-peer
engagement, the unit has been recognized as providing
one of the top online learning programs by U.S. News
& World Report, and the Online Learning Consortium
among others.

5 Academic profile

Bern Dibner Library matches the modern architectural style of

Downtown Brooklyn

All undergraduate and graduate programs at the engi-

neering school are accredited by the Middle States As-
sociation. Undergraduate chemistry students have the
option to pursue a degree approved by the American
Chemical Society (ACS). The Accreditation Board for
Engineering and Technology (ABET), the Computer Sci-
ence Accreditation Board (CSAB), Institute of Electri-
cal and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), American Soci-
ety of Civil Engineers (ASCE), International Associa-
tion of Financial Engineers (IAFE), Institute of Industrial
Rogers Hall, main academic building and Othmer dormitory Engineers (IIE), American Society of Mechanical Engi-
building on the background neers (ASME), Construction Management Association of
America (CMAA), American Institute of Chemical En-
gineers (AIChE), American Society for Metals, Society
5.1 Departments of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), American Academy
of Environmental Engineers (AAEE), Biomedical En-
• Applied Physics gineering Society (BMES), American Chemical Society
(ACS), American Physical Society (APS) and the Joint
• Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Policy Board for Mathematics (JPBM) have recognized
the school’s undergraduate and graduate programs in en-
• Civil and Urban Engineering
gineering, computer science and physics, chemistry and
• Computer Science and Engineering mathematics.

• Electrical and Computer Engineering

• Finance and Risk Engineering

5.3 Rankings

• Mathematics Ranked #1 PayScale Best Value College in NY State (20-

year ROI) in 2015[23]
• Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Ranked #8 by U.S. News & World Report Best Online
• Technology, Culture and Society Graduate Engineering Programs in 2015[24]
6.1 Academic labs 5

Ranked #9 by The Princeton Review Top Graduate Brook University.[32][33][34]

Schools for Video Game Design in 2015[25] Over the years the school has been a key center of re-
Ranked #16 among Financial Engineering and Mathe- search in the development of microwave physics, radar,
matical Finance programs in North America in 2014[26] polymers and the space program.[8] During World War
II the school’s Microwave Research Institute worked on
Ranked #46 (tied) in U.S. News 2016 graduate engineer-
ing programs.[27] problems whose solution led to the development of radar,
and later broke ground in electromagnetic theory and
electronics in general. In later years the school partici-
pated in the space program, solving re-entry problems of
6 Research the manned space capsules.[8]
The school has been affiliated with some major in-
ventions and innovations including: the Panama Canal
locks; lockmaking;[35] the Brooklyn Bridge cables; cable-
lift elevators;[36] cordless phones; ATM machines; bar
codes; laser; radar; penicillin; polymers; elevator brakes;
lightweight, ultra durable automotive brake rotor;[37][38]
light beer; cardiac defibrillator; artificial cardiac pace-
maker; RFID; contact lenses; zoom lens; first telephone
handset; commercial television;[39] non-stick coating as
an application of Teflon; suspension system for the largest
radio telescope; microwave technology; Apollo Lunar
Module, the first, and to date only, manned spacecraft
to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space; X-
ray crystallography;[8] structure of the DNA molecule;
submarine; modern refrigerator; A/C generator; elec-
tric motors; transformer;[35] submarine communications
facilities;[40][41] development of the artificial sweetener
aspartame; development of nontoxic processes to cre-
ate food colorings and remove caffeine from coffee;
the quasi-complementary (transistor) amplifier circuit;
lateral transistor; the wireless microphone; as well as
Starbucks cafe, right by the entrance to Rogers Hall
Eugene Kleiner’s first semiconductor (and much of the
Silicon Valley), and Spencer Trask's investing and sup-
Some of the school’s first research institutes included porting of Thomas Edison’s invention of the electric light
the Polymer Research Institute, established in 1942, and bulb.[35][42][43][44][45]
the Microwave Research Institute, established in 1945.
The American Chemical Society designated the Poly-
mer Research Institute as a National Historic Chemi- 6.1 Academic labs
cal Landmark on September 3, 2003.[28] The Microwave
Research Institute developed electromagnetic and mi- Academic labs and research centers include:
crowave defense and communication systems and later
renamed itself the Weber Research Institute. Other
• Computational Mechanics Laboratory[46]
notable research centers of the institute include NSF-
sponsored Wireless Internet Center for Advanced Tech- • Dynamical Systems Laboratory[47]
nology (WICAT), which ranked #1 among technology
research centers in funding and #2 in the number of • Brooklyn Experimental Media Center (formerly In-
industry participants according to the United States tegrated Digital Media Institute)[48]
National Science Foundation,[29] Center for Advanced
Technologies in Telecommunications (CATT), a New • Wireless Implementation Testbed Laboratory[49]
York State and NSF sponsored research center that
is also affiliated with Columbia University,[30] NSF- • Bio-interfacial Engineering and Diagnostics Lab[50]
funded Internet Security and Information Systems Lab,
• Control and Telecommunications Research
a U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) designated Cen-
Laboratory[51]
ter of Excellence in Information Assurance, Informa-
tion Assurance Education and a Center of Excellence in • High-Speed Networking Lab[52]
Research,[31] and the New York State Resiliency Insti-
tute for Storms & Emergencies (NYS RISE), which is • Power and Power Electronics Engineering
housed jointly at NYU’s Brooklyn campus, and Stony Laboratory[53]
6 7 NOTABLE FACULTY AND ALUMNI

• CITE Game Innovation Lab[54] 6.3 CUSP

• Protein Engineering and Molecular Design The Center for Urban Science and Progress (CUSP) is
Laboratory[55] a degree-granting research facility of NYU located at
• Translational Neuroengineering (associated with the MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, New York.
NYU Center for Neural Science and the NYU Lan- Its permanent 460,000-square-foot building adjacent to
gone Medical Center)[56] NYU School of Engineering’s Rogers Hall, will open in
Fall 2017.[60][61]
• Urban Future Lab (founded in partnership with
the New York City Economic Development
Corporation)[57][58]
7 Notable faculty and alumni
6.2 Research centers Main articles: List of NYU Tandon School of Engineer-
ing people and List of New York University alumni
Research at the engineering school is conducted either New York University Tandon School of Engineering
through academic departments or through one of many
interdisciplinary research centers including:

• Center for Advanced Technology in Telecommuni-

cations (CATT)
• Center for Finance and Technology (CFT)
• Institute for Mathematics and Advanced Supercom-
puting (IMAS)
• Polymer Research Institute (PRI)
• Urban Intelligent Transportation Systems Center
(UITSC)
• Wireless Internet Center for Advanced Technology
(WICAT)
• CRISSP (Cyber-Security. Includes Tandon School
of Engineering, Wagner Graduate School, Courant
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Stern School
of Business, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Ephraim Katzir, alumnus, fourth President of Israel
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Hu-
man Development)
has just over 33,000 living alumni living in 68 coun-
• Weber Research Institute tries as of 2015.[62] The school’s alumni include inven-
tors, scientists, entrepreneurs, politicians, country presi-
• Research Center for Risk Engineering dents, university presidents, academic leaders (including
NYU Stern's founder Charles Waldo Haskins) and more
• Materials Research Science and Engineering Center
than 2,000 CEOs and leaders at large corporations.[63]
• Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center Among its past and present graduates and faculty are at
least four Nobel Prize winners, seven National Medals for
• The Games for Learning Institute Science, Technology and Innovation winners, two astro-
nauts, Russ Prize, IEEE Edison Medal, Turing Award,
• Media and Games Network (MAGNET)
Gordon Prize and Draper Prize winners and over 100
• New York State Resiliency Institute for Storms & National Academy of Engineering members.[64][65]
Emergencies (includes NYU, Stony Brook Univer-
sity, Columbia University, Cornell University, City
University of New York and Brookhaven National 7.1 Nobel laureates
Laboratory)
• NYU WIRELESS • Gertrude B. Elion, Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine
• Biomatrix Research Center (located in
Manhattan)[59] • Rudolph Marcus, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
7.4 IEEE Edison Medal 7

• Elmer L. Gaden

7.4 IEEE Edison Medal

• William B. Kouwenhoven, invented the closed-chest
cardiac defibrillator
• Bancroft Gherardi, Jr.

7.5 Turing Award

• Judea Pearl

7.6 Astronauts
• Paolo A. Nespoli
• Charles Camarda

7.7 DARPA directors

• Jack Ruina

Norman Lamm, alumnus, third President of Yeshiva University

7.8 Pulitzer Prize winners
• Francis Crick, Nobel Prize in Physiology or • James Truslow Adams, writer who coined the term
Medicine for being a co-discoverer of the structure "American Dream
of the DNA molecule
• Martin Perl, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his
discovery of the tau lepton
7.9 Business leaders
Alumni leaders at large companies include:
7.2 National Medals for Science, Technol-
ogy and Innovation • Ursula Burns, Chairperson and CEO of Xerox
• Arthur C. Martinez, Chairman and CEO of Sears
• John G. Trump
• Robert J. Stevens, Chairman and CEO of Lockheed
• Joel S. Engel
Martin
• Richard J. Gambino
• Alfred Amoroso, Chairman of Yahoo!
• Herman Francis Mark
• John Dionisio, Chairman and CEO of AECOM
• Rudolph A. Marcus
• Herbert L. Henkel, Chairman of Ingersoll Rand
• Ernst Weber
• Spencer Trask, Chairman of The New York Times
• Jerome Swartz, developed early optical strategies for
• Jason Hsuan, Chairman and CEO of TPV Technol-
barcode scanning technologies
ogy
• John Trani, Chairman and CEO of Stanley Black &
7.3 Russ Prize, Gordon Prize, Draper Decker
Prize
• John Elmer McKeen, Chairman and CEO of Pfizer
• Joel S. Engel
• Mark Ronald, Chairman and CEO of BAE Systems
• Clive Dym
• Vincent A. Calarco, Chairman and CEO of
• Harold S. Goldberg Chemtura
8 7 NOTABLE FACULTY AND ALUMNI

• Sunil Godhwani, Chairman and CEO of Religare • Bill Friend (engineer), President of Bechtel

• Robert Prieto, Chairman and CEO of Parsons • Michael Horodniceanu, President of the MTA Cap-
Brinckerhoff ital Construction
• Richard Santulli, Chairman and CEO of NetJets • Ami Miron, Vice President, General Instrument
Corporation
• Stav Prodromou, Chairman and CEO of Peregrine
Semiconductor • Charles Hinkaty, Vice President, Citibank
• Michael H. Kappaz, Chairman and CEO of KM • Eugene Fasullo, Chief Engineer of Port Authority
Group of New York and New Jersey
• Israel Borovich, Chairman and CEO of EL AL • Jay Greene, NASA chief engineer
• Hugh John Casey, Chairman of New York City • George W. Melville, chief engineer of the United
Transit Authority States Navy. Congressional Gold Medal winner.
• Stewart G. Nagler, Vice Chairman, Director and • Howard A. Chinn, Chief Engineer of CBS. Pio-
CFO of MetLife neered techniques of analog audio recording as well
as radio and television broadcasting practices.
• Craig G. Matthews, President, CFO and Chief Op-
erating Officer of KeySpan • Virginia P. Ruesterholz, President, Verizon[66]
• Charles D. Strang, Chairman, CEO and President of • Alan Schriesheim, Director and CEO of Argonne
Outboard Marine Corporation National Laboratory, Board member of Rohm and
• Charles Ranlett Flint, founder of IBM Haas

• Nils Lahr, Chairman, CEO and founder of IBEAM

Broadcasting Corporation 7.10 Inventors
• Fadi Chehadé, CEO of ICANN Partial list of inventors affiliated with the school:
• Joseph J. Jacobs, Chairman, CEO and founder of
Jacobs Engineering Group • Barouh Berkovits, contributed to invention of the
cardiac defibrillator and artificial cardiac pacemaker
• Rajiv C. Mody, Chairman, CEO and founder of
Sasken Communication Technologies • Gordon Gould, invented the laser

• Glenford Myers, Chairman, CEO and founder of • Mario Cardullo, contributed to the invention of the
Radisys Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

• Bern Dibner, Chairman, CEO and founder of • Robert G. Brown, invented the first telephone hand-
Burndy set

• Eugene Kleiner, Chairman, CEO and founder of • Jasper H. Kane, invented the practical, deep-tank
Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers fermentation method for production of large quan-
tities of pharmaceutical-grade penicillin
• Ta-lin Hsu, Chairman, CEO and founder of H&Q
Asia Pacific • Maurice Karnaugh, inventor of Karnaugh Map (K-
Map)
• Paul Ferri, Chairman, CEO and founder of Matrix
Partners • Norman Gaylord, played a prominent role in the de-
velopment of permeable contact lenses
• William C. W. Mow, Chairman, CEO and founder
of Bugle Boy • Ronald R. Yager, invented Ordered weighted aver-
aging aggregation operator
• Jerome Swartz, Chairman, CEO and founder of
Symbol Technologies • Thomas J. Kelly, designed and built the Apollo Lu-
nar Module
• Alfred P. Sloan (attended, but transferred), Chair-
man, CEO and founder of General Motors • Fredric J. Harris, co-inventor of the Blackman-
Harris Filter
• Rachelle Friedman, Chairperson, CEO and founder
of J&R • David J. Thomson, invented the Multitaper
 9

• Erol Gelenbe, invented G-networks and Random [3] “New York University Tandon School of Engineering:
neural network Quick Facts” (PDF). New York University Tandon School
of Engineering. December 2015. Retrieved 22 February
• Joseph Owades, inventor of Lite beer 2016.

• John Colagioia, invented Thue (programming lan- [4] "$100 Million Gift to NYU School Of Engineering from
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Tandon School Of Engineering. 5 October 2015. Re-
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• Henry C. Goldmark, designed and installed the
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brooklyn-s-polytech-a-storybook-success.html?
the Z* theorem
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[11] https://www.nyu.edu/faculty/
Brooklyn Bridge, making cable-lift elevators possi-
governance-policies-and-procedures/
ble. He also contributed to the inventions of lock- faculty-handbook/the-university/
making, submarine, A/C generator, electric motors, history-and-traditions-of-new-york-university/
transformer and the design of the modern refrigera- a-brief-history-of-new-york-university.html
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[12] http://www.nyuuniversityheights.com/
• Joe Landolina, invented Vetigel maccrackens-vision/advantages-in-the-bronx/

• Hung-Chang Lin, invented the quasi- [13] http://engineering.nyu.edu/files/Fall%202015%

complementary (transistor) amplifier circuit, 20Census-Official%20Statistics.pdf
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He held 61 patents NYU-NYU-Poly-fact-sheet.pdf

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[16] “POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY New York State Board
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[17] http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/
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[18] http://archive.poly.edu/poly_ebriefs/archives/Nov04/
• Gee Bee Model R
[19] "$100 million gift from Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon for
engineering at NYU”. NYU. New York University. Re-
trieved October 5, 2015.
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[20] http://www.nyunews.com/2015/10/27/
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[36] http://nyc.poly.edu/destinations/brooklyn_bridge/ [58] “Urban Future Lab”. Retrieved 20 August 2015.

[37] http://www.physnews.com/nano-materials-news/ [59] “NYU New Biomatrix Center’s Key to Halting Cancer,
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[40] http://www.nae.edu/30377.aspx [62] http://engineering.nyu.edu/alumni/piaa/history

[41] http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Jack_Sipress [63] http://www.sierra-cedar.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/

12/2014/06/CSS-NYUPoly.pdf
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[44] http://www.cchayes.com/media/hofload.php?img=15 [66] Trustee Profiles | Stevens Institute of Technology

 11

10 External links
• Official website

• "Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute". Encyclopedia

Americana. 1920.
12 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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