Number Systems
CS101- Computer Systems
By:
Dilum Bandara
Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering
University of Moratuwa
1
Outline
p Decimal
p Binary
p Octal
p Hexadecimal
p Number base conversion
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Humans vs. Computers
p It is not surprising that our number
system is based on units of TEN,
n Since nature provided man with five fingers on
each of 2 hands.
p Computers use binary
n They have only electronic or electromechanical
switches.
n These switches have only 2 states, either ON
or OFF
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Distinguishing Number Systems
p The characteristic which distinguish one
number system from another is called the
base (or radix)
p The base or radix, of a number system is:
n the number of different digits that can occur in
each position in the number system.
n this is the number of symbols in a system
n Example: Base 10 - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
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Number Bases
Number Base Symbols
System
Binary 2 0, 1
Octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Hexadecimal 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
A, B, C, D, E, F
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Decimal Number System
p The number 4567 in base 10 means:
4567 = four thousand five hundred and sixty seven
= 4000 + 500 + 60 + 7
= (4 × 1000) + (5 × 100) + (6 × 10) + (7 × 1)
= (4 × 103) +(5 × 102) +(6 × 101)+(7 ×100)
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Positional notations
p In general, the relationship between a
digit, its position & the base of the number
system is expressed by the following
formula:
DIGIT × BASE POSITION #
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Weight Associated with Digit Position
When expressed as a series of digits, the
value of a number is determined by
considering the "weight" associated with
the position of each
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digit. 8
p The number 512.49 in base 10 means:
512.49 = 500 + 10 + 2 + 0.40 + 0.09
= (5×100)+(1×10) + (2×1) + (4× 0.1)+
(9 × 0.001)
= (5×102) + (1×101) + (2×100) + (4× 10-1) +
(9 ×10-2)
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Binary number system
p Base of the binary number system is 2
p Symbols are 0 & 1
p The number 1101.11 in base 2 means:
1101.01
= (1×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×20)+(0×2-1)
+ (1×2-2)
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Octal number system
p Base of the octal number system is 8
p The symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7
p The number 456.41 in base 8 means:
475.01
=(4×82)+(7×81)+(5×80)+(0×8-1)+(1× 8-2)
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Hexadecimal number system
p The base is 16
p The symbols are
n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
p The number 1FA.4C in base 16 means:
1FA.4C
=(1×162)+(F×161)+(A×160)+(4×16-1)
+(C×16-2)
= (1×162)+(15×161)+(10×160)+(4×16-1)
+(12×16-2)
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Terminology
p Computers represent numbers as a series
of switches which store a pattern of ON's &
OFF's, representing the binary digits 1 & 0.
p Each of these digits is called a BIT (BInary
digiT)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
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Terminology cont…
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
MSB – Most
Significant Bit LSB – Least
Significant Bit
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Number Base Conversion
p It is necessary to convert from one
number system to another
p Example:
n Windows Calculator
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Decimal to Binary conversion - Integers
p Convert 910 into binary
9/2 = 4 r = 1
4/2 = 2 r = 0
2/2 = 1 r = 0
1/2 = 0 r = 1
p 910 = 10012
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Decimal to Binary conversion cont…
p Convert 2710 to binary
p 2710 = 110112
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Decimal to Binary – Fractions
p Example 1: Represent 0.5 10 in binary
0.5×2 = 1.0
0.0×2 (this ends the process)
So 0.5 10 = 0.12
p Example 2: Represent 0.1 10 in binary
n 0.110 = 0.000110011001 2
n = 0.00011101
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Binary to Decimal conversion - Integers
The decimal value D of a binary word is given as:
m i 0
D = B m2 + ...+ B i 2 +... + B 0 2
where:
m is the position of the MSB
B is the binary value of the bit in position i
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Binary to Decimal conversion cont…
p Example 3: Convert 11101.012 to decimal
p We will calculate the position value for
each binary digit & then sum theoe values
p We write the position values above each
digit.
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
Position 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Values 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
Binary Digits 1 1 1 0 1 . 0 1
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Example 3: cont…
p 11101.01
= (1×24)+(1×23)+(1×22)+(0× 21)+(1×20)
+(0×2-1)+(1×2-2)
= (1×16)+(1×8)+(1×4)+(0×2)+(1×1)
+(0×0.5) +(1×0.25)
= 16+8+4+0+1+0+0.25
= 29.25
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Example 4:
p Convert 111001 2 to decimal
p 1110012 = 5710
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Example 5:
p Represent 123410 in hexadecimal
p 123410 = 4D216
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Binary to Octal conversion
p Example 6: convert 110100112 in to octal
11 | 010 | 011
011 | 010 | 011 - add extra bit
3 2 3
110100112 = 3238
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Summary
p Different number systems
n Decimal, Binary, Octal & Hexadecimal
p Terminology
n Bit, LSB, MSB
p Number base conversion
p You should go through everything in the
note
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