VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITIES AT HO CHI
MINH CITY
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Chapter 5: Applications of Integration
Calculus 1
Lecturer: Nguyen Minh Quan, PhD
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 1 / 48
Contents
1 Areas Between Curves
2 Areas Enclosed by Parametric Curves
3 Volume of a solid
4 Lengths of curves
5 The average value of a function
6 Applications to Engineering, Economics and Science
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 2 / 48
Motivation
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 3 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
In Chapter 4 we defined and calculated areas of regions that lie under
the graphs of functions.
What is area of the region that lie between the graphs of two
functions?
Consider the region S that lies between two curves y = f (x) and
y = g (x) and between the vertical lines x = a and y = b.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 4 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
Recall the area of the region bounded by the graph of a non-negative
function y = f (x), and the two vertical lines x = a, x = b, (a 6 b) is
Rb
A = a f (x) dx.
Assume that f (x) > g (x) > 0. Then the area of the region enclosed
by y = f (x), y = g (x), and the two vertical lines x = a, x = b is
defined by the difference of the area of the region below f (x) subtract
the area of the region below g (x). That is:
Zb
A= [f (x) − g (x)]dx
a
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 5 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
How about this area in more general cases?
Formula
The area A of the region bounded by the curves y = f (x), y = g (x), and
the lines x = a, y = b, where f and g are continuous and f (x) ≥ g (x) for
all x in [a, b], is:
Zb
A = [f (x) − g (x)]dx
a
R b
Note: In general, A = a |f (x) − g (x)| dx .
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 6 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
Example 1
Find the area of the region bounded above by y = e x , bounded below by
y = x, and bounded on the sides by x = 0 and x = 1.
Solution:
We use the previous area formula with f (x) = e x , g (x) = x, a = 0, b = 1:
Z1 1
x x 2 3
x
A= (e − x)dx = e − = e −
2 0 2
0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 7 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
Example 2
Find the area of the region bounded above by y = x 2 , bounded below by
y = 2x − x 2 .
Solution:
We first find the points of intersection of the parabolas:
x2 = 2x − x 2 ⇔ 2x (1 − x) = 0 ⇔ x = 0, x = 1
The points of intersection are (0, 0) and (1, 1).
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 8 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
Example 2 (Cont.)
Solution:
We use the area formula with f (x) = 2x − x 2 , g (x) = x 2 , a = 0, b = 1:
Z1 Z1 1
x 2 x 3
2
2
1
A= 2x − 2x dx = 2 x − x dx = 2 − =
2 3 0 3
0 0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 9 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
Some regions are best treated by regarding x as a function of y . If a region
is bounded by curves with equations x = f (y ),x = g (y ) , y = c,
and y = d, where f and g are continuous (f (y ) > g (y )), then its area is
Zd
A= [f (y ) − g (y )] dy
c
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 10 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
Example 3
Find the area enclosed by the line y = x − 1 and the parabola
y 2 = 2x + 6. Solution:
Intersections are (−1, −2), (5, 4).
Z4 Z4
1 2
A= [xR − xL ] dy = (y + 1) − y − 3 dy = 18
2
−2 −2
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 11 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
Example 4 (Calculate area by dividing the region)
Find the area the graphs of f (x) = x 2 − 5x − 7 the line g (x) = x − 12
over [−2, 5].
Solution:
To determine where the graphs intersect, we solve f (x) = g (x). The
points of intersection are x = 1, 5.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 12 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
Solution (Cont.)
Z5 Z1 Z5
(ytop − ybot ) dx = (f (x) − g (x)) dx + (g (x) − f (x)) dx
−2 −2 1
Z1 Z5
2
(x − 12) − x 2 − 5x − 7 dx.
= x − 5x − 7 − (x − 12) dx +
−2 1
Z1 Z5
2 113
−x 2 + 6x − 5 dx =
= x − 6x + 5 dx + .
3
−2 1
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 13 / 48
1. Areas Between Curves
Areas between three or more curves: we divide the area into different
sections.
Example 5 (Calculate area by dividing the region)
Find the area enclosed by the graphs y = 8/x 2 , y = x and y = 8x.
Hint:
area = 7/2 + 5/2 = 6
.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 14 / 48
2. Areas Enclosed by Parametric Curves
Suppose the curve is described by the parametric equations
x = f (t) , and y = g (t) , α 6 t 6 β, then:
Z β
Area = g (t)f 0 (t) dt
α
Example 1
Find the area under one arch of the cycloid.
x = r (θ − sin θ) , y = r (1 − cos θ)
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 15 / 48
2. Areas Enclosed by Parametric Curves
Example 1
Solution:
One arch of the cycloid is given by 0 6 θ 6 2π. Using the Substitution
Rule:
Z 2π Z 2π
A= r (1 − cos θ)r (1 − cos θ) dθ = r 2 (1 − cos θ)2 dθ
0 0
Z 2π
1
⇒ A = r2 1 − 2 cos θ + (1 + cos 2θ) dθ = 3πr 2
0 2
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 16 / 48
2. Areas Enclosed by Parametric Curves
Example 2
Find the area enclosed by the ellipse
x2 y2
+ 2 =1
a2 b
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 17 / 48
3. Volume of a solid
How to find the volume of a solid?
Theorem 1
Let be a solid that lies between x = a and x = b. If the cross-sectional
area of in the plane, through x and perpendicular to the x-axis, is A(x),
where A is a continuous function, then the volume V of S is
Zb
V = A (x) dx
a
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 18 / 48
Solids of Revolution: Volumes found by Slicing
Example 1 (rotating about the x-axis)
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis the
√
region under the curve y = x from 0 to 1.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 19 / 48
Solids of Revolution: Volumes found by Slicing
Example 1 (Cont.)
Solution:
The area of the cross-section through the point x:
√ 2
A (x) = π x = πx
The solid lies between x = 0 and x = 1, so its volume is
Zb Z1 1
x 2 π
V = A (x) dx = πxdx = π =
2 0 2
a 0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 20 / 48
Solids of Revolution: Volumes found by Slicing
Example 2 (rotating about the y -axis)
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by
y = x 3 ,y = 8, and x = 0 about the y -axis.
Z8 Z8
2 2/3 96π
A (y ) = πx = πy ⇒V = A (y ) dy = πy 2/3 dy =
5
0 0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 21 / 48
Solids of Revolution: Volumes found by Slicing
Example 3
The circle x 2 + y 2 = a2 is rotated about the x−axis to generate a sphere.
Find its volume.
Hint:
Za Za
4
a2 − x 2 dx = πa3
V = A (x) dx = π
3
−a −a
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 22 / 48
Solids of Revolution: Volumes found by Washers
Example 4 (Using the washer method)
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region R enclosed by
the curves y = x and y = x 2 about the x-axis.
Hint:
A (x) = π (outer radius)2 − (inner radius)2 = π x 2 − x 4 .
R1 R1
⇒ V = 0 A (x) dx = 0 π x 2 − x 4 dx = 2π
15
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 23 / 48
3. Volume of a solid
Example 5 (Rotating about a horizontal line)
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region in previous
example (Example 3) about the line y = 2.
Hint: Z 1
2 8π
A (x) = π 2 − x2 − (2 − x)2 ⇒ V = A (x) dx =
0 15
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 24 / 48
3. Volume of a solid
In summary, the solids in Examples 1 − 5 are all called solids of
revolution because they are obtained by revolving a region about a
line.
Rb Rd
Formula 1: V = a A (x) dx, or V = c A (y ) dy
How to find A? Based on the cross-section is a disk or a washer.
A = π (radius)2 , or A = π (outer radius)2 − π (inner radius)2
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 25 / 48
3. Volume of a solid: the method of cylinders
Consider the problem of finding the volume of the solid obtained by
rotating about the y -axis the region bounded by y = f (x). What
should we do if it is hard to solve y = f (x) for x in term of y .
Formula 2 (method of cylinders/cylindrical shells): The volume of
the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region under the
curve from a to b, is
Z b
V = 2πxf (x) dx, 0 6 a < b
a
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 26 / 48
3. Volume of a solid
Elaborating: The best way to remember Formula 2 is to think of a typical
shell, cut and flattened as in the following figure, with radius x,
circumference 2πx, height f (x), and thickness ∆x or dx:
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 27 / 48
3. Volume of a solid
Example 5 (Using the method of cylinders)
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y -axis the
region bounded by y = 2x 2 − x 3 and y = 0.
Answer: Z b Z 2
16
2πx 2x 2 − x 3 dx = π
V = 2πxf (x) dx =
a 0 5
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 28 / 48
3. Volume of a solid
Example 6 (Using the method of cylinders)
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y -axis the
region bounded by y = 2 − x 2 , x = 0 and y = x. Hint:
Z1
x 2 − x 2 − x dx
V = 2π
0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 29 / 48
3. Volume of a solid
Example 7 (Using the method of cylinders)
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y -axis the
region bounded by y = 2x 2 − x 3 and y = 0.
Answer: Z b Z 2
16
2πx 2x 2 − x 3 dx = π
V = 2πxf (x) dx =
a 0 5
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 30 / 48
3. Volume of a solid
Example 7 (Using the method of cylinders)
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by
y = x − x 2 and y = 0 and about the line x = 2.
Answer:
The region has radius 2 − x, circumference 2π(2 − x) and height x − x 2 .
Z 1
π
2π (2 − x) x − x 2 dx =
V =
0 2
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 31 / 48
3. Volume of a solid
Example 8
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the y-axis the region
under y = x 3 on [0, 1].
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 32 / 48
4. Lengths of curves
Arc Length Formula 1: If a smooth curve with parametric equations
x = f (t) , y = g (t) , a 6 t 6 b is traversed exactly once as increases
from a to b, then its length is
Zb
s 2 2
dx dy
L= + dt
dt dt
a
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 33 / 48
4. Lengths of curves
Example 1
Find the length of the arc of the curve x = t 2 , y = t 3 that lies between
the points (1, 1) and (4, 8).
Z2 Z2 q
s 2 2
dx dy
L= + dt = (2t)2 + (3t 2 )2 dt
dt dt
1 1
Z2 p
1 √ √
L = t 4 + 9t 2 dt = 80 10 − 13 13 . (How?)
27
1
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 34 / 48
4. Lengths of curves
If we are given a curve with equation y = f (x) , a 6 x 6 b, then we
can regard x as a parameter.
The parametric equations are x = x, y = f (x), and the Arc Length
Formula 1 becomes:
Zb
s 2
dy
L= 1+ dx
dx
a
Similarly, if x = f (y ), a 6 y 6 b, and the Arc Length Formula 1
becomes:
Zb 2
s
dx
L= + 1 dy
dy
a
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 35 / 48
4. Lengths of curves
Example 2
Find the length of the arc of the parabola y 2 = x from (0, 0) to (1, 1).
Hint:
Zb
s 2 Z1 p √ √ !
dx 5 5+2
L= + 1dx = 4y 2 + 1dx = + ln
dy 2 4
a 0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 36 / 48
4. Lengths of curves
Example 3
Find the length of one arch of the cycloid:
x = r (θ − sin θ) , y = r (1 − cos θ)
Hint:
Z2π Z2π p
s 2 2
dx dy
L= + dθ = r 2 (1 − cos θ)dθ = 8r
dθ dθ
0 0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 37 / 48
4. Lengths of curves
Example 4
Consider the circle x 2 + y 2 = R 2 .
(a) Write down parametric equations to traverse the circle once.
(b) Show that the length of the circumference is 2πR.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 38 / 48
5. The average value of a function
We define the average value of f on the interval [a, b] as
Z b
1
fave = f (x)dx
b−a a
Example 1
Find the average value of the function f (x) = 1 + x 2 on the interval
[−1, 2]. Solution:
Z b Z 2
1 1
1 + x 2 dx = 2
fave = f (x)dx =
b−a a 2 − (−1) −1
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 39 / 48
5. The average value of a function
The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
If f is continuous on [a, b], then there exists a number c in [a, b] such that:
Z b Z b
1
f (c) = fave = f (x)dx, Or, f (c) (b − a) = f (x)dx
b−a a a
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 40 / 48
5. The average value of a function
How to find the value c of in the MVT for Integrals?
Example 2
Find the value c satisfies the the MVT for Integrals of the function
f (x) = 1 + x 2 on the interval [−1, 2]. Solution:
Z b Z 2
1 1
1 + x 2 dx = 2
fave = f (x)dx =
b−a a 2 − (−1) −1
f (c) = fave = 2 ⇔ 1 + c 2 = 2 ⇔ c = ±1
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 41 / 48
5. The average value of a function
Example 3
If a cup of coffee has temperature 95o C in a room where the temperature
is 20o C, then, according to Newton’s Law of Cooling, the temperature of
the coffee after t minutes is T (t) = 20 + 75e −t/50 . What is the average
temperature of the coffee during the first half hour?
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 42 / 48
6. Applications to Engineering and Economics
WORK DONE: The work done in moving the object from a to b by
a variable force f (x) acts on the object, where f is a continuous
function, is defined as
Z b
W = f (x) dx
a
Example 1: When a particle is located a distance x feet from the
origin, a force of x 2 + 2x pounds acts on it. How much work is done
in moving it from x = 1 to x = 3? Answer:
Z 3
50
x 2 + x dx =
W =
1 3
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 43 / 48
6. Applications to Engineering and Economics
Example 2
A 200-lb cable is 100 ft long and hangs vertically from the top of a tall
building. How much work is required to lift the cable to the top of the
building?
R 100
Hint: W = 0 2 (100 − x) dx = 10, 000 ft-lb.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 44 / 48
6. Applications to Engineering and Economics
Example 3
A 5-lb bucket is lifted from the ground into the air by pulling in 20 ft of
rope at a constant speed. The rope weighs 0.08 lb ft. How much work was
spent lifting the bucket and rope?
R 20
Hint: W = 100 + 0 (0.08) (20 − x) dx = 116 ft-lb.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 45 / 48
6. Applications to Engineering and Economics
We consider some applications of integration to economics.
Consumer Surplus
Recall that the demand function is the price that a company has to charge
in order to sell units of a commodity. If X is the amount of the commodity
that is currently available, then P = f (X ) is the current selling price. The
graph of the demand function y = p(x) is called the demand curve.
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 46 / 48
6. Applications to Engineering and Economics
Consumer Surplus
We define
ZX
[p (x) − P]dx
0
as the consumer surplus for the commodity. The consumer surplus
represents the amount of money saved by consumers in purchasing the
commodity at price P, corresponding to an amount demanded of X .
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 47 / 48
Consumer Surplus
Example
The demand for a product, in dollars, is
p = 1200 − 0.2x − 0.0001x 2 .
Find the consumer surplus when the sales level is 500.
Solution
P = p(X ) = p(500) = 1075
Z500 Z500
1200 − 0.2x − 0.0001x 2 − 1075 dx
⇒ [p (x) − P]dx =
0 0
Z500
⇒ [p (x) − P]dx = 33, 333.33(dollars).
0
Nguyen Minh Quan (HCMIU-VNU) Chapter 5: Applications of Integration Fall 2013 48 / 48
