Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

Introduction
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 What is an Object?
An object has…
 State
◦ Changes over time
 Behavior
◦ What the object does in response to messages
 Identity
◦ What makes the object unique
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 State
Not only do these people look different, they have different properties (also
called attributes) that let us tell one from the other. Some of the properties
that a person might have are name, age, height, and so on. Some of these,
like age, might change (are mutable) and some, like name, might never
change (are immutable)..

John Maria
Age: 32 Age: 35
Height: 6’ 2” Height: 5’ 10”
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Age: 21 Age: 35
Height: 5’ 8” Height: 5’ 10”
 Behavior
sit! Behavior is what the object can
do. That is, the effect of the
object responding to a message
or a call to a method.

return BONE! Some methods

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& I said SIT!
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Some methods
need something
from the caller
 Identity

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Cutajar Usually, one can tell one object from another through some
combination of the properties. In fact, there MUST be some way
of telling one object from another. Java uses the object’s
address.
 Classes
 Define the properties and behavior of objects
 Can have behavior and properties that are defined in the class but are
independent of the individual objects

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 Inheritance Object-oriented languages support
some type of inheritance. Many
support inheritance from more
than one parent class. This is
Human (Super Class)
called multiple inheritance. Java
having common
supports only single inheritance,
attributes and
but allows a class to implement
behaviors
multiple interfaces.

Multiple
inheritance
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not
& permitted
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Female Baby

Subclasses inherit common features and changes or adds some of their own
 Interface

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various interfaces and
must define methods
used for that interface
 Polymorphism
 Different type of objects can respond to the same message
 The actual method that executes is not determined until run time
◦ Dynamic (or late) binding
PLAY !

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 Overloading
 The method which the object performs is determined by the type and
number of parameters passed to it.

play(radio)

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& play(guitar)
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play(piano)
 Overriding
 The method in a subclass
hides the method in the
super class. This permits a
redefinition of a method
I know how it according to the particular
should be done needs of the subclass

overriding overriding

I know how I know how

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 Encapsulation
We are hiding the implementation details of
a behavior. The way an object responds to
a message is not exposed, just the fact
that it can respond and the result type
(response). One of the biggest advantages
of O-O is the ability to make changes to an
object’s implementation without affecting
other parts of the program.

How did he do
that ?
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