MATLAB PROGRAMS

% ALIASING

clc;

clear all;

t=-10:0.01:10;

T=4; fm=1/T;

x=cos(2*pi*fm*t);

fs1=1.6*fm;sampling frequency lesthan 2fm

fs2=2*fm; sampling frequency equal to 2Fm

fs3=8*fm; sampling frequency greater than 2Fm

n1=-4:1:4; n1 value ranges from -4 t0 4

xn1=cos(2*pi*n1*fm/fs1);
signal with samp freq <2fm
subplot(2,2,1);
didvides the entire plot into 2 rows and 2 coloumns, and plot the graph in first position
plot(t,x); used for ploting the values of t and X in continious form

xlabel('time in sec'); to show the label in x axis in the figure

ylabel('x(t)'); to show the label in Y axis in the figure

title('continious time signal');

it gives the title for the figure displayed
subplot(2,2,2); didvides the entire plot into 2 rows and 2 coloumns, and plot the graph in second position

stem(n1,xn1,'-r');
used for ploting the values of t and X in discrete form
hold on hold the values as it is

plot(n1,xn1);

xlabel('time in sec');

ylabel('x(t)');

title('Discrete time signal with fs<2fm');

n2=-5:1:5; n2 value ranges from -5 t0 5 , i.e n2 = -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5

xn2=cos(2*pi*n2*fm/fs2); signal with samp freq =2fm

subplot(2,2,3); didvides the entire plot into 2 rows and 2 coloumns, and plot the graph in third position
plot(n2,xn2,'-r'); used for ploting the values of n2 and Xn2 in continious form where 'r' represents red colour

hold on

stem(n2,xn2,'*g'); used for ploting the values of n2 and Xn2 in discrete form where 'g' represents green colour

xlabel('n');

ylabel('x(n)');

title('Discrete time signal with fs=2fm');

n3=-20:1:20;

xn3=cos(2*pi*n3*fm/fs3); signal with samp freq > 2fm

subplot(2,2,4);

plot(n3,xn3); used for ploting the values of n3 and Xn3 in continious

hold on

stem(n3,xn3,'-r');

xlabel('n');

ylabel('x(n)');

title('Discrete time signal with fs>2fm');

%LINEAR CONVOLUTION

clc;

clear all;

close all; closes the unnecessary

window
a=input('enter the 1 seq');
get the 1st sequence at run time
x=input('enter the 2 seq');
get the 2nd sequence at run time
b=length(a);
to find the length of a and
store it in 'b'
c=x*convmtx(a,b);
used to convolute the
sequences a & x
disp(c);
it displays the value of c in comand window
l1=0:length(a)-1;
subplot(1,3,1);

stem(l1,a);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amp');

title('first input sequence');

l2=0:length(x)-1;

subplot(1,3,2);

stem(l2,x);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amp');

title('second input sequence');

l3=0:length(c)-1;

subplot(1,3,3);

stem(l3,c);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amp');

title('linear convolution of two sequences');

AT RUN TIME:

Enter the first sequence:[1 2 3 4]

Enter the second sequence:[3 2 1 4]

%CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION

clc;

clear all;

close all;

a=input('enter the first sequence');

x=input('enter the second sequence');

c=ifft(fft(a).*fft(x)); derived from the circular convolution property of DFT

disp('the convoluted sequence');

disp(c);

l1=0:length(a)-1;

subplot(1,3,1);

stem(l1,a);

ylabel('amp');

title('the first squence');

l2=0:length(x)-1;

subplot(1,3,2);

stem(l2,x);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amp');

title('the second sequence');

l3=0:length(c)-1;

subplot(1,3,3);

st(l3,c);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amp');

title('circular convolution');

AT RUNTIME

enter the first sequence[1 2 3 4]

enter the second sequence[4 3 2 1]

the convoluted sequence

24 22 24 30
% DOWN SAMPLING

clear all;

N=50;

n=0:1:N-1;

x=sin(2*pi*n/20)+sin(2*pi*n/15);

m=2;

x1=x(1:m:N);

n1=1:1:N/m;

subplot(2,1,1);

stem(n,x);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('X');

title('input sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(n1,x1);

xlabel('n1');

ylabel('x1');

title('down unsampled sequence');

%ILLUSTRATION OF UP SAMPLING

clear all;

N=10;

n=0:1:N-1;

x=sin(2*pi*n/10)+sin(2*pi*n/5);

L=3;

x1=[zeros(1,L*N)]; here L*N = 30; so it returns the value zero from the range 1 to 30
n1=1:1:L*N; j=1:L:L*N;

x1(j)=x;

subplot(2,1,1);

stem(n,x);

xlabel('n');

ylabel('X');

title('input sequence');

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(n1,x1);

xlabel('n1');

ylabel('x1');

title('up unsampled sequence');

%BUTTERWORTH LPF

clc;

clear all;

close all;

format long;

rp=input('enter the passband ripple:');

rs=input('enter the stop band ripple');

wp=input('enter the pass band frequency');

ws=input('enter the stop band frequency');

fs=input('enter the sampling frequency');

w1=2*wp/fs;

w2=2*ws/fs;

[n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs); used to find the order of the filter 'n' and cutoff freq wn
 used to find the transfer fn
coefficients a and b

[b,a]=butter(n,wn);

wn=(w1*w2);

wn=0:0.01:pi;

[h,o]=freqz(b,a,wn);

m=20*log10(abs(h));

an=angle(h);

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(o/pi,m);

xlabel('gain in db');

ylabel('normalised frequency');

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(o/pi,an);

xlabel('normalised freqz');

ylabel('phase in radians');

AT RUNTIME:

enter the passband ripple:.4

enter the stop band ripple30

enter the pass band frequency400

enter the stop band frequency800

enter the sampling frequency2000

% FFT sequence

clc;

clear all;

close all;

a=input('enter the input sequence');

N=length(a);

for k=1:N

z(k)=0;

for n=1:N

z(k)=z(k)+[a(n)*exp(-j)*2*pi*(k-1)*(n-1)/n];

end;

c=abs(z);

d=angle(z);

l1=0:length(a)-1;

subplot(2,2,1);

stem(l1,a);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amp');

title('the input sequence');

l2=0:length(z)-1;

subplot(2,2,2);

stem(l2,z);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amp');

title('the fft of sequences');

l3=0:length(c)-1;

subplot(2,2,3);

stem(l3,c);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amp');

title('the magnitude sequence');

l4=0:length(d)-1;
subplot(2,2,4);

stem(l4,d);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('amp');

title('the phase angle sequence');

end;

AT RUNTIME:

Enter the sequence: [1 2 3 4 5]

% FIR LPF USING WINDOWS

clc;

clear all;

wc=.5*pi;

N=25;

alpha=(N-1)/2;

eps=.001;

n=0:1:N-1;

hd=sin(wc*(n-alpha+eps))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));

wr=boxcar(N); % rectangular window sequence

hn=hd.*wr';%filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-r');

hold on

wh=hamming(N); % rectangular window

hn=hd.*wh'; %filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-k');

hold on

wb=blackman(N);

hn=hd.*wb'; %filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-g');

xlabel('Normalised frequency');

ylabel('Magnitude');

title('LPF design using various windows')

hold off;

% FIR HPF USING WINDOWS

clc;

clear all;

wc=.5*pi;% cutoff frequency

N=25;

alpha=(N-1)/2;

eps=.001;

n=0:1:N-1;

hd=(sin(pi*(n-alpha+eps))-sin(wc*(n-alpha)))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));

wr=boxcar(N); % rectangular window sequence

hn=hd.*wr';%filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-r');
hold on

wh=hamming(N); % rectangular window sequence

hn=hd.*wh'; %filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-k');

hold on

wb=blackman(N); % rectangular window sequence

hn=hd.*wb'; %filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-g');

xlabel('Normalised frequency');

ylabel('Magnitude');

title('HPF design using various windows')

hold off;

% FIR BPF USING WINDOWS

clc;

clear all;

wc1=.25*pi;wc2=.75*pi;% cutoff frequency

N=25;

alpha=(N-1)/2;

eps=.001;

n=0:1:N-1;

hd=(sin(wc2*(n-alpha+eps))-sin(wc1*(n-alpha)))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));

wr=boxcar(N); % rectangular window sequence

hn=hd.*wr';%filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-r');

hold on

wh=hamming(N); % rectangular window sequence

hn=hd.*wh'; %filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-k');

hold on

wb=blackman(N); % rectangular window sequence

hn=hd.*wb'; %filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-g');

xlabel('Normalised frequency');

ylabel('Magnitude');

title('BPF design using various windows')

hold off;

% FIR Band reject Filter USING WINDOWS

clc;

clear all;

wc1=.25*pi;wc2=.75*pi;% cutoff frequency

N=25;
alpha=(N-1)/2;

eps=.001;

n=0:1:N-1;

hd=(sin(wc1*(n-alpha+eps))-sin(wc2*(n-alpha))+sin(pi*(n-alpha+eps)))./(pi*(n-alpha+eps));

wr=boxcar(N);%rectangular window sequence

hn=hd.*wr';%filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-r');

hold on

wh=hamming(N);%rectangular window sequence

hn=hd.*wh';%filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-k');

hold on

wb=blackman(N);

hn=hd.*wb'; %filter coefficients

w=0:.01:pi;

h=freqz(hn,1,w);

plot(w/pi,abs(h),'-g');

xlabel('Normalised frequency'); ylabel('Magnitude');

title('BRF design using various windows')

hold off;