1. In an unearthed network with a single-phase to earth fault, the faulty phase voltage drops to 0 while the healthy phase voltages rise and take on the line voltages.
2. The earth fault current flows in the opposite direction of the charging currents in the healthy phases.
3. I0 measurements in an unearthed network include only the charging currents in healthy feeders, not the earth fault current. The direction of I0 is used for directional earth fault protection.
1. In an unearthed network with a single-phase to earth fault, the faulty phase voltage drops to 0 while the healthy phase voltages rise and take on the line voltages.
2. The earth fault current flows in the opposite direction of the charging currents in the healthy phases.
3. I0 measurements in an unearthed network include only the charging currents in healthy feeders, not the earth fault current. The direction of I0 is used for directional earth fault protection.
1. In an unearthed network with a single-phase to earth fault, the faulty phase voltage drops to 0 while the healthy phase voltages rise and take on the line voltages.
2. The earth fault current flows in the opposite direction of the charging currents in the healthy phases.
3. I0 measurements in an unearthed network include only the charging currents in healthy feeders, not the earth fault current. The direction of I0 is used for directional earth fault protection.
1. In an unearthed network with a single-phase to earth fault, the faulty phase voltage drops to 0 while the healthy phase voltages rise and take on the line voltages.
2. The earth fault current flows in the opposite direction of the charging currents in the healthy phases.
3. I0 measurements in an unearthed network include only the charging currents in healthy feeders, not the earth fault current. The direction of I0 is used for directional earth fault protection.
• Phase-to-ground voltages form a symmetrical system and their sum equal to zero at every time instance • Capacitive charging currents (IcA, IcB, IcC) flow through the phase-to-earth capacitances and form a symmetrical system • I0 measurement in feeder #1 (ΣI01) measures the sum of the charging currents of that feeder, which equals to zero • I0 measurement in feeder #2 (ΣI02) measures the sum of the charging currents of that feeder, which equals to zero Slide 2 Single phase to earth fault in unearthed network Single-phase to earth fault in phase C
Equivalent circuit Positive current direction
Busbar UA IcA ~ A UB IcB ~ B UC
+U0 ~ C Ief C0
• In healty phases charging current flows towars the busbar
• In faulty phase the earth fault current (sum of charging currents of the healty phases) flows towards the fault location • Positive current direction is selected to be from busbar to feeders Slide 3 Single phase to earth fault in unearthed network Single-phase to earth fault in phase C - What happens to voltages?
UA UA
UCA UAB UA = -UCA UAB
+U0
UC UB UB UBC UC UB = UBC Voltage phasors before the fault Voltage phasors after the fault
• Faulty phase voltage UC = 0
• Healty phase voltages equal the line voltages • Note the direction of the voltage +U0 Slide 4 Single phase to earth fault in unearthed network Single-phase to earth fault in phase C - What happens to currents ?
IcA + IcB This phasor is measured
in healty phases UA IcB IcB UA = -UCA
IcA IcA +U0
UC UB UB = UBC IcC
Charge current phasors before the fault Charge current phasors after the fault
• Charging current leads corresponding phase voltage by 90o
• The direction of the earth fault current is opposite to that of the charging current in healty phases: Ief vs. (IcA + IcB) = 1800 (see figure in slide 2 !) Ief
This phasor is the earth
fault current Slide 5 Single phase to earth fault in unearthed network Single-phase to earth fault in phase C - What happens to currents ? • By turning the +U0-phasor in order to have it pointing upwards, the previous figure can be drawn as:
+U0 UA = -UCA UB = UBC
IcB
IcA + IcB Ief
Direction of Direction of currents in currents in healty feeders IcA faulty feeder
-U0
• NOTE that in REF the characteristics for directional earth fault protection are drawn using -U0 Slide 6 Single phase to earth fault in unearthed network Single-phase to earth fault in phase C - What happens to currents ? • By turning the phasors so that -U0-phasor is pointing upwards, the previous figure can be drawn as:
-U0
IcA
Ief IcA + IcB
Direction of Direction of currents in IcB currents in faulty feeder healty feeders
UB = UBC UA = -UCA +U0
• In REF the characteristics for directional earth fault protection are drawn using -U0 Slide 7 Earth fault in unearthed network Assumptions: A B C ΣI01 - U0 1. Equal feeder lengths 2. Resistive leakage R0 losses neglected 3. Rf = 0 ohm 4. Positive current direction is ΣI01 from bus to feeders C0 R0
U0 ΣI02 - U0
ΣI02 Ief
• ΣI02 ≠ Ief • I0 measurement in healty feeder (ΣI01) includes only charging currents (healty phases) of that feeder • I0 measurement in faulty feeder (ΣI02) includes charging currents of the galvanically connected background network, but not the charging currents of it’s own (these flow in both directions through the measurement point and cancel each other) • Directional EF-protection is based on the angle of measured I0 versus U0 (-U0 in REF) Slide 8 Earth fault in unearthed network
Equivalent circuit
Ief Up ~ Rf U0 = I ef = Up 3 ⋅ ω ⋅ C0 1 + (3 ⋅ ω ⋅ C0 ⋅ R f ) 2 U0 3·C0
• U0 is the voltage drop which is created when Ief flows through the phase-to-earth capacitances • Rf is NOT included in these!!! See equivalent circuit!!! Slide 9 Earth fault in 100% compensated network Assumptions: A B C ΣI01 - U0 1. Equal feeder lengths 2. Resistive leakage R0 losses neglected 3. Rf = 0 ohm 4. Positive current direction is ΣI01 from busbar to feeders C0 R0
ΣI02 - U0
L RL U0 ΣI02
Ief
• Earth-fault current is cancelled by feeding an equal inductive current with a compensation coil • I0 measurement in healty feeder (ΣI01) includes only charging currents (healty phases) of that feeder • I0 measurement in faulty feeder (ΣI02) includes now both the resistive current created by the additonal resistor and it’s own charging currents • Directional EF-protection is based on the angle of measured I0 versus U0 (-U0 in REF) Slide 10 Earth fault in compensated network
Equivalent circuit
Ief Rf
IRL IR0 IL IC I ef U0 U0 = Up ~ RL R0 ω⋅L ω⋅ ω ⋅C0 3·ω 1 2
+ 3 ⋅ ω ⋅ C 0 − 1 2
0 R ω ⋅ L
• U0 is the voltage drop which is created when Ief flows through the impedance of the parallel connection of phase-to-earth capacitances, reactor L, additional resistor RL and leakage resistance R0 of the lines • Rf is NOT included in these!!! See equivalent circuit!!! Slide 11 Earth fault in 50% under-compensated network Assumptions: A B C ΣI01 - U0 1. Equal feeder lengths 2. Resistive leakage R0 losses neglected 3. Rf = 0 ohm 4. Positive current direction is ΣI01 from busbar to feeders C0 R0
ΣI02 - U0
L RL U0 ΣI02
Ief
• 50% of the earth-fault current is cancelled by feeding an inductive current with a compensation coil • I0 measurement in healty feeder (ΣI01) includes only charging currents (healty phases) of that feeder • I0 measurement in faulty feeder (ΣI02) includes now only the resistive current created by the additonal resistor (background network’s and feeders charging current flow in opposite directions in the measurement point and cancel each other) • Directional EF-protection is based on the angle of measured I0 versus U0 (-U0 in REF) Slide 12 Earth fault in 150% over-compensated network Assumptions: A B C ΣI01 - U0 1. Equal feeder lengths 2. Resistive leakage R0 losses neglected 3. Rf = 0 ohm 4. Positive current direction is ΣI01 from busbar to feeders C0 R0
ΣI02 - U0
L RL U0 ΣI02
Ief
• 150% of the earth-fault current is cancelled by feeding an inductive current with a compensation coil • I0 measurement in healty feeder (ΣI01) includes only charging currents (healty phases) of that feeder • I0 measurement in faulty feeder (ΣI02) includes now both the resistive current created by the additonal resistor, it’s own charging currents and the overrest of the inductive current • Directional EF-protection is based on the angle of measured I0 versus U0 (-U0 in REF) Slide 13 Earth fault in high resistance earthed network Assumptions: 1. Equal feeder lengths A B C ΣI01 - U0 2. Resistive leakage R0 losses neglected 3. Rf = 0 ohm 4. Positive current direction is from busbar to feeders ΣI01 5. IRe = Ictot C0 R0
ΣI02 - U0 ΣI02
Re U0
Ief
• Earth-fault current includes a resistive part defined by the size of Re (≤ 1/(3 ·ω·C0tot)) • I0 measurement in healty feeder (ΣI01) includes only charging currents (healty phases) of that feeder • I0 measurement in faulty feeder (ΣI02) includes now both the resistive current created by the earthing resistor and capacitive charging current of the galvanically connected background network • Directional EF-protection is based on angle of measured I0 versus U0 (-U0 in REF) Slide 14 Earth fault in high resistance earthed network
Equivalent circuit
Rf Ief IRe IC I ef U0 U0 = Up ~ Re ω ⋅C0 3·ω 1 2
+ (3 ⋅ ω ⋅ C 0 )2 Re
• U0 is the voltage drop which is created when Ief flows through the impedance of the parallel connection of phase-to-earth capacitances and earthing resistor Re • Rf is NOT included in these!!! See equivalent circuit!!!
