26 Biomolecules

Classification of Carbohydrates

↓ ↓
Sugar Nonsugar
• Crystalline, water soluble, • Amorphous, water insoluble,
sweet in taste. tastless.
• Also known as polysaccharide
• It hydrolyzed to many
monosaccharide molecules.
• They have complex structure.
e.g. starch, cellulose, glycogens,
dextrin etc.
↓ ↓
Monosaccharide Oligosaccharide
• Simple carbohydrates. It hydrolyzes to 2 to 4
• Do not hydrolyze monosaccharide molecules in
• Common formula (CH2O)n presence of H+/enzyme.
where n = 2–10
• eg. glucose, fructose [In both n = 6.]

↓ ↓ ↓
• Monosaccharide Disaccharide Trisaccharide Tetrasaccharide
molecules obtained on 2 3 4
hydrolysis
• Common → CnH2n–2On–1 CnH2n–4On–2 CnH2n–6On–3
formula where n = 10–12
• eg. → Sucrose, maltose, Raffinose (melitriose) Stachyose
lectose, cellobiose C18H32O16
[All have C12H22O11 formula]
• Nomenclature of Carbohydrates
Generally the compounds of carbohydrate class contain ‘ose’ suffix in their names. e.g.,
glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, stachyose.
Monosaccharides are classified according to number of carbon atoms and functional group.
Different types of monosaccharides
No. of carban Common Aldehyde Keton
atoms name group group
3 triose aldotriose ketotriose
4 tetrose aldotetrose ketotetrose
5 pentose aldopentose ketopentose
6 hexose aldohexose ketohexose
(eg. glucose) (eg. fructose)
7 heptose aldoheptose ketoheptose

656
 Six membered [5 “C” atoms and 1 “O” atom] and five membered [4 “C” atoms and 1 “O” atom]
cyclic compounds are mentioned by word pyranose and furanose respectively.
Example : Glucose : glucopyranose
Fructose : Fructofuranose
HC CH CH2 O
• Structure : HC CH HC CH
O CH CH
Furan Pyran

1. Which biomolecule fulfills basic requirements of human life like foods, clothes and abode ?
(A) Enzyme (B) Vitamin (C) Carbohydrate (D) Protein
2. Which compound is not known as hydrate of carbon ?
P : starch Q : cellobiose R : melitriose S : rhamnose
(A) Only R (B) P and S (C) Q and R (D) Only S
3. Carboydrate, which does not hydrolyze is
(A) CnH2n–4On–2 (B) (CH2O)n (C) CnH2n–2On–1 (D) CnH2n–6On–3

H or
+

4. Stachyose + water enzyme x ‘monosaccharide molecules’. x = ......

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) numberous

5. In a cyclic structure of fructose there are four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom present in
cyclic form, so what is called for it ?
(A) fructopyranose (B) fructotetrose (C) fructofuranose (D) fructooxose
6. What is the ratio of σ and π in pyranose structure ?
(A) 6 : 1 (B) 5 : 2 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 8 : 3
7. What element is x in a structure of furan ?

x
(A) N (B) S (C) P (D) O
8. Which carbohydrate is different from others ?
(A) cellobiose (B) cellulose (C) glycogen (D) dextrin
Answers : 1. (C), 2. (D), 3. (B), 4. (B), 5. (C), 6. (A), 7. (D), 8. (A)
• Monosaccharide
• Glucose (grapesugar) :
• Source : Ripe fruits, honey, grapes (20–25 % glucose)
• Preparation :

(i) C12H22O11 + H2O }}}}m

dil.HCl
or C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

source (sugar) dil.H2SO4 glucose fructose

(cane sugar) hydrolysis
+ excess alcohol
↓
Glucose is separated by filtration ← Insoluble glucose

657
 (ii) Industrial procedure :

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O }}}}}

393 K m nC H
dil.H SO2 4
6 12
O6

starch 2-3 bar pressure glucose

hydrolysis
• Structure of glucose
• Open chain structure of glucose :

• Empirical formula : CH2O, molecular formula : C6H12O6

Structure of glucose based on chemical properties
HI
CH3–(CH2)4–CH3 six carbon atoms of
reduction n-hexane glucose are linked in
linear chain

}}}}
HCNm
hydrogen HOCH2– (CHOH)4 – CH – CN
cyanide |
OH
glucose cyanohydrin Carbonyl group is
present in glucose
→ ( C=O )

addition reactions }}}}}

NH OH
m
2 HOCH2–(CHOH)4–CH = NOH
hydroxyl glucosemonoxime
amine
C6H12O6 }}}}}}}
C H NHNH
6
m5 2 glucosephenyl hydrazone
glucose phenyl hydrazine

}}}}}m
Br water
2 HOCH2 – (CHOH)4 – COOH
gluconic acid (–CHO) aldehyde
→ group is present in

}}}}m
Tollen’s
reagent Ag(s) glucose

}}}}}}
oxidation m
reactions sliver mirror

}}}}}
reagent m
Fehling’s
Cu2O
red ppts
Strong at one end –CHO group
oxi. agent HOOC–(CHOH)4–COOH and at other end –CH2OH
}}}}}}m
Conc. HNO saccharic acid
3
→ group is present in glucose
[O] (Number of carbon equal to glucose) OHC–C–C–C–C–CH2OH
chain is present.

}}}}}}
anhy. ZnCl m
(CH CO) O
3 2
2
glucose pentaacetate 5–OH groups are present

658
• From above chemical properties linear structure of glucose

CHO
|
CHOH
|
CHOH or CHO
| |
CHOH (CHOH) 4
| |
CHOH CH 2OH
|
CH 2OH

9. What happens when sucrose is reacted with dilute H2SO4 ?

(A) dehydration (B) reduction (C) oxidation (D) hydrolysis
10. What empirical formula mass is obtained in gram unit on analysis of glucose ?
(A) 30 (B) 60 (C) 90 (D) 180
11. With which reagent, presence of six carbon containing long chain is determined in glucose by
reduction reaction ?
(A) HCN (B) HI (C) Br2 water (D) HNO 3
12. Glucose + HCN → cyanohydrin. This reaction shows presence of which group in glucose ?
(A) >C = O (B) –CHO (C) –OH (D) –COOH
13. By which reagent/reagents glucose can be identified ?
P : CHCl3 + alco. KOH Q : [Ag(NH3)2]+ R : Cu2+ + OH–
(A) Only Q (B) Only R (C) P and Q (D) Q and R
14. In which of the following, glucose is not classified ?
(A) carbohydrate (B) hexose
(C) aldose (D) oligosaccharide

15. Glucose }}}}}}

conc. HNO m
[O]
3
“Z” product. What is molecular formula of “Z” ?

(A) C6H12O7 (B) C6H10O8 (C) C6H12O8 (D) C6H10O6

Answers : 9. (D), 10. (A), 11. (B), 12. (A), 13. (D), 14. (D), 15. (B)

• Configuration of glucose
An arrangement of atoms or groups of molecule in space is called the configuration of that compound
Scientist Emil Fischer determined the configuration of glucose after studying many reactions.
 C HO C HO
H OH HO H
HO H H OH
H OH HO H

H OH HO H
CH2OH CH2OH
D-(+) Glucose L-(–) Glucose
659
 The value of rotation of plane polarized light shown by optically active organic compound is measured
by polarimeter instrument.
Enantiomers : (i) D and L objects
(ii) d or (+) or dextrorotatory and l or (–) or levorotatory substances
There is no direct relation of D and L with d or l.
• Formala of specific rotation,
T α
[α] = →
λ l×C
where, (α) = specific rotation l = length of tube (in decimeter)
λ = wavelength of the incident light (10 cm = 1 dm)
(D symbol is used for wavelength of C = concentration of compound
sodium light) (gram ml–1)
α = observed angle of rotation (by polarimeter) T = Temperature (K)
16. What indicates, symbol D in carbohydrate ?
(A) dextrorotatory (B) process of synthesis (C) configuration (D) dimagnetic nature
17. If optically active organic substance shows anticlockwise rotation of plane polarized light then
what is that substance ?
(A) levorotatory (B) dextro rotatory (C) +ve (D) dextro

18. C H 2 O H Which is configuration of fructose ?

|
C = O
|
HO – C – H
|
H – C – OH
|
H – C – OH
|
C H 2O H

(A) d (B) L (C) D (D) l

19. Fructose has a specific rotation of (–92.4o). An aqueous solution of a fructose has an
observed angle of rotation of (–27.7o) when placed in a polarimeter tube 10 cm long. How
much amount of fructose is dissolved in 100 ml of aqueous solution ?
(A) 0.299 gm.ml–1 (B) 3.33 gm.ml–1 (C) 2.99 gm.ml–1 (D) 33.3 gm.ml–1
20. The observed angle of rotation of 15 g maltose containing 100 ml of aqueous solution in a
polarimeter tube of 20 cm length is 40.8°. What is the specific rotation of this solution of
maltose ?
(A) + 122.4o (B) + 13.6o (C) + 12.24o (D) + 136o
21. Specific rotation value of 0.33 gm.ml –1 aqueous solution is known
(–92.4o) by polarimeter. If polarimeter tube used in the measurement has length of 10 cm
then what is the observed value for rotation ?
(A) –304.9o (B) –30.49o (C) –3.049o (D) –0.3049o
Answers : 16. (C), 17. (A), 18. (C), 19. (A), 20. (D), 21. (B)

660
• Cyclic structure of glucose

• Does not give violet colour k}}}}}}}

schiff’s reagent glucose }}}}}
NaHSO
m 3
no addition reaction.
• Glucose shows mutarotation.
• Open chain structure of glucose cannot be explained by all these reactions.
• Fischer, Tollens, Tanret, Haworth and Hirst have suggested cyclic structure of glucose.

CH2OH
H OH
O
H OH H H
O H
HO H
OH H
H OH HO OH
H
CH2OH H OH

α–D–(+)–glucose α–D–(+)–glucose
(Fischer projection) (Haworth projection)

CH2OH
HO H
O
H OH H OH
O H
HO H
OH H
H OH HO H
H
CH2OH H OH

β–D–(+)–glucose β–D–(+)–glucose
(Fischer projection) (Haworth projection)

• α and β–D–(+) glucose are anomers becaue they differ in configuration at (C–1) anomeric
carbon.
• Aqueous solution of glucose shows mutarotation. Freshly prepared aqueous solution of
α–D–(+) glucose (obtained by crystallization from ehyl alcohol or glacial acetic acid), shows
specific rotation + 112o which decreases after some time to + 52.5o, while freshly prepared
aqueous solution of β–D – (+) glucose (obtained by crystallization from pyridine) shows specific
rotation + 19o which decreases after some time to + 52.5o. This observation shows that, in a
molecule of glucose free –CHO group is not present.

H–C=O
H OH HO H
H OH
H OH H OH
O HO H O
HO H HO H
H OH
H OH H OH
H H OH
H
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

α–D–(+)–glucose β–D–(+)–glucose
(36 %) (64 %)

661
 • It can be easily understood by haworth projection also

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

O C OH O
H H H H OH
H H H
* C CHO *
OH H OH H OH H
HO OH HO HO H
C C
H OH H OH H OH
α–D–(+)–glucose β–D–(+) glucose
• Fructose
• White crystalline, water soluble, partially soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether.
• Levorotatary
• Sweetness is higher compared to all other sugars
• Molecular formula is C6H12O6, kethohexose
• C2 is anomeric carbon
• Shows mutarotation property.

CH 2OH HOH2C O CH2OH

CH 2OH HOH2C OH
| |
CO C=O HO H
O
| | H H HO OH
H OH
(CHOH)3 HO – C – H
| | H
CH 2OH H – C – OH OH H
| CH2OH
H – C – OH
|
CH 2OH
Fructose D–(–) Fructose α–D–(–) α–D–(–)
(Open chain (Configuration of Fructose Fructose
structure) gructose) (Fischer projection) (Haworth projection)
22. Which of the following statement is wrong for glucose ?
(A) It shows mutarotation property.
(B) It does not give addition product with HSO3–.
(C) α–D–(+) and β–D–(+) glucose are epimers.
(D) It does not give violet colour with Schiff’s reagent.
23. Which is true for structure (i) and (ii) ?

CH2OH CH2OH
O O
H H H OH
H H
OH H OH H
HO OH HO H

H OH H OH
(i) (ii)
(A) (i) is β–D–(+) glucose and (ii) is α–D–(+) glucose.
(B) They are anomers of glucose
(C) They are enantiomers of glucose
(D) It is a mixture of D and L glucose
662
24. Freshly prepared aqueous solution of glucose obtained by crystallization from pyridine shows
spectific rotation ......
(A) + 112o (B) + 52.5o (C) + 19o (D) – 52.5o
25. What is the proportion of α–D–(+) glucose and β–D–(+) glucose respectively in the solution
of glucose having specific rotation value with +52.5° ?
(A) 64 %, 36 % (B) 36 %, 64 % (C) 50 %, 50 % (D) 60 %, 40 %
26. How many numbers of chiral carbon is there in β–D–(+) glucose ?
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 2
27. Which of the following characteristics is/are shown by fructose ?
P : amorphous substance Q : levorotatory
R : mutarotation S : soluble in alcohol
(A) only R (B) P and S (C) Q and R (D) P, Q, R and S

Answers : 22. (C), 23. (B), 24. (C), 25. (B), 26. (C), 27. (C)

• Disaccharides
• Hydrolysis of disaccharide by diluted acid or enzyme gives same type or two different
types of monosaccharides.

• In disaccharides, the linkage of two monosaccharides joined with each other by linkage
of oxygen atom is called glycosidic linkage.

• Disaccharides are sweet in taste, crystalline, water soluble, insoluble in alcohol. Except
sucrose, maltose and lactose are reducing sugar and shows mutarotation.

(i) Sucrose (Sugar cane) :

• Hydrolysis :

C12H22O11 + H2O }}}}m

dil acid
or CH 6 12
O6 + C6H12O6
↓ invertase glucose fructose
specific rotation
↓
of aqueous solution resulting mixture is
is + 66.5 levorotatory (–20o)
Thus, the process of change in sign of rotation of sucrose solution is called inversion. The
mixture of glucose and fructose obtained at the end of hydrolysis is called invert sugar.

• Sugar Sweetness-index

Sucrose (standard) 100

Glucose 74
Fructose 173
Lectose 16

663
 • Structure :
CH2OH
O HOH 2C
H H
H
OH H O CH2OH
HO

H OH

α–D–(+)–glucose Glycosidic β–D–(–)–fructose

linkage
(+) Sucrose Haworth Projection
• In sucrose, glycosidic linkage is formed between C1 of α–D–(+)–glucose and C2 of
β–D–(–) fructose.
• In sucrose, the reducing agent group (–OH) of glucose and fructose are involved in
glycosidic bond. So it is non-reducing sugar. Does not show mutarotation.

• Surcrose }}}}
483 K m
–H O 2
Caramel (brown amorphous food colour)

(ii) Maltose (malt sugar) :

C12H22O11 + H2O }}}}}}}m

dilute acidor
maltose C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

maltose glucose glucose

• In maltose, the glycosidic linkage (C1–O–C4) is formed between C1 of α–D–(+)–
glucose and C4 of another D−(+) glucose.

CH2OH CH2OH
O O
H H H
H H
H,OH
OH H O OH H
HO

H OH H OH

α–D–(+)–glucose D–(+)–glucose
This anomeric carbon (C1) does
(+) Maltose not have a definite configuration.
• The configuration on C1 carbon of glucose is changed. So, two anomers α (+) and β (+)
maltose is formed.

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

O O O O
H H H H H H H OH
H H H H
OH H O OH H OH H O OH H
HO OH HO H

H OH H OH H OH H OH

α–D–(+)–glucose α–D–(+)–glucose α–D–(+)–glucose β–D–(+)–glucose

α–D–(+)–Maltose β–D–(+)–Maltose
664
 (iii) Lactose (milk sugar) :

C12H22O11 + H2O }}}}m

dil.acid
or C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

lactose emulsin galactose glucose

CH2OH CH2OH
O O
HO H HO OH
H H
OH H OH H
H OH H H

H OH H OH

α–D–(+)–Galactose β–D–(+)–Galactose
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
O O O O
HO H H HO H OH
H H H H
O O
OH H OH H OH H OH H
H H OH H H H

H OH H OH H OH H OH

β–D–(+)–galactose α–D–(+)–glucose β–D–(+)–galactose β–D–(+)–glucose

α(+)–Lactose β–(+)–Lactose
• In lactose, the glycosidic linkage is formed between C1 of β–D–(+) galactose and C4 of
D–(+)–glucose.
• The configuration on C1 carbon of glucose is changed. So, two anomers α (+) and β (+) lactose
is formed.

28. Maltose }}}}}}

hydrolysism
HO 2
X+Y

Which substances are X and Y respectively ?

(A) glucose, glucose (B) glucose, galactose (C) glucose, fructose (D) fructose, galactose
29. Which of the following groups of monosaccharide forms sucrose ?
(A) α–D glucopyranose and β–D fructopyranose
(B) β–D glucopy ranose and α–D fructofuranose
(C) α–D glucopyranose and β–D fructofuranose
(D) α–D galactopyranose and α–D glucopyranose
30. Mixture which is formed on hydrolysis of sucrose is ...... .
(A) not optically active (B) levo rotatory (C) dextro rotatory (D) racemic mixture
31. Sucrose is not reducing agent because ...... .
(A) reducing groups of both monosaccharides are not free
(B) it does not reduce Fehling’s solution
(C) it does not react with phenylhydrazine
(D) two monosaccharides units are joined by C1–O–C4 linkage in it

665
32. Sucrose }}}}
483 K m
–H O2
Z product, what is Z ?

(A) food colour (B) food preservative (C) food additve substance (D) antioxidant
33. Which groups are involved in sucrose ?

1. C=O 2. –CHO 3. –OH

(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1 and 2 (C) Only 3 (D) 2 and 3

34. Which glycosidic linkage is formed between two sugar in β–(+)–maltose ?
(A) C1 of α–D–(+) glucose and C2 of α–D–(+) glucose
(B) C1 of α–D–(–) glucose and C4 of α–D–(+) glucose
(C) C1 of α–D–(+) glucose and C4 of β–D–(+) glucose
(D) C1 of α–D–(–) glucose and C2 of β–D–(+) glucose
35. Which statement is wrong for (+) lactose ?
(A) On hydrolysis of it equal proportion of D (+) glucose and D (+) galactose is formed
(B) In (+) lactose 8 – OH groups are present
(C) Two monosaccharides are joined by C1–O–C4 linkage in it
(D) (+) lactose is reducing agent, but it does not show mutarotation.
36. Which of the following has Haworth projection mentioned below ?

CH2OH
O
HO H
H
OH H
H OH

H OH

(A) α–D (+) glucose (B) β–D (+) galactose (C) α–D (+) galactose (D) β–D (+) glucose
37. Which sugar is not present in plants ?
(A) lactose (B) glucose (C) Sucrose (D) maltose
38. Which sugar is optically active and also shows mutarotation ?
(1) glucose (2) sucrose (3) maltose (4) fructose
(A) only 2 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 1, 3 and 4 (D) 2 and 4
Answers : 28. (A), 29. (C), 30. (B), 31. (A), 32. (A), 33. (C), 34. (C), 35. (C),
36. (C), 37. (A), 38. (C),

• Polysaccharides
• They are formed by many monosaccharides molecules.
• High molecular mass.
• Common formula : (C6H10O5)n
• Tasteless, amorphous, insoluble in hot water also. Cellulose is soluble in ammonical cupric
hydroxide solution.
polysaccharide }}}}}
dil.acid m disaccharide → hexose
or
enzyme or or
hydrolysis pentose
666
• Starch is polymer of α–D glucoe. It is a mixture of amylose (≅ 20%) and amylopectin (≅ 80%).
• 200 to 1000 α–D–(+) glucose units are joined by C1–O–C4 linkage in amylase.

6
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
O O O
H H H 5 H H H
H H H
4 1 4 1 4 1
O OH H O OH H O OH H O
3 2
H OH H OH H OH
C1– O – C4

linkage
Amylose
• In amylopectin α–D–(+) glucose units are joined by C1–O–C4 linkage, but some
α–D–(+) glucose units are joined by C1–O–C6 linkage and they make branches.

CH2OH CH2OH
O O
H H H H
H H
4 1 4 1
O OH H O OH H

H OH H OH
O

6
CH2OH CH2 CH2OH
O O O
H H H 5 H H H
H H H
4 1 4 1 4 1
O OH H O OH H O OH H O

H OH H OH H OH
C1–O–C4

linkage
Amylopectin
• Cellulose is polymer of β–D–(+) glucose. In cellulose β–D–(+) glucose units are joined
by C1–O–C4 linkage.

HOH2C
O
O
HOH2C
4 1
O OH
O
HOH2C
4 1 OH
O OH
O
4 1
OH OH
O
C1–O–C4
OH Cellulose linkage

667
 ˆ Importance of carbohydrates :
ˆ Cellwall of bacteria and plants is made up of cellulose.
ˆ New growing plant uses the starch which is stored in seeds as food for their growth.
ˆ The stored glycogen in animals is converted into glucose and gives energy when required.
ˆ Major component of our food materials is carbohydrates. e.g., table sugar, jaggery, wheat, rice etc.
ˆ Linen, rayon and acetate fibre are form of cellulose. They are used for making clothes.
39. Which of the following is not sugar ?
(A) glycogen (B) dextrin (C) cellulose (D) all of these

40. Starch }}}}}m

dil.acid
hydrolysis Z → Y. Which compounds are Z and Y respectively ?

(Intermediate (final
compound) product)
(A) maltose, glucose (B) sucrose, glucose (C) lectose, fructose (D) maltose, fructose
41. Which one is wrong about starch ?
(A) It is amorphous, nonsugar.
(B) It is a mixture of amylose and amylopactin.
(C) In a structure of amylose glucose units are joined in branched chain.
(D) Soluble in hot water.
42. When α-D-(+) glucose units are joined by C1–O–C4 and C1–O–C6 linkage, then gives structure of
which compound ?
(A) cellulose (B) amylopectin (C) amylose (D) cellobiose
43. Which one is most important constituents of cellwall of plants ?
(A) protein (B) nucleic acid (C) cellulose (D) starch
44 Cellulose is soluble in ...... .
(A) water (B) organic solvent
(C) ammonical cuprichydroxide solution (D) all of these
45. Cellulose is a polymer of which unit ?
(A) β–D (+) glucose (B) α−D (–) galactose (C) α–D (+) glucose (D) L–fructose
46. Which polymer is useful in a preparation of rayon ?
(A) nylon (B) cellulose (C) decron (D) glycogen
47. Which substance is stored in animal is converted into glucose and gives energy when required ?
(A) glycogen (B) sucrose (C) cellulose (D) protein
Answers : 39. (D), 40. (A), 41. (C), 42. (B), 43. (C), 44. (C), 45. (A), 46. (B), 47. (A)

• Proteins
• They are biopolymer complexes of amino acids.
• Enzymes, hormones, antibodies are all proteins.
• All proteins contain C, H, O, N elements while some may also contain non-metal like S, P and
metal elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn in trace amount.
• Protein }}}}}m
hydrolysis peptides }}}}}m
hydrolysis amino acids

(obtained by scientist Emil Fischer)

668
• Amino acids
• Building blocks of protein, in which amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH), both groups are present.
• Common structure of α–amino acid.

H
| R : open chain, cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon group, amino, carboxyl,
R – C – COOH hydroxyl or sulphur containing group.
l |
Variable NH
2
group

• Secondary amino group is present. In proline in this compound nitrogen atom of amino group is
involved in five membered ring.
Classification [according to nature of R group]
↓ ↓ ↓
Neutral Acidic Basic
amino acid amino acid amino acid
(–R is neutral) (–R is acidic) (–R is basic)
eg. glycine, alanine eg. aspartic acid, glutamic acid eg. lysine, arginine
ˆ Amino acids which can be synthesised in body are known as non-essential amino
acids and those which cannot be synthesised in the body and must be obtained through
diet are called essential amino acids.

ˆ Name and structure of 20 important amino acids :

Sr. Name of the Structure of R Three letters One letter

Neutral amino acids symbol symbol
1. Glycine –H Gly G
2. Alanine –CH 3 Ala A
*3. Valine –CH(CH3)2 Val V
*4. Leucine –CH2CH(CH3)2 Leu L

*5. Isoleucine – CHCH 2CH 3 Ile I

|
CH 3

*6. Phenylalanine –CH 2– Phe F

7. Asparagine –CH2CONH2 Asn N
8. Glutamine –CH2CH2CONH 2 Gln Q
9. Serine –CH2OH Ser S

*10. Threonine – CHOH Thr T

|
CH 3

669
 11. Cysteine –CH 2SH Cys C

*12. Methionine –CH2CH2SCH3 Met M

13. Tyrosine –CH2–C6H 4–OH(P) Tyr Y

H2 C
*14. Tryptophan Trp W
N
H

*a
COOH
HN
15. Proline Pro P

Acidic amino acids

16. Aspartic acid –CH2COOH Asp D

17. Glutamic acid –CH2CH2COOH Glu E

Basic amino acids
*18. Lysine –(CH2)4NH2 Lys K

NH
||
*19. Arginine –(CH2)3NH– C –NH2 Arg R

*20. Histidine H His H

..
H2C N
H

Note : * symbolic amino acids are essential amino acids.

a – It is not only structure of R but it is entire structure of amino acid.
• D and L forms of amino acids
• Except glycine, all amino acids contain α-carbon as chiral carbon.
COOH COOH
H NH2 H 2N H
R R
D-amino acid L-amino acid
• Most of the amino acids found in nature have L-configuration.

• Amino acid as dipolar molecule

• In amino acid molecule acidic (–COOH) and basic (–NH2) groups are present. So, they
show property like salt.

• In aqueous solution proton donated by carboxyl group is excepted by amino group. So

amino acid gives dipolar ion which is called zwitter ion.

670
• Migration under electricfield

O
+ R – CH – C
H + OH Amino acid is in
NH3 at cathode
OH acidic solution
O (positive ion)
R – CH – C
+ O
NH3 OH O Amino acid is in
R – CH – C alkaline solution at anode
H O (negative ion)
NH2

• In electric field, the PH value at which the amino acid does not migrate towards any electrode
is called the isoelectric point (PI) of amino acid.
• Amino acids react with acid or base and form salt, so they are known as amphoteric
compounds.
• A mixture of amino acids can be separated by electrophoresis and chromatographic techniques.

48. Protein is a condensation polymer of which substances ?

(A) α–hydroxy acid (B) α–amino acid (C) β–amino acid (D) β–hydroxy acid
49. What are hormones and antibodies ?
(A) Carbohydrate (B) Protein (C) Nucleic acid (D) Lipid
50. In which amino acid secondary amino group is present ?
(A) prolin (B) alanine (C) glycine (D) phenylalanine
51. Which pair is improper ?
(A) Neutral amino acid-lysine (B) Acidic amino acid-glutamic acid
(C) Basic amino acid-arginine (D) Essential amino acid-valine
52. Which one is L-alanine ?

CO2H CO2H CH 3 CO2H

(A) H 2N H (B) H NH2 (C) H2N CH2OH (D) H 2N H

CH–(CH3)2 CO 2H CH3
CH3

53. When pH = 8, then glycine will be in which form ?

(A) H2N – CH2 – COO– (B) H3N+ – CH2 – COO–

(C) H2N – CH2 – COOH (D) H3N+ – CH2 – COOH

54. Which statement is not proper ?
(A) Form of amino acid in aqueous solution is H3N+ – CH (R) – COO–
(B) For all amino acids at isoelectric point, pH value is same.
(C) Most of the amino acids are amphoteric.
(D) Amino acid can be seperated from its mixture by electrophorasis.
671
55. Which dipeptide are formed by given two amino acids ?

NH2 NH2

H 2N COOH HOOC CONH2

lysine glutamine

NH2 H NH2 H
CONH2 N CONH2
N
P. H 2N C Q. H2N C
O COOH O O

NH2 H NH2 H
N NH2 N NH2
R. H2NOC C S. H 2NOC C
O COOH O

(A) Only P (B) Q, R (C) Q, S (D) P, R

Answers : 48. (B), 49. (B), 50. (A), 51. (A), 52. (D), 53. (A), 54. (B), 55. (D)

• Peptide
• Reaction between –NH2 group of one amino acid and –COOH group of another amino acid
loses the water molecule and forms amide, which is called peptide bond or peptide linkage.
peptide bond
(1) H2N CH2COOH + H2NCH2COOH
–H2O
}}}}m
H2NCH2 CONH CH2COOH
Glycine Glycine Glycylglycine
(Gly-Gly) (dipeptide)

(2) H2NCH2COOH + H2N CH COOH + H2N CH COOH – 2H2O

| |
CH 3 CH 2

Glycine Alanine Phenylalanine

H2NCH2CONH CH CONH CH COOH
| |
CH 3 CH 2 C6H5
Glycylalnylphenylalanine
[Gly-Ala-Phe] (triptide)
• When 4 to 10 amino acids are joined by peptide bond and form a long chain then it is called
the oligopeptide.

(3) H 2N–CH–CO NH–CH–CO NH–CH–COOH

R R n R
Polypeptide or proteins
Where, R may be similar or different groups.
672
 End with free –NH2 group End of with – COOH group

Alanine Glycine Phenylalanine

Ala-Gly-Phe
• The sequence of amino acids is most important in peptide chain. eg. Three amino acids
A, B, C are joined in different sequences to form six different types of tripeptides A–B–
C, A–C–B, B–A–C, B–C–A, C–A–B, C–B–A.
Classification of protein (according to molecular shape)

↓ ↓
fibrous globular

• Polypeptide chains are arranged parallel • When the chain of polypeptide coil around to
and held together by H-bond or give spherical shape this type of protein is
disulphide bond. formed.
• Insoluble in water • Water soluble.
• eg. keratin (present in hair, wool, silk) • eg. insulin, albumin
myosin (present in muscles)
• Structure of protein
(i) Primary :
• One or more chains of polypeptides are present.
• In this, amino acids present are joined in a specific sequence.
• Two polypeptide chains are joined with each other by disulphide linkage (–S–S–) in
primary structure of insulin in human.
(ii) Secondary :
• Long chain of polypeptide is present.
• It has two types :
(a) a-helix shape :
• Polypeptide chain is coiled in helix shape. In this structure, H-bond is formed

between O atom of C = O and H atom of – NH of peptide bond.

• At every turn 3.6 amino acids are included.

(b) b–pleated sheet shape :
Adjacent two polypetide chains are joined by intermolecular H-bond, so these
protein chains are formed like zig zag shaped sheet.
673
 (iii) Tertiary :
• Three dimensional arrangement of all atoms.
• Ploypeptide long chain is folded at many points and form coil shape.
• Side chains of amino acids are joined to each other by van der waal’s attraction force,
H-bond, ionic bond and disulphide bond.
• Myoglobin protein.
(iv) Quaternary :
• Two or more polypeptide chains are present. They are joined with each other by
H-bond, ionic bond and disulphide bond. Non protein components may also be
present in them.
• Haemoglobin, which has two α and two β chains.

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

structure structure structure structure
Structures of Proteins
• Denaturation of Protein
Biological activity of protein depends upon pH, temperature and solvent composition. Little change
in all these create denaturation in protein.
• If an egg is fried or boiled in water at 373 K or above then white protein becomes denatured,
forming an insoluble mass.
• Adding conc. acid or base to a protein in aqueous solution, H-bond and different attraction
are broken down.
In certain clinical chemistry tests, to remove protein easily trichloroacetic acid is added.
• Detergent such as sodium dodecyl sulphate is associated with the non polar group of
proteins. Same way alcohol, acetone and ether denature the proteins by interference of hydrophobic inter-
actions.

56. Which one is correct form of peptide bond ?

H OH O O
| | || ||
(A) – C – N – H (B) – C – N– (C) – C – N– (D) – C – O–
|| | | |
O H H

674
57. When eight amino acids joined by peptide bond and form long chain then it is called ...... .
(A) polypeptide (B) oligopeptide (C) protein (D) tripeptide
58. In tripeptide Gly-Ala-Phe, which one is N-terminal residue ?
(A) Phe (B) Ala (C) Ala and Phe (D) Gly
59. How many tripeptides and peptide bonds are formed, when three different amino acids X, Y
and Z are joined in different sequence ?
(A) 3, 6 (B) 9, 6 (C) 6, 6 (D) 6, 12
60. Which statement/statements are true ?
(P) Insulin is hormones.
(Q) Alenine has optically active property.
(R) Albumin is water insoluble protein.
(S) In wool, polypeptide chains are joined by H-bond.
(A) P, R (B) Q, S (C) R, S (D) P, Q and S
61. By which bond α–helix structure of protein is stable ?
(A) H–bond (B) Vanderwall’s attraction (C) peptide bond (D) –S–S– bond
62. What is called, when biological activity of protein is lost by heat and chemicals ?
(A) inversion (B) denaturation (C) racemization (D) dehydration
63. Which chemical is added in sample to remove protein in clinical chemistry tests ?
SO3H

(A) COOH (B) (C) CH3COOH (D) CCl3.COOH

|
COOH
Answers : 56. (C), 57. (B), 58. (D), 59. (D), 60. (D), 61. (A), 62. (B), 63. (D)

• Enzymes
• Acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions.
• Globular protein.
• Increases the rate of reaction by 1012 times.

• Fat }}}}}m
hydrolysis carboxylic acid and alcohol. This reaction occurs rapidly in the
presence of lipase.
• In some enzymes, other component cofactor are present for their proper functioning.
• Inorganic components as cofactor :
Zn2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ metal ions.
Coenzyme + Apoenzyme → Enzyme
(Organic component (Protein) Active
as cofactor) (Inactive)
(Non-protein )
(Inactive)
675
• Mechanism :

 
E S E-S E P
Enzyme substrate Enzyme-substrate Enzyme Product
intermediate compound
• Substrate, combine with such a part of enzyme (amino acid presence in protein part) is called
active site.
• Each enzyme is specific for each specific reaction. eg.
maltase – hydrolysis of maltose
imulsin – hydrolysis of lectose
invertase – hydrolysis of sucrose
• Nomenclature of enzyme is of two types
(i) Enzyme can be named by adding the suffix ‘ase’ to the root of its substrate name.
maltose → maltase
lipid → lypase
sucrose → invertase
(ii) The type of reaction on which enzyme is affected.
eg. hydrolysis – hydrolase, oxidation – oxidase

64. Which statement/statements are applicable to enzyme ?

(1) Increase rate of biochemical process
(2) Made of amino acids
(3) Shows good activity in the range of 5 to 7 PH.
(A) only 1 (B) 1, 2, 3 (C) 1, 3 (D) 2, 3

65. Lipid }}}}}m

hydrolysis carboxylic acid + alcohal. In presence of which enzyme this reaction
occurs rapidly ?
(A) Pepsin (B) Lypase (C) Invertase (D) Imulsin
66. What is called to nonprotein part of enzyme ?
P. Apoenzyme Q. Metal ion as cofactor R. Coenzyme
(A) Q, R (B) only P (C) only R (D) P, R
67. Which ion is presence as cofactor in enzyme ?
(A) NH4+ (B) P 3+ (C) SO42– (D) Mn2+
68. Which statements regarding to enzyme is not correct ?
(A) Specific amino acids in enzymes are active site for combination of substrate.
(B) Enzymes are specific for catalysis of reaction and for combination of substrate.
(C) Enzyme increases activation energy and catalysed chemical reaction.
(D) Enzymes contain two parts coenzymes and apoenzymes.
69. In which of the following structure of protein α–amino acids are joined in specific sequence ?
(A) Primary (B) Secondary (C) Tetiary (D) Quarternary
Answers : 64. (B), 65. (B), 66. (C), 67. (D), 68. (C), 69. (A)

676
• Vitamins
• Certain organic compounds are required in small amounts in our diet. The deficiency of
these compounds causes specific diseases in our body. These organic compounds are
called vitamins.
• Human body synthezies vitamin A from carotene and it also synthezises vitamin D in
skin with the help of sunlight.
• Vitamin B complex and vitamin K are formed by microorganism in intestine.
Classification (According to solubility)

↓ ↓
Soluble Insoluble
in water and fat
↓ ↓
Water Fat eg. vitamin H
soluble soluble
eg. vitamin C eg. vitamin A, D, E, K
and vitamin B complex

No. Vitamin Source Diseases caused by

their deficiency
(1) Vitamin A Liver oil of fish, carrot, butter, Xerophthalima
(Retional) cheese and milk
(2) Vitamin B1 Yeast, milk, green vegetables Beri-Beri
(Thiamine) and cereals
(3) Vitamin B2 Milk, egg white, liver, kidney Dark-red tongue
(Riboflavin) and skin diseaes
(4) Vitamin B6 Cereals, gram, milk, yeast, Skin diseases and convulsions
(Pyridoxine) egg white
(5) Vitamin B12 Egg, fish, liver, meat Pernicious anemia
(Cyanocobalamine) (not found in plants)
(6) Vitamin C Tomato, green pepper, orange, Scurvy
(Ascorbic acid) citrus fruits and green vegetables
(7) Vitamin D Sunlight, fish, egg white Bone deformation in children
(Calciferol) and soft bones and joint pain
in adults
(8) Vitamin E Vegetable oil, green vegetables, Sterility
(α-Tocopherol) egg white, meat
(9) Vitamin K Green vegetables Haemorrhage
(Phylloquinone)
(10) Vitamin H Milk, yeast, liver Loses of hair, skin diseases,
(Biotin) paralysis
677
70. Which vitamins are formed by microorganism in intestine ?
(A) D, K (B) A, H (C) B complex, C (D) B complex, K
71. Which vitamin is insoluble in water and fat ?
(A) ratinol (B) calciferol (C) biotin (D) thiamine
72. Deficiency of which enzyme causes skin diseases ?

(P) vitamin B2 (Q) vitamin B6 (R) vitamin H

(A) Only Q (B) P, Q and R (C) only R (D) P and Q
73. Which vitamin is not obtained from plant ?
(A) phylloquinone (B) ascorbic acid (C) α-tocopherol (D) cyanocobalamine
74. Which of the following is water soluble and antioxidant vitamin ?
(A) E (B) C (C) K (D) D

75. Which one is same source for vitamin B6, D and E ?

1. egg white 2. tomato 3. sunlight
(A) only 1 (B) 1, 3 (C) 1, 2, 3 (D) 1, 2

Answers : 70. (D), 71. (C), 72. (B), 73. (D), 74. (B), 75. (A)

• Nucleic acid
• Chromosomes which are present in nucleus of living cell are responsible for heredity.
They are made up of protein and nucleic acid.
Types of Nucleic acid

↓ ↓
Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid
(DNA) (RNA)

• Nucleic acid is known as polynucleotide.

• Nucleic acid }}}}}m

complete
hydrolysis pentose sugar + N containing + phosphoric acid
heterocyclic
(DNA and RNA)
compounds
• Structure
(i) Pentose sugar
In RNA In DNA

O HOH 2C O OH
HOH 2C OH

H H H H H H H H

OH OH OH H
b–(D)–Ribose b–(D)–2–deoxyribose

678
(ii) Heterocyclic base :

4 6
5 5 N
3N 1N
2 2
N 6 N 4 N
1 13 H

Pyrimidine Purine
↓ ↓
Derivatives :
cytosine (C) adenine (A)
thymine (T) guanine (G)
Uracil (U)
® In DNA A, G, C, T base are present.
® In RNA A, G, C, U base are present.

(iii) Phosphoric acid : In nucleic acid, sugars are joined together by phosphate ion (PO43–)
of phosphoric acid.

O= P O → attached with C3 of one sugar

O → attached with C5 of another sugar.

Nucleoside

HOH2C O Base

H H H H

OH OH

Nucleoside

O
– O
O–P–O –H2C Base
O–
H H H H

Nucleotide
OH OH
Nucleotide

679
• Linkage of two nucleotides

O O
– BASE – 5 BASE
O –P–O CH2 O –P–O CH2 O
O– SUGAR O– SUGAR

3
OH
O
+ –
O –P–O
O
O
– BASE BASE
O –P–O CH2 5 CH2 O
O– SUGAR SUGAR

3
OH OH

Base Base Base

Sugar Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Sugar

n

Nucleic acid (Simple structure)

• Double helix structure for DNA from X-ray diffraction studies was proposed by J. D. Watson
and H.C. Crick.

D G C D
P P
D G C D
P
P
D G C D
P

D G C D

D
Based pair
D A T
sugar P
P

Phosphate D
G
C
D

P
Adenine - Thymine
P D (A) (T)
D T A
P
D
Guanine - Cytosine
(G) (C)
2 H-bond P

D A T D
3 H-bond D
P
G C D
P
P
D T A D
P P
D C G D

P
P

D A T D

680
• Biological importance of nuclic acid
DNA :
• DNA is responsible chemical for heredity.
• It reserves the genetic information.
• It maintains the identity of different species of organisms over million of years.
• During cell division it duplicates and identical DNA strands are transferred to new cell.
• Proteins are synthesised by various RNA molecule in the cell but the message for
synthesis of a specific protein is present in DNA.

76. Which chemical is responsible for heredity ?

(A) hormones (B) DNA (C) protein (D) RNA
77. Nucleic acid is a polymer of which substance ?
(A) α-amino acid (B) nucloetide (C) nucleoside (D) glucose
78. What is obtained on hydrolysis of nucleoside ?
(P) pentose sugar
(Q) nitrogen containing heterocyclic base
(R) phosphoric acid
(A) only P (B) P, Q, and R (C) P and R (D) Q and R
79. Which pyrimidine bases are present in RNA ?
(A) cytosine, thymine (B) cytosine, guanine (C) cytosine, uracil (D) cytosine, adenine

80. H
N
N O CH3

N N H N

N N
O
X Y

What are X and Y components respectively present in DNA ?

(A) Thymine, Adenine (B) Cytosine, Guanine (C) Guanine, Cytosine (D) Adenine, Thymine
81. What is the function of DNA in living orgnism ?
(A) It reserves the genetic information.
(B) It maintains the identity of different species of organism over millions of years.
(C) It gives the message for the synthesis of specific protein.
(D) All of these.
82. In a one chain of DNA, sequence of base is TACGAACT, then what will be the sequence
of base present in its corresponding chain ?
(A) CTGCTTGA (B) ATGCTTGA (C) ATGCTCGT (D) ATGCGTGA
681
83. RNA is different than DNA because in RNA ...... is present.
(A) deoxyribose sugar and uracil (B) ribose sugar and thyamine
(C) deoxyribose sugar and adenine (D) ribose sugar and uracil
84. By what are nucleosides joined in every chain of nucleic acid ?
(A) peptide linkage (B) phosphate group
(C) glycosidic linkage (D) H-bond
85. Which statement regarding ribose sugar is not true ?
(A) It is polyhydroxy compound.
(B) There are six carbons in it.
(C) It is optically active.

(D) –OH group is present on C2, which differentiate it from deoxyribose sugar.
86. Which of the following statement is not true ?
(A) Cyclic structure of glucose is made of five members so it is called glucose pyranose.
(B) Starch is amorphous and tasteless.
(C) Molecular formula of lactic acid follows comman formula of carbohydrates.
(D) Stachyose is oligosaccharide.
87. Which of the following is sweetest and levorotatory respectively ?
(A) Sucrose, D-fructose (B) D–fructose, Invert sugar
(C) D–fructose, D–fructose (D) D–glucose, D–fructose
88. Which functional groups are present in typical carbohydrate ?

(P) C = O and –OH (Q) –OH and –CHO

(R) –OH (S) –OH and –COOH

(A) Only (Q) (B) Only (P) (C) (P), (S) (D) Only (S)
89. Glucose and fructose are ...... .
(A) functional group isomers (B) anomers
(C) enantiomers (D) geometrical isomers
90. Specific rotation of α and β form of one monosaccharide is + 29o and – 17o respectively.
Specific rotation of equilibrium mixture by dissolving one form of it in water is measured to
14°, then what proportion of α and β form is present in that mixture ?
(A) α = 50 %, β = 50 % (B) α = 60 %, β = 40 %
(C) α = 70 %, β = 30 % (D) α = 67.4 %, β = 32.6 %
91. What is obtained on complete hydrolysis of cellulose ?

682
 (A) L–fructose (B) D–ribose (C) D–glucose (D) D–galactose
92. Which are essential amino acids ?
1. Valine 2. Serine 3. Tryptophan 4. Proline 5. Leucine
(A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 1, 3, 5 (C) 2, 4, 5 (D) 1, 4, 5
93. What is correct structure of Gly-Ala-Phe ?

H H O CH3
N N
(A) H 2N N COOH (B) H 2N N COOH
O CH3 H O H

CH3 H O H O
N N
(C) H 2N N COOH (D) H 2N N COOH
O CH3 H O CH3 H

94. Which pair is not proper ?

(A) Pepsin-digestive enzyme (B) Linen-form of starch
(C) Nucleic acid-genetic substance (D) Calciferol-vitamin
95. One carbohydrate is X whose molecular mass is 180 gmole–1. One primary alcohol and 4
secondary alcoholic groups is present in it. When it is treated with acetic anhydride in
presence of pyridine then it forms petaacetate derivative. So what is molecular mass of
petaacetate derivative ?
(A) 180 (B) 390 (C) 210 (D) 348
T(True), F(False) type question :
96. (i) Rhamnose is disaccharide sugar.
(ii) In sucrose, reducing group of β–D–(–) fructose is free, so it does not reduce Fehlling’s
solution.
(iii) By acidic hydrolysis of cellulose, α–D–(+) glucose is obtained.
(iv) In Fischer’s projection of α–D–(–) fructose, –OH group at anomeric carbon (C1) is on
left side, so it is levo rotatory.
(A) T T F T (B) T F T F (C) F F F F (D) F F T T
97. (i) Alenine is neutral and non-essential amino acid.
(ii) Detergent such as sodium dodecyl sulphate associates with polar group of protein and
forms denature protein.
(iii) Polypeptide chains are held together by H-bond in silk.
(iv) In tertiary structure of myoglobin, amino acids are joined in a specific sequence.
(A) T F T F (B) T T T F (C) F T T F (D) T T F F
98. (i) Enzyme maltase affects on hydrolysis of maltose is also known as oxidase.
(ii) Particular amino acid of enzyme act as active site for substrate.
(iii) In presence of lypase enzyme, lectose hydralised into glucose and galactose.
(iv) Coenzyme is protein component, so enzyme becomes active.
(A) T F T T (B) F T F F (C) T T T F (D) F T T T

683
99. (i) α-Tocopherol, Retinol are fat soluble vitamins.
(ii) For prevention of haemorrhage Phylloquinon is necessary.
(iii) Riboflavin vitamin is obtained from egg white.
(iv) Due to deficiency of Pyridoxine skin diseases and convulsions causes.
(A) T F T T (B) T T F F (C) F T F T (D) T T T T
100. (i) Chromosomes present in nucleus of living cell are responsible for heredity.
(ii) In DNA nucletide chains are joined with each other by diester bond.
(iii) A unit formed by the attachment of base to fifth carbon of sugar is called nucleosid.
(iv) Uracil pyridine base is present in RNA.
(A) T T F F (B) T F F T (C) T F F F (D) F T T T
Column type questions :
101. Match column-I (carbohydrates) with column-II (examples) :

I II
(1) Monosaccharide (P) Cellobiose
(2) Trisaccharide (Q) Rhamnose
(3) Tetrasaccharide (R) Melitriose
(4) Polysaccharide (S) Glycogen
(T) Stachiose
(U) Fructose

(A) (1)-(U), (2)-(P),(T), (3)-(T), (4)-(S) (B) (1)-(Q),(U), (2)-(T), (3)-(R), (4)-(P)
(C) (1)-(U), (2)-(R), (3)-(T), (4)-(S) (D) (1)-(Q),(U), (2)-(R), (3)-(T), (4)-(S)
102. In column-I reaction of glucose is given. In column-II name of reaction are given. In column-III
information regarding to structure of glucose is given. Match column- I, II and III.

I II III

(i) Glucose + C6H5NHNH2 (P) reduction (S) Straight chain of 6 C atoms

(ii) Glucose + Fehling’s solution (Q) addition (T) C = O group is present

(iii) Glucose + HI (R) oxidation (U) –CH2OH group is present

(iv) Glucose + HNO3 (V) –CHO group is present

(A) (i)-(Q),(T) (ii)-(R),(V) (iii)-(P),(U) (iv)-(R),(S)

(B) (i)-(Q),(T) (ii)-(R),(V) (iii)-(P),(S) (iv)-(R),(U)
(C) (i)-(P),(T) (ii)-(R),(U) (iii)-(P),(V) (iv)-(R),(U)
(D) (i)-(Q),(U) (ii)-(R),(V) (iii)-(P),(T) (iv)-(R),(T)

684
103. Carbohydrates (given in column-I) are hydrolyzed in presence of enzymes (given in
column-II) gives organic product (given in column-III). Match properly column-I, column-II
and column-III.
I II III
(i) Surcrose (P) Imulsin (S) Glucose
(ii) Maltose (Q) Zymaze (T) Fructose
(iii) Lactose (R) Invertase (U) Ethanol
(iv) Glucose (S) Maltase (V) Galactose
(A) (i)-(R),(S) (ii)-(S),(S),(V) (iii)-(P),(S),(T) (iv)-(R),(U)
(B) (i)-(R),(S),(T) (ii)-(S),(S) (iii)-(P),(V) (iv)-(Q),(U)
(C) (i)-(R),(S),(T) (ii)-(S),(S) (iii)-(P),(S),(V) (iv)-(Q),(U)
(D) (i)-(R),(S),(T) (ii)-(P),(V) (iii)-(P),(S),(U) (iv)-(Q),(U)
104. Match column-I and column-II properly :
I II
Source/Synthesis of vitamin Vitamin
(i) Fat soluble vitamin (P) Phylloquinone
(ii) Water soluble vitamin (Q) Calciferol
(iii) Formed by micro organism in intenstine (R) α–Tocopherol
(iv) Formed by the help of sunlight in skin (S) Biotin
(v) Synthezised from carotene in human body (T) Ascorbic acid
(U) Retinol
(A) (i)-(P),(Q),(U) (ii)-(S) (iii)-(T),(P) (iv)-(S) (v)-(U)
(B) (i)-(P),(Q),(R),(U) (ii)-(T) (iii)-(R) (iv)-(P) (v)-(U)
(C) (i)-(P),(R),(U) (ii)-(S) (iii)-(P),(Q) (iv)-(Q) (v)-(U)
(D) (i)-(P),(Q),(R),(U) (ii)-(T) (iii)-(P) (iv)-(Q) (v)-(U)
105. Match column-I, II and III properly.
I II III
Vitamin Chemical name Diseases caused by deficiency
(1) B2 (P) Biotin (V) Paralysis
(2) E (Q) Pyridoxine (W)Skin diseases
(3) K (R) α-Tocopherol (X) Haemorrhage
(4) H (S) Phylloquinone (Y) Beri-Beri
(5) B6 (T) Thiamine (Z) Sterility
(U) Riboflavin
(A) (1)-(U),(W) (2)-(R),(Z) (3)-(S),(X) (4)-(P),(W) (5)-(Q),(Y)

(B) (1)-(T),(Y) (2)-(R),(Z) (3)-(S),(X) (4)-(P),(W) (5)-(Q),(V)

(C) (1)-(U),(W) (2)-(R),(Z) (3)-(S),(X) (4)-(P),(V),(W) (5)-(Q),(W)

(D) (1)-(T),(W) (2)-(R),(Z) (3)-(U),(X) (4)-(P),(V) (5)-(Q),(W)

685
106. Join column-I and II properly :
I II
(protein) (Types of bond)
(1) Insulin (primary structure) (P) Van der waal’s attraction force
(2) Myoglobin (tertiary structure) (Q) ionic bond
(3) Haemoglobin (quaternary structure) (R) –S–S–bond
(4) keratin (S) H-bond
(A) (1)-(R) (2)-(P),(Q),(R) (3)-(P),(R),(S) (4)-(R)
(B) (1)-(P),(R) (2)-(P),(R),(S) (3)-(Q),(S) (4)-(P)
(C) (1)-(R) (2)-(P),(Q),(R),(S) (3)-(P),(Q),(R) (4)-(S)
(D) (1)-(S) (2)-(P),(Q),(R),(S) (3)-(P),(Q),(R) (4)-(Q)
107. Match column-I and II properly :
I II
(i) glycosidic linkage (P) combination between two nucleotide
(ii) peptide bond (Q) insulin
(iii) disulphide linkage (R) combination between two amino acids
(iv) phosphodiester linkage (S) combination between two monosaccharids
(A) (i)-(R), (ii)-(S), (iii)-(Q), (iv)-(P) (B) (i)-(S), (ii)-(R), (iii)-(P), (iv)-(Q)
(C) (i)-(S), (ii)-(R), (iii)-(Q), (iv)-(P) (D) (i)-(R), (ii)-(S), (iii)-(P), (iv)-(Q)
ˆ In each of the following questions two statements are given. One of them is
assertion (A) and another is reason (R). Read the statements carefully and choose
the correct option according to proper instructions given below :
(A) Assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct reason (R) is proper answer of statement (A).
(B) Assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct reason (R) is not proper answer of statement (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is correct, reason (R) is wrong.
(D) Assertion (A) and reason (R) are incorrect.
108. Assertion (A) : Glucose gives red ppts by reduction of Fehling’s solution.
Reason (R) : Glucose gives CuO and glyconic acid with the reaction of Fehling’s
solution
109. Assertion (A) : On hydrolysis protein gives amino acids

Reason (R) : –NH2 and –COOH groups are present in amino acids.
110. Assertion (A) : Insulin is a globular protein.
Reason (R) : Globular proteins are water soluble.
111. Assertion (A) : Both chains in DNA are complementary.
Reason (R) : Cytosine always pairs with guanine and thymine pairs with adenine.
112. Assertion (A) : Activity of enzyme depends upon pH.
Reason (R) : Change in pH reflects solubility of enzyme in water.

686
113. Assertion (A) : All enzymes are proteins but all proteins are not enzymes.
Reason (R) : Enzymes are biocatalyst and possess a stable configuration having an
active site.
114. Assertion (A) : Hydrolysis of sucrose is known as inversion of cane sugar.
Reason (R) : Sucrose shows mutarotation.
115. Assertion (A) : Glycine is optically active
Reason (R) : α-carbon in glycine is unsymmetrical.
• Paragraph type :
α–Amino acids are the building blocks of protiens. About 20 α – amino acids have been
isolated by the hydrolysis of proteins. All these amino acids except glycine are chiral and have
L-configuration. Ten amino acids (valine, leucine, isolecucine, phenylalanine methionine, tryptophan,
threonine, lysine, arginine and histidine) which the body cannot synthesize are called essential amino
acids. The remaining ten are called non-essential amino acids. All α – amino acids exist as
zwitterions each of which has a specific isoelectric point. Above isoelectric point, α-amino acid exists
as an anion. Two, Three or many α-amino acids join together to form di-, tri-or polypeptides or
proteins respectively. Each polypeptide or protein has a free amino group at one end called the
N-terminal end and a free carboxyl group at the other end called the C-terminal end.
116. Which amino acid shows salt like character in aqueous solution ?
(A) Formic acid (B) Benzoic acid
(C) 2–Aminopropanoic acid (D) Propanoic acid
117. When pH = 4 then glycine will be in which form ?
(A) positive ion (B) negative ion
(C) positive and negative both ions (D) dimer
118. Which amino acid is C-terminal end in Tyr–His–lys–Met–Gly ?
(A) Tyr (B) Gly (C) Met (D) His

+
119. H 3N
+
Z N H3
COOH Y
X

Correct order of acid strenght for, X, Y, Z is

(A) Z < X > Y (B) X > Y > Z (C) Z > X > Y (D) X > Z > Y

Answers : 76. (B), 77. (B), 78. (C), 79. (C), 80. (D), 81. (D), 82. (B), 83. (D), 84. (B),
85. (B), 86. (A), 87. (C), 88. (A), 89. (A), 90. (D), 91. (C), 92. (B), 93. (D),
94. (B), 95. (B), 96. (C), 97. (A), 98. (B), 99. (D), 100. (C), 101. (D),
102. (B), 103. (C), 104. (D), 105. (C), 106. (C), 107. (C), 108. (C), 109. (B),
110. (A), 111. (A), 112. (B), 113. (A), 114. (C), 115. (D), 116. (C), 117. (A),
118. (B), 119. (D).

•
687