Assignment – Vector and Tensor Analysis

Problem 4: Prove that … where a and c are constants.

a. curl r  0 :

i1 i2 i3
  
curl r 
x1 x2 x3
x1 x2 x3
 x x   x x   x x 
 i1  3  2   i2  3  1   i3  1  2 
 x2 x3   x1 x3   x2 x1 
 i1  0   i2  0   i3  0 
0

b. curl r  r    0 :

i1 i2 i3
  
curl r  r   
x1 x2 x3
x1  r  x2  r  x3  r 
   x3  r     x2  r       x1  r     x3  r       x2  r     x1  r  
 i1      i2     i3   
 x x   x x   x x 
 2 3   3 1   1 2 
    '  r  x2      '  r  x3   
 i1   x3       r    0     x2       r    0   
   r     r   
    '  r  x3      '  r  x1   
i2   x1       r    0     x3       r    0   
   r     r   
    '  r  x1      '  r  x2   
i3   x2       r    0     x1       r    0   
   r     r   
    '  r  x2      '  r  x3   
 i1   x3   
  2  x   
   r     r   
    '  r  x3      '  r  x1   
i2   x1       x3    
   r     r   
    '  r  x1      '  r  x2   
i3   x2       x1    
   r     r   
 i1  0   i2  0   i3  0 
0
c. curl r  c r    c  r :

curl r  c r       x1i1  x2i2  x3i3  c1 x1  c2 x2  c3 x3  

i1 i2 i3
  

x1 x2 x3
c x
1 1
2
 c2 x1 x2  c3 x1 x3  c x x  c x
1 1 2 2 2
2
 c3 x2 x3  c x x
1 1 3  c2 x2 x3  c3 x3 2 
   c1 x1 x3  c2 x2 x3 3 32
 c x   c x x 1 1 2  c2 x2
2
 c x x 
 i1   
3 2 3

 x2 x3 
   c1 x12  c2 x1 x2  c3 x1 x3    c1 x1 x3  c2 x2 x3  c3 x3 2  
i2   
 x3 x1 
   c1 x1 x2  c2 x2 2  c3 x2 x3    c1 x12  c2 x1 x2  c3 x1 x3  
i3   
 x1 x2 
 i1  c2 x3  c3 x2   i2  c3 x1  c1 x3   i3 c1 x2  c2 x1 
 cr

d. curl c  r   2c :

curl c  r     i1  c2 x3  c3 x2   i2  c3 x1  c1 x3   i3  c1 x2  c2 x1  

i1 i2 i3
  

x1 x2 x3
 c2 x3  c3 x2   c3 x1  c1 x3   c1 x2  c2 x1 
   c x  c x    c3 x1  c1 x3      c2 x3  c3 x2    c1 x2  c2 x1      c3 x1  c1 x3    c2 x3  c3 x2  
 i1  1 2 2 1    i2     i3   
 x2 x3   x3 x1   x1 x2 
 i1  c1  (c1 )   i2  c2  (c2 )   i3  c3  (c3 ) 
 2c1i1  2c2i2  2c3i3
 2  c1i1  c2i2  c3i3 
 2c
e. curl c  a r    a  c :

curl c  a r       c1i1  c2i2  c3i3  a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3  

i1 i2 i3
  

x1 x2 x3
 a1c1 x1  a2c1 x2  a3c1 x3   a1c2 x1  a2c2 x2  a3c2 x3   a1c3 x1  a2c3 x2  a3c3 x3 
   a1c3 x1  a2 c3 x2  a3c3 x3    a1c2 x1  a2c2 x2  a3c2 x3  
i   
x2 x3
1
 
   a1c1 x1  a2 c1 x2  a3c1 x3    a1c3 x1  a2c3 x2  a3c3 x3  
i2   
 x3 x1 
   a1c2 x1  a2c2 x2  a3c2 x3    a1c1 x1  a2c1 x2  a3c1 x3  
i3   
 x1 x2 
 i1  a2 c3  a3c2   i2  a3c1  a1c3   i3  a1c2  a2c1 
 ac
f. curl  c  r   a   a  c

curl  c  r   a     r  c a   c  r a  

    x1i1  x2i2  x3i3  a1c1  a2c2  a3c3    c1i1  c2i2  c3i3  a1 x1  a2 x2  a3 x3  

  { a1c1 x1  a2c2 x1  a3c3 x1  i1   a1c1 x2  a2c2 x2  a3c3 x2  i2   a1c1 x3  a2c2 x3  a3c3 x3  i3 
  a1c1 x1  a2 c1 x2  a3c1 x3  i1   a1c2 x1  a2c2 x2  a3c2 x3  i2   a1c3 x1  a2c3 x2  a3c3 x3  i3 }
   [ a2c2 x1  a3c3 x1  a2c1 x2  a3c1 x3  i1   a1c1 x2  a3c3 x2  a1c2 x1  a3c2 x3  i2
  a1c1 x3  a2c2 x3  a1c3 x1  a2c3 x2  i3 ]
i1 i2 i3
  

x1 x2 x3
a c x
2 2 1
 a3 c3 x1  a2 c1 x2  a3 c1 x3  a c x
1 1 2
 a3 c3 x2  a1c2 x1  a3 c2 x3  a c x
1 1 3
 a2 c2 x3  a1c3 x1  a2 c3 x2 

   a1c1 x3  a2c2 x3  a1c3 x1  a2c3 x2    a1c1 x2  a3c3 x2  a1c2 x1  a3c2 x3  

 i1   
 x2 x3 
   a2c2 x1  a3c3 x1  a2c1 x2  a3c1 x3    a1c1 x3  a2c2 x3  a1c3 x1  a2c3 x2  
i2   
 x3 x1 
   a1c1 x2  a3c3 x2  a1c2 x1  a3c2 x3    a2c2 x1  a3c3 x1  a2c1 x2  a3c1 x3  
i3   
 x1 x2 
 i1  a2 c3  a3c2   i2  a3c1  a1c3   i3  a1c2  a2c1 
  i1  a2c3  a3c2   i2  a3c1  a1c3   i3  a1c2  a2c1  
  a  c
 ca
g. curl  c  r   r   3c  r

curl  c  r   r     r  c r   c  r r  

    x1i1  x2i2  x3i3  c1 x1  c2 x2  c3 x3    c1i1  c2i2  c3i3   x12  x2 2  x32  

  { c1 x12  c2 x1 x2  c3 x1 x3  i1   c1 x1 x2  c2 x2 2  c3 x2 x3  i2   c1 x1 x3  c2 x2 x3  c3 x3 2  i3 

  c1 x12  c1 x2 2  c1 x32  i1   c2 x12  c2 x2 2  c2 x32  i2   c3 x12  c3 x2 2  c3 x32  i3 }

  [i1  c2 x1 x2  c3 x1 x3  c1 x2 2  c1 x32   i2  c1 x1 x2  c3 x2 x3  c2 x12  c2 x3 2 

i3  c1 x1 x3  c2 x2 x3  c3 x12  c3 x2 2 ]

i1 i2 i3
  

x1 x2 x3
c x x
2 1 2
 c3 x1 x3  c1 x2  c1 x3
2 2
 c x x
1 1 2
 c3 x2 x3  c2 x1  c2 x3
2 2
 c x x
1 1 3
 c2 x2 x3  c3 x12  c3 x2 2 
 i1  c2 x3  2c3 x2    c3 x2  2c2 x3    i2  c3 x1  2c1 x3    c1 x3  2c3 x1  
i3  c1 x2  2c2 x1    c2 x1  2c1 x2  
 i1  3c2 x3  3c3 x2   i2  3c3 x1  3c1 x3   i3  3c1 x2  3c2 x1 
 3 i1  c2 x3  c3 x2   i2  c3 x1  c1 x3   i3  c1 x2  c2 x1  
 3c  r
Problem 8: Find the flux of the field
A  4x1 x3i1  x22i 2  x2 x3i 3
through the surface of the unit cube bounded b the planes

x1  0, x1  1, x2  0, x2  1, x3  0, x3  1

Solution:
x2
(0,1,0) (1,1,0)

(1,1,1)
(0,1,1) A

(1,0,0)
x1

(0,0,1)
(1,0,1)

x3
Let Q = Flux of the vector field A, then by definition
Q   A  ndS  Q1  Q2  Q3  Q4  Q5  Q6
S
Where Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5 and Q6 = are the fluxes through the different surfaces
Q  Q1  Q2  Q3  Q4  Q5  Q6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    A   i1   x 1 dx2 dx3     A   i1   x 0 dx2 dx3     A   i 2   x 1
dx1dx3     A   i 2   x dx1dx3
1 1 2 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
    A   i 3   x 1 dx1dx2     A   i 3   x 0 dx1dx2
3 3
0 0 0 0
Such that
1 1 1 1

   A   i1  x1 1 dx2 dx3     4 x1 x3i1  x2 i 2  x2 x3i3    i1  x1 1 dx2 dx3

2
(1) 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
    4 x1 x3   x 1 dx2 dx3    4 x3dx2 dx3
1
0 0 0 0

1 1
x2
   4 x3 1  0   dx3  4 3
0
2 0

 2 1  0   2
 1 1 1 1

   A   i 
1 x1  0
dx2 dx3     4 x1 x3i1  x22i 2  x2 x3i 3    -i1   dx2 dx3
(2) x1  0
0 0 0 0
1 1
    4 x1 x3   x 1 dx2 dx3  0
1
0 0

1 1 1 1

   A   i 
2 x2 1
dx1dx3     4 x1 x3i1  x22 i 2  x2 x3i 3    i 2   dx1dx3
(3) x2 1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
    1  x 1 dx1dx3     dx1dx3
1
0 0 0 0
1
   1  0   dx3   x3 0
1

  1  0   1

1 1 1 1

   A   i 2  x2 0 dx1dx3     4 x1 x3i1  x2 i 2  x2 x3i3    -i 2  x2 0 dx1dx3

2
(4) 0 0 0 0
1 1
    0   x 1 dx1dx3  0
1
0 0

1 1 1 1

   A   i3  x3 1 dx1dx2     4 x1 x3i1  x2 i 2  x2 x3i3    i3  x3 1 dx1dx2

2
(5) 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
    x2 x3   x 1 dx1dx2    x2 dx1dx2
1
0 0 0 0

1 2 1
x
  x2 1  0  dx2  2

0
2 0

1

2
1 1 1 1

   A   i3  x3 0 dx1dx2     4 x1 x3i1  x2 i 2  x2 x3i3    -i3  x3 0 dx1dx2

2
(6) 0 0 0 0
1 1
    0   x 1 dx1dx2  0
1
0 0

Taking the sum of Qi, we get:

Q  Q1  Q2  Q3  Q4  Q5  Q6
1
 2  0  (1)  0   0
2
3

2
Problem 9: Find the flux of the curl of the field
A   x12  x2  4  i1   3x1 x2  i 2   2 x1 x3  x32  i 3

Through the hemisphere x12  x22  x32  16 , x3 > 0.

Solution:

The flux of the curl of the field is,

Q     A   ndS
S

x3

A

x2

 L, bounding
curve

x1

Using Stokes’ Theorem, then

Q     A   ndS   A  dr
S L

The bounding curve L, is a circle, where

x1  4cos  , x2  4sin  , x3  0

And A   x12  x2  4  i1   3x1 x2  i 2   2 x1 x3  x32  i 3

 16 cos 2   4sin   4  i1   3(16 cos  sin   i 2   2(cos  )(0)  0  i 3
 16 cos 2   4sin   4  i1   48cos  sin   i 2

Also, r  4  cos   i1   sin   i 2 

dr  4   sin   i1   cos   i 2  d
Therefore,

Q      A   ndS   A  dr
S L
2

 16 cos   4sin   4  i1   48cos  sin   i 2   4   sin   i1   cos   i 2  d

2
=
0
2
 4  16 cos 2   4sin   4    sin     48cos  sin   cos   d
0
2
 4   16 cos 2  sin   4sin 2   4sin   48cos 2  sin  d
0
2
 4   16 cos 2  sin   2 1  cos 2   4sin   48cos 2  sin  d
0
2
 4   16 cos 2  sin   2  2 cos 2  4sin   48cos 2  sin  d
0
2
 cos3  cos3  
 4 16  2  sin 2  4 cos   48
 3 3  0
16 
 4  1  1  2  2  0    0  0   4 1  1  16 1  1 
3 
 16