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Differential Geometry: Example Sheet 1

1) The document provides examples relating to differential geometry. It asks the reader to construct an atlas of two charts for the three-sphere using stereographic projection and show the transition functions are smooth, proving the three-sphere is a manifold. 2) It asks why you can't have an atlas of just one chart on a circle and to provide an atlas for the circle using as few charts as possible. It then asks to use this atlas to provide one for the 2-torus. 3) It asks to show the composition of two continuous maps is also continuous.

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155 views2 pages

Differential Geometry: Example Sheet 1

1) The document provides examples relating to differential geometry. It asks the reader to construct an atlas of two charts for the three-sphere using stereographic projection and show the transition functions are smooth, proving the three-sphere is a manifold. 2) It asks why you can't have an atlas of just one chart on a circle and to provide an atlas for the circle using as few charts as possible. It then asks to use this atlas to provide one for the 2-torus. 3) It asks to show the composition of two continuous maps is also continuous.

Uploaded by

picoz92
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Geometry: Example sheet 1

1) The three-sphere, S 3 , can be embedded in R4 as the points with coordi-


nates (w, x, y, z) satisfying w2 + x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Construct an atlas of two
charts, one using stereographic projection from the ‘north pole’ (0, 0, 0, 1)
and one using stereographic projection from the ‘south pole’ (0, 0, 0, −1).
Check the transition functions are smooth and hence show the three sphere,
S 3 , is a manifold.

2) Why can’t you have an atlas of just one chart on the circle, S 1 ? Give
an atlas on S 1 (using as few charts as possible to make your life easier in
the next part). Use your atlas on S 1 to provide an atlas on the 2-torus, T 2
(recall T 2 = S 1 × S 1 ).

3) Show that if X, Y, Z are topological spaces and if there are maps f : X →


Y and g : Y → Z that are both continuous, then the composition of the
two maps g · f : X → Z defined by g · f (p) = g(f (p)) for any p ∈ X is also
continuous.

4) For maps f : R → R where R has the usual topology, show that

f (x) = sin(x)

is continuous and the step function


(
0 if x < 0
f (x) =
1 if x ≥ 0

is not continuous.

5) Show that if Y is any topological space and X is any set with the discrete
topology, then any map f : X → Y is continuous.

6) a) For a manifold with an atlas that includes two open sets Ui , Uj that
have a non-trivial intersection, Ui ∩Uj 6= 0, show that the transition functions
φij defined on Ui ∩ Uj satisfy φij · φji = 1.
b) For a manifold with an atlas that includes three open sets Ui , Uj , Uk that
have a non-trivial intersection, Ui ∩ Uj ∩ Uk 6= 0 with transition functions φij

1
in Ui ∩ Uj , φjk in Uj ∩ Uk and φik in Ui ∩ Uk , show that in Ui ∩ Uj ∩ Uk the
transition functions satisfy (φij · φjk ) · φki = 1.

Harder questions These are a little more tricky - only attempt them if you
have time and no other questions to do.

7) We construct the orbifold Rm /Z2 by taking (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ) ∈ Rm and


identifying the points (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ) ∼ (−x1 , −x2 , . . . , −xm ). Consider the
(m − 1)-sphere with radius r embedded as x21 + x22 + . . . + x2m = r2 in Rm
and its image in the orbifold after identification of points. For m > 2 it is
no longer an (m − 1)-sphere - what manifold is it? Why does this mean that
Rm /Z2 fails to be a manifold. What happens for m = 2?

8) Using your answer to question 2) above and taking complex combinations


of the two real coordinates show that T 2 can be made into a complex mani-
fold.

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