International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 3, Issue-11, Nov.

-2015

ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE AND ITS UTILITY IN THERMAL

POWER PLANT - A THEORETICAL APPROACH
PROSUN ROY

Bachelor of Technology (4th Year Student), Department Of Mechanical Engineering,

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
(Formerly West Bengal University of Technology) Techno India College of Technology,
E-mail: nashtake555@gmail.com

Abstract - Most of the thermal power plants work according to Rankin cycle with superheat, reheat and
regeneration. Thermodynamic analysis of Rankin cycle has been undertaken to enhance the efficiency and
reliability of steam power plant. However, electricity is being produced by some other sources like hydro power,
solar power, wind power, geothermal power etc. but absolute majority of electricity production throughout the
world is from steam power plant. Based on a project activity and local power plant experience some key
observation has made and is presented in this paper. A comparative study between Rankin cycle and Carnot cycle
efficiency has been analyzed. The study on coal-fired power plant analysis gives a better insight into the cycle
operation with various system components and components required for operation. Factors affecting efficiency of
Rankin cycle have been identified and analyzed for improved working of thermal power plant. Some recent
developments to enhance the efficiency of Rankin cycle have been analyzed.

Keywords - Bleed Steam, Feed-Water Heater (Fwh), Resuperheat, Regeneration, Heat Rate.
water along with steam and so it requires more power
INTRODUCTION which finally results in poor plant efficiency. These
deficiencies all are eliminated in Rankin cycle. The
A thermodynamic cycle producing net amount of work Rankin cycle uses complete condensation of steam and
as output is called power cycle. The vapor power cycle only liquid water is pumped back to boiler. Actually,
is a cycle with a working substance which Rankin cycle requires very less pumping work (back
alternatively vaporizes and condenses. Rankin cycle is work), therefore, it has practically higher efficiency
the standard thermodynamic cycle in general use for than that of Carnot vapor power cycle. Thermal
electric power generation and this cycle is a heat efficiency of Rankin cycle can be improved by
engine with a vapor power cycle. The common increasing the mean temperature of heat addition and
working fluid is water. Thermodynamically, it is true the mean temperature of heat addition can be
that no heat engine can be more efficient than a increasing by using reheat, superheat and
reversible heat engine working between two fixed regeneration. In a word, a suitable model for vapor
temperature limits. The most efficient cycle operating power cycles is the Rankin cycle.
between a source temperature H and the sink
RANKINE CYCLE & ITS FEATURES
temperature  L is the Carnot vapor power cycle and

its thermal efficiency is given by  CARNOT 1  TL Rankin cycle has less practical difficulties and it is
TH found to be more economical. For the steam boiler,
where H and L are the temperature range over this would be a reversible constant pressure heating
process of water to form steam, for the turbine the
which the working fluid operates. Now increased
ideal process would be a reversible adiabatic
temperatures cause more difficulty with the materials
expansion of steam, for the condenser it would be a
of the plant components than increased pressure.
reversible constant pressure heat rejection as the steam
Moreover, irrevsibility of Carnot cycle cannot be
condenses till it becomes saturated liquid, and for the
approximated in actual practice. Due to this, Rankin
pump, the ideal process would be the reversible
cycle, which operates between two constant pressures
adiabatic compression of this liquid ending at the
rather than two constant temperatures, is universally
initial pressure. When all these four processes are
adopted for steam power plants.
ideal, the cycle is an ideal cycle, called a Rankin cycle.
No doubt Carnot cycle is considered to be the most
efficient cycle, but for steam power plants it has
Components associated with Rankin cycle
several impracticalities associated with this cycle such
The four basic components of a vapor power plant are
as steam is not fully condensed because condensation
shown in Fig 1.Each component in the cycle is
stops in between, as a result compressor has to handle

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regarded as a control volume, operating at steady

state.
Turbine: The vapor leaving the boiler enters the
turbine, where it expands isentropic ally to the
condenser pressure at the state 2 (shown in Fig1&2).
The work produced by the turbine is rotary (shaft)
work and is used to drive an electric generator.
Condenser: The condenser is attached at the exit of
the turbine. The vapor leaving the turbine is wet vapor
and it is condensed completely in the condenser to the
state 3 (shown in Fig 1&2), by giving its latent heat to Cycle analysis
some other cooling fluid like water.
Pump: The liquid condensate leaving the condenser at For purposes of analysis the Rankin cycle is assumed
the state 3 (shown in Fig1&2) is pumped to the to be carried out in a steady flow operation. Applying
operating pressure of the boiler. The pump operation the steady flow energy equation to each of the
is considered isentropic. processes on the basis of unit mass of fluid, and
Boiler: The heat is supplied to the working fluid (feed neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, the
water) in the boiler and thus vapor is generated. The work and heat quantities can be
vapor leaving the boiler is either saturated at the state
1 or superheated at the state1’ (shown in Fig1&2),
depending upon the amount of heat supplied in the
boiler.

Fig 3: 1kg of H2O executing a heat engine cycle evaluated in

terms of the properties of the fluid.

For 1kg fluid

The S.F.E.E. for the boiler control volume) gives
h4 + Q1 = h1
So, Q1 = h1  h4
The S.F.E.E. for the turbine as the control volume
gives
h1 = WT + h2
so, WT = h1  h2
Cycle operation
The S.F.E.E. for the condenser is
The Figure 2 shows Rankine cycle on T-s coordinates h 2 = Q 2 + h3
. The liquid, vapour and wet vapour regions are also So, Q 2 = h 2  h3
indicated with the help of saturation curve.
In the Figure 2, the cycle 1-2-3-4-1 represents an ideal The S.F.E.E. for the pumps gives
Rankine cycle using saturated steam and the cycle h3 + WP = h4
1’-2’-3-4-1’ represents an ideal Rankine cycle with So, WP = h4  h3
superheated steam at the turbine entry. The Rankine
cycle consists of the following four internally A measure of the effectiveness of an energy
reversible processes :- conversion device is its thermal efficiency. By using
Process 1-2 Isentropic expansion of the working the above equation the Rankin cycle thermal
fluid in the turbine from boiler pressure to condenser efficiency in terms of cycle enthalpies is given as
pressure. Wnet
Process 2-3 Heat rejection from the working fluid
 rankine = =
Q1
at constant pressure in the condenser till the fluid
reaches the saturated liquid state 3 (shown in Fig2) WT  W P (h1  h2 )  (h4  h3 )
=
Process 3-4 isentropic compression of the working Q1 h1  h4
fluid in the pump to the boiler pressure at the state 4
The pump handles liquid water which is
(shown in Fig2) in the compressed liquid region.
incompressible, i.e. its density or specific volume
Process 4-1 heat addition of the working fluid at
undergoes little change with an increase in pressure.
constant pressure in the boiler from state 4 to 1 (shown
in Fig2)

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International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 3, Issue-11, Nov.-2015

For reversible adiabatic compression, by the use if the the pressure losses in various other components.
general property relation, Again, the pump handles liquid, which has a very
Tds = dh  vdp ; ds=0 small specific volume, and the turbine handles vapor,
and dh= vdp whose specific volume is many times larger.
since change in specific volume is negligible Therefore, the work output of the turbine is much
h = v p larger than the work input to the pump. This is one of
the reasons for the overwhelming popularity of steam
Or, h4  h3  v 3 ( p1  p 2 )
power plants in electric power generation.
Usually, the pump work is quiet small compared to the
Another practical aspect affecting the efficiency is
turbine work and is sometimes neglected.
the heat rate. It is the amount of heat supplied in Btu to
Then h4  h3 , and the cycle efficiency approximately generate 1Kwh of electricity. It is a convention still
becomes practice in USA to express the conversion efficiency of
h1  h2 a power plant. The relation between the heat rate and
 rankine  thermal efficiency can be expressed as
h1  h4
3142 Btu kWh 
One of the significant advantages of Rankin cycle is  th 
that the pump power is usually quite small compared Heat rate Btu kWh 
with turbine power. This is indicated by work-ratio, The low value of heat rate represents high thermal
WT efficiency and is of course desirable.
which is large compared with one of the
WP
Rankin cycle. As a result, the pumping power is THERMAL POWER PLANT BASED ON
neglected in approximating the Rankin cycle net RANKINE CYCLE
power output. It is assumed that the liquid at a pump
In a simple Rankin cycle, steam is used as the working
entrance is saturated liquid because the condensate
fluid, generated from saturated liquid water (feed
temperature never reaches below exit cooling water
water). This saturated steam flows through the
temperature. This is usually the case for power plant
turbine, where its internal energy is converted into
feed-eater pumps.
mechanical work to run an electricity generating
Sub-cooling would increase the heat input in the steam
system. All the energy from steam cannot be utilized
generator, and on the other hand, the introduction of
for running the generating system because of losses
steam into the pump would cause poor performance.
due to friction, viscosity, bend-on-blade etc. Most of
The properties of the pump inlet or condenser exit
the heat energy is rejected in the steam condenser. The
(state 3 Fig2) therefore, may be obtained directly
feed-water brings the condensed water back to the
from the saturated liquid curve at the (usually) known
boiler.
condenser pressure. The properties for an isentropic
The heat rejected during condensation of steam in the
pump discharge at state 4 could be obtained from a
condenser is given away by a sink. As a result of the
sub-cooled water property table at the known inlet
entropy and the throttle pressure. However, such conversion of much of its thermal energy into
tables are not widely available. The enthalpy of a mechanical energy or work, steam leaves the turbine
sub-cooled state is commonly approximately by the at a pressure and temperature well below the turbine
enthalpy of the saturated-liquid evaluated at the entrance valves. Basically the low pressure steam
temperature of the sub-cooled liquid. This usually leaving the turbine at the state 2 is first condensed to a
quite accurate because the enthalpy of a liquid is liquid at state 3 and then pressurized in a pump to state
almost independent of pressure as the Rankin cycle 4, and this high pressure liquid water is then ready for
based thermal power plant works at atmospheric its next pass through the steam generator to state 1 and
pressure. is reused around the Rankin cycle again as shown in
In accordance with the second law of thermodynamic, Fig 1 and 2.
the Rankin cycle efficiency must be less than Carnot The steam generator and the condenser both function
engine operating between the same temperature as heat exchangers. In a well-designed heat
extremes. As with the Carnot-cycle efficiency, Rankin exchanger, both hot and cold fluids flow with little
cycle efficiency improves when the average pressure loss. Therefore, ideally it can be considered
heat-addition temperature increases and the that steam generators and condensers have negligible
heat-rejection temperature decreases. The cycle pressure loss, where fluids are operating without any
efficiency may be improved by increasing turbine inlet change in pressure. Hence, the Rankin cycle is
temperature and decreasing condenser pressure (and operating between two fixed pressure levels, i.e. the
thus condenser temperature). pressure in the steam generator and pressure in the
In steam power plants, the pressure rise in the pump is condenser. A pump provides the pressure increase,
equal to the pressure drop in the turbine if we neglect and a turbine provides the controlled pressure drop

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International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 3, Issue-11, Nov.-2015

between these levels. The Rankin cycle as a system Effect of superheating

(Fig 1) converts thermal energy of the steam into Superheating of steam increases the mean temperature
mechanical energy by means of a turbine rotation, of heat addition. The effect of superheated steam on
which runs the generator to produce electrical energy. the performance of the Rankin cycle is shown in Fig 5.
The increase in superheat is shown by the line 1-1’.
EFFECT OF OPERATING VARIABLES ON The hatched area 1-1’-2’-2-1 represents an increase in
RANKINE CYCLE net work done during the cycle. The area under curve
1-1’ represents increase in the heat input. Thus, both
Steam power plants are responsible for the production the net work done and heat transfer increase as a result
of most electric power in the world, and even small of superheating the steam to higher temperature.
increase in thermal efficiency can mean large savings Therefore, superheating begets higher cycle
from the fuel requirements. Therefore, every effort is efficiency.
made to improve the efficiency of the cycle on which It is observed that the specific steam consumption
steam power plant operate. The basic idea behind all decreases as steam is superheated. Superheating of
he modifications to increase the thermal efficiency of steam to higher temperature is desirable, because the
the power cycle is the same: the average fluid moisture content of steam leaving the turbine
temperature should be as high as possible during heat decreases as indicated by the state 2’. However, the
addition and as low as possible during heat rejection. metallurgical considerations restrict the superheating
Next we discuss three ways of accomplishing this for of steam to a very high temperature.
the simple ideal Rankine cycle.
Effect of reducing condenser pressure
The steam enters the condenser as a saturated mixture
of vapor and moisture at the turbine back pressure p 2 .
If this pressure is lowered, the saturated temperature
of exhaust steam decreases, and thus, the amount of
heat rejection in the condenser also decreases. The
efficiency of the Rankin cycle increases by lowering
condenser pressure.

As turbine back pressure p 2 decreases to p 2 , the
heat rejection decreases by an area 2-3-3’-2’-2. The
Effect of increase in boiler pressure
heat transfer to steam is also increased by an area
a’-4’-4-a-a’. Thus, the net work done and efficiency of
By increasing the boiler pressure, the mean
the cycle increases. (Shown in Fig4)
temperature of the heat addition increases, and thus
However, lowering condenser pressure is not without
raises the thermal efficiency of the cycle. By keeping
side effects such as:
 Lowering the back pressure causes an increase in the maximum temperature Tmax and condenser
moisture content of the steam leaving the turbine. It is pressure p 2 constant it boiler pressure increases, the
an unfavorable factor, because, if the moisture content
heat rejection decreases by an area b’-2’-2-b-b’ (Fig
of steam in low pressure stages of the turbine exceeds
6). The net work done by the cycle remains almost
10%, there is a decrease in turbine efficiency and
same, thus, the Rankine cycle efficiency increases,
erosion of turbine blade may be a very serious
with an increase in maximum pressure. Actually, the
problem.
operating conditions of the condenser remain
 To maintain the high vacuum, the air extraction unchanged and there is no drastic gain in the work
pump will run continuously and its work input will
output. Specific steam consumption decreases first
increase , thus reducing the useful work.
and then increases after reaching a minimum level at
160 bar.

Fig 4: Effect of lowering condenser pressure on the

Rankin cycle

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International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 3, Issue-11, Nov.-2015
Table 1: Effect of operating variables on work done and thermal T-s diagram of reheat Rankin cycle (Fig 8) shows
efficiency of Rankin cycle
some increase in the area which is attained because of
the introduction of the reheating steam. This results in
low pressure turbine expansion work. Thus, reheat
increases work output because of low pressure turbine
expansion work.
Indeed, the net work of the reheat cycle is the algebraic
sum of the work of the two turbines and the pump
REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE work and the total heat addition is the sum of the total
heat added in the feed-water and reheat passes through
Actually, the Rankin cycle has been modified to boiler. Thus, the thermal efficiency of reheat cycle is:
produce more work output by introducing two stage
steam turbine, using intermediate heating. Reheating
(h1  h2 )  (h3  h4 )  (h5  h6 )
also lowers the moisture load of the steam at the  reheat 
turbine exit. (h1  h6 )  (h3  h2 )
If the steam expands completely in a single stage then In actual, when steam expands through the turbine, a
steam coming out the turbine is very wet. The wet considerable friction is always involved when steam
steam carries suspended moisture particles, which are glides over the blades. This friction resists the flow of
heavier than the vapour particle, thus deposited on the steam. The isentropic enthalpy drop is not fully
blades and causing its erosion. In order to increase the converted into kinetic energy but some of its part is
life of turbine blades, it is necessary to keep the steam utilized to overcome the frictional resistances. Thus,
dry during its expansion. It is done by allowing the the kinetic energy produced is less than that
steam to expand to an intermediate pressure in a corresponding to theoretical isentropic enthalpy drop.
high-pressure turbine, and then taking it out and Further, this friction is converted into heat,
sending back to the boiler, where it is reheated consequently, the steam becomes dry and saturated,
(resuperheated) at constant pressure, until it reaches even superheated. The frictional heating causes an
the inlet temperature of the first stage as shown in Fig increase in entropy and hence actual entropy drop is
7. This process is called reheating during which heat always less than the isentropic enthalpy drop.
is added to the steam. The reheated steam then further The ratio of cumulative isentropic enthalpy drop to
expands in the next stage of the turbine. Due to isentropic enthalpy drop from initial pressure to final
reheating, the work output of the turbine increases, pressure is called reheat factor.
thus improving the thermal efficiency.
The reheat cycle is designed to take advantage of
higher boiler pressure by eliminating the problem of
excessive moisture content in the exhaust steam. In a
reheat Rankin cycle, the steam is expanded in a
number of stages. After each stage of expansion, the
steam is reheated in the boiler. Then, it expands in the
next stage of turbine and is finally exhausted to the
condenser.
Also, a low reheat pressure may bring down mean
temperature of heat addition and hence, cycle
efficiency. Again, a high reheat pressure increases the
moisture content at turbine exhaust. So, optimization Since, the superheated steam is charged to the turbine,
of reheat pressure is necessary. The optimum reheat reheating resuperheats the extraction steam. And this
pressure for most of the modern power plants is about is nowadays universe rally practiced when HP (high
0.2 to 0.25 of the initial steam pressure. pressure) and HT (high temperature) steams are
employed for throttling process. For power plants
harnessing a still higher pressures and temperatures, a
double reheat scheme may be incorporated.

REGENERATION

Another way of increasing the thermal efficiency of

Rankin cycle is ‘regeneration’. In a simple Rankin
cycle the condensate accumulated in the condenser is
pumped to the boiler by BFW (boiler feed water) pump
where it is heated to produce saturated steam and then

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International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 3, Issue-11, Nov.-2015

to superheated steam. Now the feed-water at the pump supplied to the boiler is known as ‘bleeding’. The
outlet is heated in a feed-water pre-heater at a number of feed-water heaters to be inducted into the
relatively low temperature (much lower than source circuit is dictated by the turbine throttle conditions
temperature). This lowers the average heat addition which fix the most advantageous condensate heating
temperature and thus, lowers the overall cycle temperature.
efficiency than that of Carnot vapor cycle. To redress Assuming, 1 kg of steam be leaving the boiler and
this problem, the process of regeneration is resorted. entering the turbine. m1 kg of steam per kg, is
The feed-water from the pump exit is pre-heated by extracted at the state2 from the turbine at intermediate
the bleed steam (extraction steam) from the turbine at
various points. The device where the feed-water is pressure p 2 and (1  m1 ) kg of steam enters in open
heated by regeneration is called ‘regenerator’ or a feed water heater and mixed with m1 kg of steam
‘feed-water heater’. blown from the turbine at state 2. After mixing, the
Ideal Regeneration mass of saturated liquid becomes 1kg at the state 6 and
The mean temperature of heat addition in the Rankin it is pumped to the boiler pressure at state 7. (Shown in
cycle can be improved by increasing the heat supplied Fig 11)
at high temperature such as increasing superheat, If there were a large number of extraction stages of
using reheat and increasing boiler pressure. The mean steam for feed-water heating, then the resulting cycle
temperature of heat addition can also be increased by would approach to be a Carnot cycle.
decreasing the amount of heat supplied at lower
temperatures. In a simple Rankin cycle (shown in Fig  Comparative study between REGENERATIVE
9), a considerable part of the total heat supplied is in CYCLE and simple RANKINE CYCLE on the
the liquid phase when heating up water from 4 to basis of Mean Temperature of Heat Addition:-
4’(Fig 2), at a temperature lower than source In the Regenerative cycle (in Fig 11) , the feed water
temperature, the maximum temperature of the cycle.
enters the boiler at the temperature T7 and its mean
For maximum efficiency, all heat should be supplied
at maximum temperature of the cycle, and feed-water temperature of heat addition is
should enter the boiler at state 4’. This may be q in h  h7
T m , Re g   1
accomplished in what is known as an ‘ideal s1  s 7 s1  s 7
regenerative Rankin cycle’. The mean temperature of heat addition without heat
The unique feature of the ideal regenerative cycle is generation for simple Rankin cycle operating between
that the condensate, after leaving the pump circulates same pressure p1 and p 3 would be
around the turbine casing; counter flow to the
direction of vapor flow in the turbine. Thus, it is q in h  h7
T m , Rankine   1
possible to transfer heat from the vapor as it flows s1  s 5 s1  s 5
through the turbine to the liquid flowing around the Since, T m , Re  T m , Rankine
g
turbine.
Thus, the amount of heat supplied is decreased and
However, this solution is not practical because: the
efficiency of Regenerative cycle will be higher than
‘inbuilt heat exchanger within the turbine’ is the most
that of Rankin cycle. But at the same time, the turbine
impractical part of the system and the moisture
work and heat rejection are also reduced due to
content of the steam in the turbine will be high for that
extraction of steam at an intermediate pressure.
reason.
Regeneration rewards a higher thermal efficiency to
the Rankin cycle. Greater the amount of heat
transferred to the BFW before it is fed to the boiler,
higher is the thermal efficiency of the cycle. The
thermal efficiency of the cycle is also boosted as the
number of feed-water heaters is increased. However,
the optimum number of feed-water heaters is dictated
by economy.
Many large thermal power plants make use of as many
as eight to nine feed-water heaters.
Practical Regeneration
In actual practice (Fig 10), advantage of regenerative
heating principle is used by extracting a part of the
steam from turbine at a certain stage of the expansion
and it is used for heating of feed-water in separate
feed-water heaters. The process of draining steam
from the turbine at certain point during its expansion
and using this steam for heating the feed-water
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FEEDWATER HEATERS CONCLUSION

Feed-water heaters are two types, viz. open feed The technological investigations and analysis of
water heater and close feed water heater. The open various important characters affecting the thermal
feed water heater is essentially a direct contact heater power plant’s overall efficiency and other related
which is nothing but a mixing chamber where the factors responsible for deviation from ideal working of
bleed steam is blown through the BFW exiting the Rankin cycle have been discussed. The efficiency of
feed-water pump. The closed feed water heater simple Rankin cycle is improved by using
(CFWH) is basically a shell-and-tube heat exchanger intermediate reheat cycle, enabling improved thermal
that heats up the BFW by the bleed steam flowing conditions of the working fluid. However, it cannot
counter currently in the tube side. The two streams reach the thermal conditions as in the case of the
(extracted steam and feed water) now can be at Carnot cycle where heat addition and heat rejection
different pressures, since they do not mix. occurs at a specified temperature range. The
Additionally, each open feed water heater requires a regeneration is vital to improve the efficiency as it uses
pump to handle the feed-water but CFWH do not the sensible heat of exhaust steam for the preheating of
require a separate feed pump for each heater. feed water. Inclusion of FWH also introduces an
Actually, the main function of feed-water heater is to additional pressure level into the Rankin cycle as seen
raise the temperature of the feed-water by means of in the T-s diagram. Hence, the extraction pressure
bled steam before the feed water is supplied to the level is another parameter under the control of
boiler. designer. The control of steam condenser pressure i.e.
The temperature of feed-water leaving a particular condenser vacuum and supply of condenser tube
heater is always less than the saturation temperature at cooling water is another parameter which affects the
the steam extraction pressure, the difference being steam thermal power plant efficiency.
known as ‘terminal temperature difference’ (TTD).
TTD=saturation temp. of extracted steam  outlet REFERENCES
feed water temp.
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