Assignments in Mathematics Class X (Term II)

15. probability
Important Terms, Definitions and Results

• The science which measures the degree of uncertainty • An event having only one outcome of the experiment
is called probability. is called an elementary event.
• There are two types of approaches to the study of • The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary
probability. These are experimental or empirical events of an experiment is 1.
approach and theoretical approach. In general for any event E
• In the experimental approach to probability, we P(E) = 1 – P(not E) = 1 – P(E)
find the probability of the occurrence of an event or P(E) = 1 – P(E)
by actually performing the experiment a number of or P(E) + P(E) = 1

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times and record the happening of an event.
Here the event E , representing not E, is called the
• In the theoretical approach to probability, we

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compliment of the event E.
predict the results without actually performing the
• The probability of the event which is impossible to occur

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experiment.
is 0. Such an event is called an impossible event.
• The observations of an experiment are called its
outcomes. • The probability of an event which is sure (or certain)

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to occur is 1. Such an event is called a sure or a
• An experiment in which all possible outcomes are

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certain event.
known and the exact outcome cannot be predicted
• For an event E, we have 0 < P(E) < 1.

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in advance, is called a random experiment.
• The word unbiased means each outcome is equally • A die is a well balanced cube with its six faces
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likely to occur. For example, an unbiased die indicates marked with numbers or dots 1 to 6. When we
that each of the outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 has equal throw a die we are interested in the number that
chances to occur. Throughout this chapter, we shall occurs on the top face.
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assume that all the experiments have equally likely • The pack or deck of playing cards consists of 52
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outcomes. cards, 26 of red colour and 26 of black colour. There

• The theoretical probability of an event E, written are four suits each of 13 cards namely hearts (♥),
spades (♠), diamonds (♦) and clubs (♣).
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as P(E) is defined as
Each suit contains ace, king, queen, jack or knave,
10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2.
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Number of outcomes favourable to E There are 4 aces, 4 kings, 4 queens, 4 jacks, 4 tens,
P(E) =
Total number of all possible and so on in a pack.
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outcomes of the experiment Kings, queens, and jacks are called face cards.
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Summative Assessment
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Multiple choice Questions [1 Mark]

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A. Important Questions

1. The theoretical probability P(E) of an event E is 2. Which of the following can be the probability of
defined as : an event?
No. of all possible outcomes 25 5
of the experiment (a) – 0.02 (b) 1.4 (c) (d)
(a) P(E) = 26 4
No. of outcomes favourable to E 3. Which of the following cannot be the probability
(b) P(E) = No. of outcomes favourable to E × No. of an event?
of all possible outcomes of the experiment 1 17
(a) (b) 0.2 (c) 4% (d)
No. of outcomes favourable to E 3 15
(c) P(E) = 4. Getting a number 8 in a single throw of a die
No. of all possible outcomes
of the experiment is  :
(d) none of these
1
 (a) a certain event (b) an impossible event deck of 52 playing cards. The probability of its
(c) neither certain nor-impossible event being a face card is :
(d) none of these 3 4 6 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5. An event is very unlikely to happen. Its probability 13 13 13 13
is closest to : 17. The probability that a non-leap year selected at
random will contain 53 sundays is :
(a) 0.0001 (b) 0.001 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.1
1 2 3 5
6. If we throw a die, all the possible outcomes (a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 7 7
are  : 18. When a die is thrown, the probability of getting
(a) 1 (b) 2, 4, 6 an odd number less than 3 is :
(c) 1, 3, 5 (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
7. How many cards are of red colour in a pack of 6 3 2
playing cards? 19. A bag contains 3 red balls, 5 white balls and 7
black balls. What is the probability that a ball
(a) 4 (b) 13 drawn from the bag at random will be neither red

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(c) 26 (d) none of these nor black?

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8. How many face cards are there in a pack of playing 1 1 7 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)

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cards? 5 3 15 15
(a) 4 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 26 20. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards.
The probability that it is a queen is :

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9. The probability expressed as a percentage of a
1 1 4 1

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particular occurrence can never be : (a) (b) (c) (d)
52 13 13 4

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(a) less than 100 21. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability
(b) less than 0 PR of getting a doublet is :
1 1 5
(c) greater than 1 (a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
(d) anything but a whole number 3 6 6
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22. A school has five houses A , B, C, D and E. A
10. How many suits are there in a pack of playing
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class has 23 students, 4 from house A, 3 from

cards? house B, 5 from house C and rest from house E.
(a) 4 (b) 13 A single student is selected at random to be the
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(c) 26 (d) none of these class monitor. The probability that the selected
student is not from A , B and C is :
11. If P(E) = 0.35, then P(not E) is given by :
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4 6 8 17
(a) – 0.35 (b) 0.65 (a) (b) (c) (d)
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23 23 23 23
(c) – 0.65 (d) none of these 23. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. The
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12. An event is very likely to happen. Its probability event E is that card is not an ace of hearts. The
is closest to : number of outcomes favourable to E is :
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(a) 4 (b) 13 (c) 48 (d) 51

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(a) 0.999 (b) 0.990 (c) 0.909 (d) 0.099

1 24. One ticket is drawn at random from a bag containing
13. If P (not E) = , then P(E) is given by : tickets numbered 1 to 40. The probability that the
6
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5 5 selected ticket has a number which is a multiple

(a) (b) -
6 6 of 5 is :
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1 1 3 4 1
(c) – (d) none of these (a) (b) (c) (d)
6 5 5 5 3
14. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. All the 25. One card is accidently dropped from a pack of 52
possible outcomes are : playing cards. The probillity that it is a card of
(a) H, T (b) HH, TT red colour is :
1 1 1 1
(c) HT, TT (d) HH, HT, TH, TT (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 26 13
15. In a throw of a die, the probability of getting an
26. The probability of drawing a rotten egg from a lot
odd number is :
1 2 3 7
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) of 400 is . The number of rotten eggs in the
6 6 6 lot is : 200
16. A card is selected at random from a well shuffled
(a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 21 (d) 28
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 27. One card is drawn at random from a box can turning tickets are sold, how many has he bought ?
cards numbered from 1 to 100. The probability (a) 40 (b) 240 (c) 480 (d) 750
that the drawn card has a prime number is :
1 1 3 3 29. Two dice are thrown simualtaneously. The event
(a) (b) (c) (d) E, is getting the same number on each dice. The
5 4 5 4 number of outcomes favourable to E is :
28. Gurmeet calculates that the probalility of his
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 36
2
winning the first prize in a lottery is . If 1600
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B. Questions From CBSE Examination Papers

1. If a letter of English alphabet is chosen at random, of an event ? [2011 (T-II)]

then the probability that the letter is a consonant 2
is : [2011 (T-II)] (a) (b) –1.5 (c) 15% (d) 0.7
3
5 21 10 11

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(a) (b) (c) (d) 11. From a pack of 52 playing cards, a card is drawn
26 26 13 13

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at random. The probability, that the drawn card is
2. If two coins are tossed simultaneously, then the not a face card is : [2011 (T-II)]

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probability of getting at least one head is : 3 9 10 3
[2011 (T-II)] (a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 4
3 1 1

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(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 12. The probability of getting a prime number in single
4 2 4

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throw of a dice is : [2011 (T-II)]
3. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Probability 1 1 1

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of getting a prime number on both dice is : (a) zero (b) (c) (d)
3 2 4

5 2 1
[2011 (T-II)]
1
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13. The probability of drawing a green coloured ball
(a) (b) (c) (d) from a bag containing 6 red and 5 black balls
18 9 3 4 is  : [2011 (T-II)]
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4. Two coins are tossed together. The probability of 5 6
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
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getting head on both is : [2011 (T-II)]

11 11
1 1 3
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 14. The sum of probability of all the events of an
4 2 4 experiment is : [2011 (T-II)]
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5. The probability that a leap year has 53 Sundays 2

is [2011 (T-II)] (a) (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 2
3
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1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) 15. The probability of guessing the correct answer to
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7 7 7 7 p
6. The probability of getting a number between 3 certain question is . If the pobability of not
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and 100 which is divisible by 7 is [2011 (T-II)] 12

guessing the correct answer to same question is
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29 1 25 23
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
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98 7 98 98 , the value of p is : [2011 (T-II)]

7. In a throw of a pair of dice, what is the probability 4
of getting a doublet ? [2011 (T-II)] (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
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1 1 5 2 16. The probability of getting a bad egg from a lot

(a) (b) (c) (d)
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3 6 12 3 of 400 eggs is 0.035. The number of bad eggs in

8. A bag contains cards which are numbered from the lot is [2011 (T-II)]
2 to 90. A card is drawn at random from the bag.
The probability that it bears a two digit number (a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 21 (d) 28
is : [2011 (T-II)] 17. If a die is thrown once, the probability of getting
88 88 81 89 a number less than 3 and greater than 2 is
(a) (b) (c) (d)
92 90 89 90 [2011 (T-II)]
9. Which of the following cannot be the probability 1 2
of an event ? [2011 (T-II)] (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
3 3
1 5 18. If the probability of winning a game is 0.995, then
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 1
5 4 the probability of losing it is : [2011 (T-II)]
10. Which of the following cannot be the probability
(a) 1 (b) 0.05 (c) 0.0050 (d) 0.0
3
 19. Someone is asked to select a number from 1 to 1 1 1 1
30. The probability that the selected number is a (a) (b) (c) (d)
12 36 6 4
prime number is : [2011 (T-II)]
21. The probability that a non leap year selected at
1 2 1 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) random will have 53 Tuesdays is : [2011 (T-II)]
5 7 3 16 1 2 3 4
20. In a throw of two dice, the probability of getting (a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 7 7
a sum of 10 is : [2011 (T-II)]

short answer type questions [2 Marks]

A. Important Questions

1. In an experiment there are only two possible 8. Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability
that the sum of the digits showing on the top faces
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outcomes. The probability of each outcome is . of the dice is less than 5.

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Is it true ? Give reason. 2
9. Find the probability that the month of February

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[HOTS] may have 5 Sundays in a leap year.
2. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. List the sample

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10. A girl throws a die and squares the number that
space for this experiment. [HOTS]
appears on it. A boy throws two dice once and
3. The king, Queen and Jack of clubs are removed computes the product of numbers appearing on

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from a deck of 52 playing cards and then well the dice. Who has the better chance of getting the

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shuffled. One card is selected from the remaining numbers 36. Give reason.
cards. What is the probability of getting a heart?

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11. A coin is tossed 6 times and on each occasion a
4. A girl tosses a coin 3 times and gets a tail each PR head is obtained. Can we say that the probability
time. Do you think that the outcome of next toss of getting a head is 1? Give reasons.
will be a tail? Justify your answer.
12. Three unbiased coins are tossed together. Find the
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5. I toss three coins together. The possible outcomes probability of getting either all heads or all tails.
are no heads, 1 head, 2 heads and 31heads. So,
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13. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the

I say that probability of no heads is . What is
4 probability that the difference of the numbers on
wrong with this conclusion?
the two dice is 2.
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6. A card is drawn at random from an ordinary pack

14. A coin is tossed two times. Find the probability
of 52. What is the probability that the card is a
of getting at most one head.
black king?
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15. A letter of English alphabet is chosen at random.

7. One number is chosen at random from the whole
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Determine the probabiliry that the letter is a

numbers 1 to 100 inclusive. What is the probability
consonant.
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that the number has two digits?

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B. Questions From CBSE Examination Papers

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1. A bag contains 14 balls, of which x are white. (b) a number less than 6
If 6 more white balls are added to the bag, the
4. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow
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probability of drawing a white ball is . Find the which comes to rest pointing at one of the numbers
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2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and these are equally likely

value of x. [2011 (T-II)]
outcomes. What is the probability that it will point
2. Cards marked with numbers 13, 14, 15, ......... 60 are at [2011 (T-II)]
placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card is
drawn at random from the box. Find the probability (a) a prime number ? (b) a factor of 8 ?
that the number on the card is : [2011 (T-II)] 5. A card is drawn at random from a pack of well
(a) divisible by 5 shuffled deck of playing cards. Find the probability
(b) a number which is a perfect square. that the card is : [2011 (T-II)]
3. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of (a) a king or a jack
getting  : [2011 (T-II)]
(b) a card of spade or an ace
(a) a prime number

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 6. A bag contains 2 green, 3 red and 4 black balls. Find the probability that it is a : [2011 (T-II)]
A ball is taken out of the bag at random. Find the (a) red card (b) black face card
probability that the selected ball is (a) not green
20. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled
(b) not black. [2011 (T-II)]
pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that
7. A bag contains cards numbered from 2 to 26. One card drawn is : [2011 (T-II)]
card is drawn from the bag at random. Find the
(a) spade or an ace
probability that it has a number divisible by both
2 and 3. [2011 (T-II)] (b) neither king nor queen
8. In a leap year, find the probability that there are 21. Form a deck of playing cards all aces and clubs
53 Tuesdays in the year. [2011 (T-II)] are removed, a card is drawn at random from the
remaining cards. Find the probability that it is :
9. One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of
[2011 (T-II)]
52 cards. Find the probability of getting a red face
card. [2011 (T-II)] (a) a black face card. (b) a red card
10. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the 22. A bag contains cards numbered 3 to 102, one card

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probability that the sum of the two numbers is drawn at random. Find the probability that it
appearing on their tops is less than or equal is  : [2011 (T-II)]

A
to  10. [2011 (T-II)] (a) an even number

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11. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled (b) a number divisible by 5
pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card
23. Two dice are thrown together. Determine the

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drawn is neither a red card nor a queen.
probability of 2 coming on the first die and multiple
[2011 (T-II)]

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of 3 on other die. [2011 (T-II)]
12. A bag contains 5 red, 8 green and 7 white balls.

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24. Geeta and Sita are friends. What is the probability
One ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find
the probability of getting neither a green ball nor
PR that both will have [2011 (T-II)]
a red ball. [2011 (T-II)] (a) different birthdays ? (b) the same birthday ?
13. A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. (ignoring a leap year)
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If the probability of drawing a blue ball from the 25. A bag contains 5 black, 7 red and 3 white balls.
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bag is thrice that of a red ball, find the number A ball is drawn from the bag at random. Find the
of blue balls in the bag. [2011 (T-II)] probability that the ball drawn is : [2011 (T-II)]
TH

14. Two dice are thrown once. Find the probability of (a) black or white (b) not black
obtaining : [2011 (T-II)]
26. Cards marked with numbers 3, 4, 5, ......, 50 are
(a) a total of 6 of numbers on both dice.
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placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card is

(b) the same number on both dice. drawn at random from the box. Find the probability
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that the number on the drawn card is :

15. From a group of 2 boys and 2 girls, two children
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[2011 (T-II)]
are selected at random. What is the sample space
representing the event. Find the probability that (a) divisible by 7.
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one boy and one girl is selected. [2011 (T-II)]

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(b) is a perfect square.

16. A letter is chosen at random from the English 27. Cards, marked with numbers 5 to 50, are placed
alphabet. Find the probability that it is in a box and mixed thoroughly. A card is drawn
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[2011 (T-II)] from the box at random. Find the probability that
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(a) a vowel (b) a consonant the number on the taken card is :

17. A fair coin is tossed thrice. Find the probability (a) a prime number less than 10
of getting. [2011 (T-II)] (b) a number which is a perfact square. [2008]
(a) No heads (b) at least one head. 28. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the
18. A box contains cards numbered from 1 to 17. If probability that the sum of the two numbers
one card is drawn at random from the box, find appearing on the top is less than or equal to 10.
the probability that it bears a prime number. [2008C]
[2011 (T-II)] 29. A die is thrown once. What is the probability of
19. From a deck of playing cards all spades are removed, getting a number greater than 4? [2010]
a card is drawn at random from the remaining cards.

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short answer type questions [3 Marks]
A. Important Questions

1. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the (b) a yellow or a black ball
probability that the sum of the numbers appearing (c) a ball which is not red.
on the dice is:
(a) 7? (b) a prime number? (c) 1? 9. A bag contains 24 balls of which x are red, 2x are
white are 3x are blue. A ball is selected at random. 
2. A bag contains 5 red balls, 8 white balls, 4 green What is the probability that it is :
balls and 7 black balls. If one ball is drawn at
random, find the probability that it is : (a) not red?   (b)  white?

(a) black (b) red (c) not green 10. In my house the geyser is kept on 24 hours a day.
Because of the thermostat setting, it automatically
3. A dice has it is six faces marked 0, 1, 1, 1, 6, 6,.

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1
Two such dice are thrown together and the total turns off for a total of 4 hours a day. A red

A
score is recorded. 2
light is shown when the power is on. What is the

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(a) How many different score-s are available? probability that the light will be
(b) What is the probability of getting a total of
(a) off (b) on if it is looked at random

A
7?
11. Suppose you drop a

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4. What is the probability that a number selected at
random from the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 4, die at random on the

A
4, 4, 4 will be their average? [HOTS] rectangular region
5. In the figure, each circle touch
PR shown in figure. What
other two circles externally. is the probability that
The circles are congruent. If it will land inside the
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a point is selected at random circle with diameter 1 m? [HOTS]

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from the interior of square 12. A lot consists of 48 mobile phones of which 42
PQRS, find the probability that are good, 3 have only minor defects and 3 have
it will not be in the shaded
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major defects. Saroj will buy a phone if it is good

region. [HOTS]
but the trader will buy a mobile if it has no major
6. A child’s game has 8 triangles, of which 3 are blue defect. One phone is seleted at random from the
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and rest are red, and 10 squares of which 6 are lot. What is the probability that it is [HOTS]
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blue ad rest are red. One piece is lost at random. (a) acceptable to Saroj?
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Find the probability that it is a : [HOTS]

(b) acceptable to the trader?
(a) triangle (b) square
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13. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability

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(c) square of blue colour.

that
7. The number of matchsticks in 10 boxes is as
(a) 5 will not come up either time?
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follows :
(b) 5 will come up at least once?
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48, 46, 46, 45, 48, 47, 46, 44, 49, 45 one box is
selected at random. Find the probability of the box 14. In a single throw of two dice, find the probability
containing : [HOTS] of getting
(a) 49 matchsticks (a) a total of 11 (b) doublets
(b) 46 matchsticks (c) 6 as a product
(c) more than 47 matchsticks.
15. Two dice are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 1, 1, 2,
8. A box contains 5 red balls, 3 yellow balls, 3 white
balls and 2 black balls. A ball is drawn from the 2, 3, 3 respectively. They are thrown and the sum of
box. Find the probability that it is: the numbers on them is noted. Find the probability
getting each sum from 2 to 9 separately. [HOTS]
(a) a white ball

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 B. Questions From CBSE Examination Papers
1. Three coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the 10. A bag contains 5 white balls, 7 red balls, 4 black
probability of getting. [2011 (T-II)] balls and 2 blue balls. One ball is drawn at random
(a) three heads (b) exactly 2 heads from the bag. What is the probability that the ball
drawn is : [2011 (T-II)]
(c) at least 2 heads
2. A box contains 17 cards numbered 1, 2, 3, ........ (a) white or blue (b) not white
16, 17. A card is drawn at random from the box. (c) neither white nor black
Find the probability that the number on the drawn 11. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the
card is : [2011 (T-II)] probability of getting : [2011 (T-II)]
(a) odd (b) even and prime (c) divisible by 3 (a) same number on both dice.
3. King, queen and jack of hearts are removed from (b) different numbers on both the dice.
a pack of 52 playing cards and then the pack is
12. Cards marked with numbers 13, 14, 15, ...., 60

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well shuffled. A card is drawn from the remaining
cards. Find the probability of getting a card of are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One

A
[2011 (T-II)] card is drawn at random from the box. Find the

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probability that the number on the drawn card
(a) hearts (b) a queen (c) not a king
is  : [2011 (T-II)]
4. All the three face cards of spades are removed from

A
(a) divisible by 5
a wellshuffled pack of 52 cards. A card is then

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drawn at random from the remaining pack. Find (b) a number which is a perfect square.

A
the probability of getting [2011 (T-II)] 13. Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a
(a) a black face card (b) a queen PR particular shop in the same week (Tuesday to
Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop
(c) a black card
on any day. What is the probability that both will
5. A bag contains cards numbered from 1 to 25, one visit the shop on [2011 (T-II)]
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card is drawn at random from the bag. Find the

ER

(a) the same day ? (b) consecutive days ?

probability that this card has a number which is
divisible by both 2 and 3. [2011 (T-II)] 14. All the face cards of spades are removed from
TH

a pack of 52 playing cards and then the pack is

6. Cards numbered from 1 to 64 are placed in a box.
shuffled well. A card is then drawn at random from
A card is drawn at random from the box. Find the
the remaining pack of cards. Find the probability
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probability that the card number on the card drawn

of getting (a) a black face card, (b) a queen.
is a perfect cube. [2011 (T-II)]
R

[2011 (T-II)]
7. A box contains 20 balls, bearing numbers 1, 2, 3,
B

15. An urn contains 8 red, 6 white and 4 black balls.

4, ..........20. A ball is drawn at random from the
A ball is drawn at random from the urn. Find the
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box. What is the probability that the number on

probability that the drawn ball is : [2011 (T-II)]
YA

the drawn ball is : [2011 (T-II)]

(a) red or white
(a) an odd number (b) divisible for 2 or 3
(b) neither black nor white
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(c) prime number (d) not divisible by 10

16. A child has a die whose six faces show the letters
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8. Two dice are thrown at the same time. Write down

as given below :
all the possible outcomes. What is the probability
that the two numbers appearing on the top of the A B C D E A
dice [2011 (T-II)] The die is thrown at random once. What is the
(a) are prime ? probability of getting (a) A (b) E. [2011 (T-II)]
(b) has the sum less than or equal to 12 ? 17. From a well shuffled pack of 52 cards, two black
9. Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability kings and two black jacks are removed. From the
that the product of the numbers on the top of the remaining cards, a card is drawn at random. Find
dice is : [2011 (T-II)] the probability that the drawn card is not a king.
[2011 (T-II)]
(a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 7
18. A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1

7
 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from the box, (c) not white
find the probability that it bears : [2011 (T-II)] (d) neither white not black.
(a) a two-digit number. 26. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled
(b) a perfect square number. deck of playing cards. Find the probability that
(c) a number divisible by 5. the card drawn is : [2006]

19. A pair of dice is thrown once. [2011 (T-II)] (a) a king or a jack (b) a non-ace

(a) Write sample space for the experiment. (c) a red card

(b) Find the probability of getting an odd number (d) neither a king nor a queen.
on each dice. 27. Find the probability that a number selected at
20. From a bag containing 5 red, 6 black and 7 yellow random from the number 1, 2, 3, ....., 35 is a
balls, a ball is drawn at random. Find the probability [2006C]
that it is : [2011 (T-II)] (a)  prime number (b) multiple of 7

N
(a) not yellow ball (b) neither black nor red (c) multiple of 3 or 5.

A
(c) either black or yellow 28. From a pack of 52 playing cards, jacks, queens,

SH
21. A bag contains 18 balls, out of which x balls are kings and aces of red colour are removed. From
red. [2011 (T-II)] the remaining a card is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the card drawn is : [2006C]

A
(a) If one ball is drawn at random from the bag,
(a) a black queen (b) a red card

K
what is probability that it is a red ball.

A
(b) If 2 more red balls are put in the bag, the (c) a black jack

probability of drawing a red ball will be

9
8
PR(d) a picture card (jacks, queens and kings are
picture cards)
times that of the probability of red ball coming
29. A bag conains 5 red balls and some blue balls.
S
in part (a). Find x.
If the probability of drawing a blue ball from the
ER

22. Three unbiased coins are tossed. What is the bag is thrice that of a red ball, find the number
probability of getting [2011 (T-II)] of blue balls in the bag. [2007]
TH

(a) two heads 30. A box contains 5 red balls 4 green balls and 7
(b) at least two heads white balls. A ball is drawn at random from the
box. Find the probability that the ball drawn is :
O

(c) at most two heads

[2007]
R

23. From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards,

(a) white
black jacks, black kings and black aces are
B

removed. A card is then drawn at random from the (b) neither red nor white
L

remaining pack. Find the probability of getting : 31. All the three face cards of spades are removed
YA

[2011 (T-II)] from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. A card is

(a) a red card (b) not a diamond card then drawn at random from the remaining pack.
Find the probability of getting [2007]
O

24. A box contains 12 balls out of which x are black.

If one ball is drawn at random from the box, what (a) a black face card (b) a queen
G

is the prbability that it will be a black ball ? If 6 (c) a black card.

more black balls are put in the box, the probability
32. A box has cards numbered 14 to 99. Cards are
of drawing a black ball now is double of what it
mixed thoroughly and a card is drawn from the
was before. Find x. [2011 (T-II)]
bag at random. Find the probability that the number
25. A bag contains 5 white balls, 7 red balls, 4 black on the card, drawn from the box is : [2009]
balls and 2 blue balls. One ball is drawn at random
(a) an odd number
from the bag. What is the probability that the ball
drawn is : [2006] (b) a perfact square number
(a) white or blue (c) a number divisible by 7.
(b) red or black

8
 B. Formative Assessment

Activity Table 1

Objective : To find the probability of an outcome and Number Tally-marks Frequency

compare it with its theoretical probability.
1 ||| 3
Materials Required : Geometry box, thick white card
2 |||| 4
sheet, sketch pens.
3 |||| ||| 8
Procedure :
4 |||| 5
1. On a piece of thick card sheet, draw a circle of
5 |||| ||| 8
radius 5 cm. Now using your compasses, divide
the circle into 8 equal parts by marking off angles 6 || 2

N
of 45° at the centre of the

A
7 |||| 5
circle. Mark points A, B, C,

SH
…, H on the circle and join 8 |||| 5
AB, BC, CD, …, GH to get Total 40

A
a regular octagon. Table 2

K
2. C u t o f f t h e o c t a g o n
Number Experimental Theoretical

A
ABCDEFGH. Insert a small
Figure 1 Probability Probability
piece of pencil stub to make
a top as shown in figure 1.
PR 3 5
1
Number the triangles 1, 2, 3, …, 8. 40 40
S

4 5
ER

3. Spin the top 40 times and record in table 1, the 2

frequency with which each of the numbers 1 to 40 40
8 touches the table or floor.
TH

8 5
3
4. Calculate the experimental probability of obtain- 40 40
O

ing each number.

5 5
4
R

5. Calculate the theoretical probability of obtaining

40 40
B

each score.
8 5
6. Draw a combined bar graph to compare the prob- 5
L

abilities obtained in steps 4 and 5 above. Write 40 40

YA

your observations. 2 5
6
40 40
O
G

5 5
7
40 40
5 5
8
40 40

9
 N
Figure 2

A
SH
Observations : The experimental and theoretical probabilities are equal in three out of eight cases as seen in
table 2 and figure 2. Thus, there is a wide difference between the experimental and theoretical probability of an
event in the activity performed above.

A
K
A
PR
S
ER
TH
O
R
B
L
YA
O
G

10
Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

Exercise 15.1
Question 1:
Complete the following statements:
(i) Probability of an event E + Probability of the event ‘not E’ = _______.
(ii) The probability of an event that cannot happen is _________. Such as event is
called _________.
(iii) The probability of an event that is certain to happen is _________. Such as
event is called ________.
(iv) The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is
_________.
(v) The probability of an event is greater than or equal to _______ and less than or
equal to _______.
Answer:
(i) 1
(ii) 0, impossible event
(iii) 1, sure event or certain event
(iv) 1
(v) 0, 1

Question 2:
Which of the following experiments have equally likely outcomes? Explain.
(i) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) A trial is made to answer a true-false question. The answer is right or wrong.
(iv) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.
Answer:
(i) It is not an equally likely event, as it depends on various factors such as whether
the car will start or not. And factors for both the conditions are not the same.
(ii) It is not an equally likely event, as it depends on the player’s ability and there is
no information given about that.

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(iii) It is an equally likely event.

(iv) It is an equally likely event.
Question 3:
Why is tossing a coin considered to be a fair way of deciding which team should get
the ball at the beginning of a football game?
Answer:
When we toss a coin, the possible outcomes are only two, head or tail, which are
equally likely outcomes. Therefore, the result of an individual toss is completely
unpredictable.
Question 4:
Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?

Answer:
Probability of an event (E) is always greater than or equal to 0. Also, it is always less
than or equal to one. This implies that the probability of an event cannot be negative
or greater than 1. Therefore, out of these alternatives, −1.5 cannot be a probability
of an event.
Hence, (B)
Question 5:
If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability of ‘not E’?
Answer:
We know that,

Therefore, the probability of ‘not E’ is 0.95.

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Question 6:
A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without
looking into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out
(i) an orange flavoured candy?
(ii) a lemon flavoured candy?
Answer:
(i) The bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. It does not contain any orange
flavoured candies. This implies that every time, she will take out only lemon
flavoured candies. Therefore, event that Malini will take out an orange flavoured
candy is an impossible event.
Hence, P (an orange flavoured candy) = 0
(ii)As the bag has lemon flavoured candies, Malini will take out only lemon flavoured
candies. Therefore, event that Malini will take out a lemon flavoured candy is a sure
event.
P (a lemon flavoured candy) = 1
Question 7:
It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the
same birthday is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same
birthday?
Answer:

Probability that two students are not having same birthday P ( ) = 0.992

Probability that two students are having same birthday P (E) = 1 − P ( )

= 1 − 0.992
= 0.008
Question 8:
A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag.
What is the probability that the ball drawn is (i) red? (ii) not red?
Answer:
(i) Total number of balls in the bag = 8

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(ii) Probability of not getting red ball

= 1 − Probability of getting a red ball

Question 9:
A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is
taken out of the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out
will be (i) red? (ii) white? (iii) not green?
Answer:
Total number of marbles = 5 + 8 + 4
= 17
(i)Number of red marbles = 5

(ii)Number of white marbles = 8

(iii)Number of green marbles = 4

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Probability of not getting a green marble

Question 10:
A piggy bank contains hundred 50 p coins, fifty Rs 1 coins, twenty Rs 2 coins and ten
Rs 5 coins. If it is equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is
turned upside down, what is the probability that the coin
(i) Will be a 50 p coin?
(ii) Will not be a Rs.5 coin?
Answer:
Total number of coins in a piggy bank = 100 + 50 + 20 + 10
= 180
(i) Number of 50 p coins = 100

(ii) Number of Rs 5 coins = 10

Probability of not getting a Rs 5 coin

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Question 11:
Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at
random from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish (see the given figure).
What is the probability that the fish taken out is a male fish?

Answer:
Total number of fishes in a tank
= Number of male fishes + Number of female fishes
= 5 + 8 = 13

Question 12:
A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one
of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see the given figure), and these are equally
likely outcomes. What is the probability that it will point at
(i) 8?
(ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2?

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

(iv) a number less than 9?

Answer:
Total number of possible outcomes = 8

(i)
(ii) Total number of odd numbers on spinner = 4

(iii) The numbers greater than 2 are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Therefore, total numbers greater than 2 = 6

(iv) The numbers less than 9 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8.

Therefore, total numbers less than 9 = 8

Probability of getting a number less than 9

Question 13:
A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting
(i) a prime number;

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

(ii) a number lying between 2 and 6;

(iii) an odd number.
Answer:
The possible outcomes when a dice is thrown = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Number of possible outcomes of a dice = 6
(i) Prime numbers on a dice are 2, 3, and 5.
Total prime numbers on a dice = 3

Probability of getting a prime number =

(ii) Numbers lying between 2 and 6 = 3, 4, 5
Total numbers lying between 2 and 6 = 3

Probability of getting a number lying between 2 and 6

(iii) Odd numbers on a dice = 1, 3, and 5
Total odd numbers on a dice = 3

Probability of getting an odd number

Question 14:
One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of
getting
(i) a king of red colour
(ii) a face card
(iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts
(v) a spade
(vi) the queen of diamonds
Answer:
Total number of cards in a well-shuffled deck = 52

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

(i) Total number of kings of red colour = 2

P (getting a king of red colour)

(ii) Total number of face cards = 12

P (getting a face card)

(iii) Total number of red face cards = 6

P (getting a red face card)

(iv) Total number of Jack of hearts = 1

P (getting a Jack of hearts)

(v) Total number of spade cards = 13

P (getting a spade card)

(vi) Total number of queen of diamonds = 1

P (getting a queen of diamond)

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

Question 15:
Five cards−−the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with
their face downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card
picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?
Answer:
(i) Total number of cards = 5
Total number of queens = 1

P (getting a queen)

(ii) When the queen is drawn and put aside, the total number of remaining cards will
be 4.
(a) Total number of aces = 1

P (getting an ace)
(b) As queen is already drawn, therefore, the number of queens
will be 0.

P (getting a queen) =0

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Question 16:
12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to
just look at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at
random from this lot. Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
Answer:
Total number of pens = 12 + 132 = 144
Total number of good pens = 132

P (getting a good pen)

Question 17:
(i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the
lot. What is the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb
is drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not
defective?
Answer:
(i) Total number of bulbs = 20
Total number of defective bulbs = 4

P (getting a defective bulb)

(ii) Remaining total number of bulbs = 19

Remaining total number of non-defective bulbs = 16 − 1 = 15

P (getting a not defective bulb)

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

Question 18:
A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at
random from the box, find the probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number
(ii) a perfect square number
(iii) a number divisible by 5.
Answer:
Total number of discs = 90
(i) Total number of two-digit numbers between 1 and 90 = 81

P (getting a two-digit number)

(ii) Perfect squares between 1 and 90 are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, and 81.
Therefore, total number of perfect squares between 1 and 90 is 9.

P (getting a perfect square)

(iii) Numbers that are between 1 and 90 and divisible by 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, and 90. Therefore, total numbers divisible
by 5 = 18

Probability of getting a number divisible by 5

Question 19:
A child has a die whose six faces shows the letters as given below:

The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i) A? (ii) D?
Answer:
Total number of possible outcomes on the dice = 6
(i) Total number of faces having A on it = 2

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

P (getting A)
(ii) Total number of faces having D on it = 1

P (getting D)
Question 20:
Suppose you drop a die at random on the rectangular region shown in the given
figure. What is the probability that it will land inside the circle with diameter 1 m?

Answer:
Area of rectangle = l × b = 3 × 2 = 6 m2

Area of circle (of diameter 1 m)

P (die will land inside the circle)

Question 21:
A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good.
Nuri will buy a pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper
draws one pen at random and gives it to her. What is the probability that
(i) She will buy it?
(ii) She will not buy it?
Answer:
Total number of pens = 144
Total number of defective pens = 20

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

Total number of good pens = 144 − 20 = 124

(i) Probability of getting a good pen

P (Nuri buys a pen)

(ii) P (Nuri will not buy a pen)

Question 22:
Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time.
(i) Write down all the possible outcomes and complete the following table:

Event:
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sum of two dice

Probability

(ii) A student argues that ‘there are 11 possible outcomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,

11 and 12. Therefore, each of them has a probability . Do you agree with this
argument?
Answer:
(i) It can be observed that,
To get the sum as 2, possible outcomes = (1, 1)
To get the sum as 3, possible outcomes = (2, 1) and (1, 2)
To get the sum as 4, possible outcomes = (3, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2)
To get the sum as 5, possible outcomes = (4, 1), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2)
To get the sum as 6, possible outcomes = (5, 1), (1, 5), (2, 4), (4, 2),
(3, 3)

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

To get the sum as 7, possible outcomes = (6, 1), (1, 6), (2, 5), (5, 2),
(3, 4), (4, 3)
To get the sum as 8, possible outcomes = (6, 2), (2, 6), (3, 5), (5, 3),
(4, 4)
To get the sum as 9, possible outcomes = (3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4)
To get the sum as 10, possible outcomes = (4, 6), (6, 4), (5, 5)
To get the sum as 11, possible outcomes = (5, 6), (6, 5)
To get the sum as 12, possible outcomes = (6, 6)

Event:
Sum of two 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
dice

Probability

(ii)Probability of each of these sums will not be as these sums are not equally
likely
Question 23:
A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each
time. Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails,
and loses otherwise. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
Answer:
The possible outcomes are
{HHH, TTT, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT}
Number of total possible outcomes = 8
Number of favourable outcomes = 2 {i.e., TTT and HHH}

P (Hanif will win the game)

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P (Hanif will lose the game)

Question 24:
A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that
(i) 5 will not come up either time?
(ii) 5 will come up at least once?
[Hint: Throwinga die twice and throwing two dice simultaneously are treated as the
same experiment].
Answer:
Total number of outcomes = 6 × 6
= 36
(i)Total number of outcomes when 5 comes up on either time are (5, 1), (5, 2), (5,
3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (6, 5)
Hence, total number of favourable cases = 11

P (5 will come up either time)

P (5 will not come up either time)

(ii)Total number of cases, when 5 can come at least once = 11

P (5 will come at least once)

Question 25:
Which of the following arguments are correct and which are not correct? Give
reasons for your answer.

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

(i) If two coins are tossed simultaneously there are three possible outcomes−−two
heads, two tails or one of each. Therefore, for each of these outcomes, the

probability is .
(ii) If a die is thrown, there are two possible outcomes−−an odd number or an even

number. Therefore, the probability of getting an odd number is .

Answer:
(i) Incorrect
When two coins are tossed, the possible outcomes are (H, H), (H, T), (T, H), and (T,
T). It can be observed that there can be one of each in two possible ways − (H, T),
(T, H).

Therefore, the probability of getting two heads is , the probability of getting two

tails is , and the probability of getting one of each is .

It can be observed that for each outcome, the probability is not .

(ii) Correct
When a dice is thrown, the possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Out of these,
1, 3, 5 are odd and 2, 4, 6 are even numbers.

Therefore, the probability of getting an odd number is .

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

Exercise 15.2
Question 1:
Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular shop in the same week
(Tuesday to Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on
another day. What is the probability that both will visit the shop on
(i) the same day? (ii) consecutive days? (iii) different days?
Answer:
There are a total of 5 days. Shyam can go to the shop in 5 ways and Ekta can go to
the shop in 5 ways.
Therefore, total number of outcomes = 5 × 5 = 25
(i) They can reach on the same day in 5 ways.
i.e., (t, t), (w, w), (th, th), (f, f), (s, s)

P (both will reach on same day)

(ii) They can reach on consecutive days in these 8 ways - (t, w), (w, th), (th, f), (f,
s), (w, t), (th, w), (f, th), (s, f).

Therefore, P (both will reach on consecutive days)

(iii) P (both will reach on same day) [(From (i)]

P (both will reach on different days)

Question 2:
A die is numbered in such a way that its faces show the number 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is
thrown two times and the total score in two throws is noted. Complete the following
table which gives a few values of the total score on the two throws:

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What is the probability that the total score is

(i) even? (ii) 6? (iii) at least 6?
Answer:

+ 122336

1 233447

2 344558

2 344558

3 455669

3 455669

6 7 8 8 9 9 12

Total number of possible outcomes when two dice are thrown = 6 × 6 = 36

(i) Total times when the sum is even = 18

P (getting an even number)

(ii) Total times when the sum is 6 = 4

P (getting sum as 6)
(iii) Total times when the sum is at least 6 (i.e., greater than 5) = 15

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

P (getting sum at least 6)

Question 3:
A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue
ball is double that of a red ball, determine the number of blue balls in the bag.
Answer:
Let the number of blue balls be x.
Number of red balls = 5
Total number of balls = x + 5

P (getting a red ball)

P (getting a blue ball)

Given that,

However, the number of balls cannot be negative.

Hence, number of blue balls = 10

Question 4:

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

A box contains 12 balls out of which x are black. If one ball is drawn at random from
the box, what is the probability that it will be a black ball?
If 6 more black balls are put in the box, the probability of drawing a black ball is now
double of what it was before. Find x.
Answer:
Total number of balls = 12
Total number of black balls = x

P (getting a black ball) =

If 6 more black balls are put in the box, then
Total number of balls = 12 + 6 = 18
Total number of black balls = x + 6

P (getting a black ball now)

According to the condition given in the question,

Question 5:
A jar contains 24 marbles, some are green and others are blue. If a marble is drawn

at random from the jar, the probability that it is green is . Find the number of blue
balls in the jar.
Answer:
Total number of marbles = 24
Let the total number of green marbles be x.

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Class X Chapter 15 – Probability Maths

Then, total number of blue marbles = 24 − x

P (getting a given marble)

According to the condition given in the question,

Therefore, total number of green marbles in the jar = 16

Hence, total number of blue marbles = 24 − x = 24 − 16 = 8

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