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Manual Programming

The document discusses different methods of programming for numerical control (NC), including manual programming, computer-assisted programming, and CAD/CAM-based programming. It focuses on manual programming, describing how the programmer manually prepares NC code in machine language using address codes for different motions and actions. It provides examples of common G and M codes used in NC programming for different machining operations.

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Sumugan Swaroop
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97 views11 pages

Manual Programming

The document discusses different methods of programming for numerical control (NC), including manual programming, computer-assisted programming, and CAD/CAM-based programming. It focuses on manual programming, describing how the programmer manually prepares NC code in machine language using address codes for different motions and actions. It provides examples of common G and M codes used in NC programming for different machining operations.

Uploaded by

Sumugan Swaroop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming for Numerical Control

• Programming for NC is, in general called part programming and is employed to process a
workpiece.
• There are different ways in which the part programming is done.
1. Manual part programming
2. Computer assisted programming
3. Computer-Aided Design / Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) based programming.

Manual Programming
•The programmer prepares the
NC code in low level machine
language.
•In programming, NC axes
nomenclature is to be fixed. ISO
standards for some of the NC
machine tools are illustrated in
Fig.
Programming for Numerical Control
Manual Programming (continued)
• Two distinct categories of machine tools are:
1. those that employ rotating tools and cutters while maintaining the work stationary.
2. those that require the workpiece to rotate whilst maintaining fixed tools.
• Translatory motions are denoted by X, Y, Z, U, V, W, P, Q, R and rotary motions are denoted
by A, B, C, D, E.
• The translatory axis is positive when the machined dimension of the workpiece increases
and for the rotary motion, it is positive around a translatory axis if it follows right hand
screw principle, i.e. it is positive when the right hand screw advances in the positive
translative direction.
• There may be more than one moving element in the same axis – one is identified as being
primary motion and designated as X, Y, Z and the secondary movements in the same axis
are designated as U, V, W corresponding to the dimensions parallel to X, Y, Z.
• For example, a turning centre may have a horizontal saddle movement and a horizontal
turret movement both operating in the X-axis.
Programming for Numerical Control
Manual Programming (continued)

• Rotary tool turret on a turning


centre when it indexes is not an
axis movement.
• Rotary movements may be
provided in the built-in rotary
tables as shown in Fig. in which
A, B, C indicate angular
dimension about X, Y, Z
respectively.
• For example, the program +X
56.25 – Z 50 indicates that
there is tool movement in X and
–Z directions.
Programming for Numerical Control
Manual Programming (continued)
Programming for Numerical Control
Manual Programming (continued)
• When the workpiece moves, the positive movement of the axes is shown by +X that
indicates that worktable movement is required in this direction in order to bring about
relative tool movement consistent with designated +ve axis movement.
• The program consists of blocks (also called lines), each of which contains an individual
command for a movement or specific action.
• Each block is numbered.
• The blocks consists of words starting with an address letter as shown in Table.
Programming for Numerical Control
Manual Programming (continued)

I X-axis location of arc center


J Y-axis location of arc center
K Z-axis location of arc center
G-codes

G-Code Execution

G00 PTP movement (Rapid traverse)


G00 X# Y# Z#
G01 Linear interpolation movement at feedrate
G01 X# Y# Z# F#
G02 Circular interpolation, clockwise (CW)
G02 X# Y# Z# I# J# K# F#
G03 Circular interpolation, counterclockwise (CCW)
G03 X# Y# Z# I# J# K# F#
G04 Dwell for a specified time

G17 Selection of x-y plane in milling

G18 Selection of x-z plane in milling

G19 Selection of y-z plane in milling

G20 Input values specified in inches


G-codes

G-Code Execution

G21 Input values specified in mm

G32 Thread cutting cycle in turning

G40 Cancel offset compensation for cutter radius (nose radius in turning)

G41 Cutter offset compensation, left of the part surface. Cutter radius
(nose radius in turning) must be specified in the block
G42 Cutter offset compensation, right of the part surface. Cutter radius
(nose radius in turning) must be specified in the block
G50 Specify offset of reference point i.e. location of coordinate axis system
origin relative to starting location of cutting tool; used in some lathes
G60 Unidirectional approach (rapid)

G71 Canned cycle for longitudinal turning

G72 Canned cycle for facing


G-codes

G-Code Execution

G74 Deep hole drilling cycle in turning

G81 Drilling (canned) cycle


G81 Z# F#
G82 Drilling cycle with dwell
G82 Z# F#
G83 Deep hole drilling cycle
G83 Z# F#
G84 Thread-cutting cycle

G85 Reaming cycle

G90 Programming in absolute coordinates

G91 Programming in incremental coordinates

G92 Specify offset of reference point i.e. location of coordinate axis system
origin relative to starting location of cutting tool; used in milling and
drilling
G-codes

G-Code Execution

G94 Specify feed per min. in milling and drilling

G95 Specify feed revolution in milling and drilling

G98 Specify feed per min. in turning

G99 Specify feed per revolution in turning


M-codes

M-Code Execution

M00 Program stop

M03 Start spindle rotation, clockwise (CW)

M04 Start spindle rotation, counterclockwise (CCW)

M05 Stop spindle rotation

M06 Execute tool change

M08 Coolant on

M09 Coolant off

M13 Spindle on CW, Coolant on

M14 Spindle on CCW, Coolant on

M17 Spindle and cutting fluid off

M30 Program end. Machine stop.

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