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Introduction: Orientation of critical theories
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
645 views24 pagesThe Mirror and The Lamp - Abrams
Introduction: Orientation of critical theories
Uploaded by
Andrea M. Guardia H.Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 24
The Mirror and the Lamp
“ROMANTIC THEORY AND THE CRITICAL TRADITION
By MH. ABRAMS
ent go farther ta cod mut Become
icon Beyer deter, the oe
(sty, ake mort amp.
‘sa vad.
che
a
New York + OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS + 1953 Introduction:
IENTATION OF CRITICAL THEORIES
me SS ii er tay what i Weal a wha
Amores, Noman Bir
go rose on anew. ethete quetions in terms of the relation of art
Wo the as, rae han fo exeral nar, oto te sadence, of €
rl reicments of the werk el wer the characteristic endensy
misono few dadex ago andi continues to be the
ata prem sany—perhap she majery-—of eres way. Tht
of view ie very yong Mesired spun the weaty-fvehade
iso ote Westen thoy of tt fr it emegance ata compre
re apech to at shred bya age nudes of eres, er Back Dot
mote than century 204 a ball. The ion ofthis book i 0
‘he ewlion and (othe early aineteats century) the emp,
its diverse forms ofthis adcal shft the anit ia the alignrent of
‘inking, ad to Gece the pncgal alerts theres agin
this speach ha to compete, In pic, Taal be eancesoed
the moments comsoquencrs of the new Beatiogs i etm for
Henifcaton, the anaitin the eslaton, ad the weting of poetry.
al of sathece presets su expeily dieu problen wo the bi
Reena ers of ant have lnc oi to prof that mac, ae
shat hs ben sid by ther pressor ie wavering chan phantema.
Tas go by the ne ofthe piloiephy of ae seed to Santayana
verbiage? DAW, Pr who hil wrcte eo excelent boos onthe 4 ORIENTATION OF CRFTICAL THEORIES
‘ube, commented hat nal cht in fac oaly «pce
on ft oly «pe
‘neo podiloegy”
os nbjetnm ih woeing nd dete sda oe made
tnd sir lel me ws fr ae vlna
buy cater ot hot pcan facet te ae
{htan oalo enig ta ued nce ngriners e
ftp ot tng e's mis wl eae me me es
‘CEUENTATION CF ORIYIEAL. THECATES a
som and cobece of te gh a ls i the proper
pitope works osx tod the edi) wih which tases for
TEE Pare Sock ston wl of cue, ty oe oe tae 8
fal hve inhi ea ways selon pil
Be eclyoequt th ange sect peaomens; but Wis dive
ee dlr. Oe son we gn om ey of he istry
a i coin grat we owe wo Ue wry of he xin
ee conrary w Pals psn spp thee hori hve not
ish working cnspins ofthe mater ead ad dates
sr bem ply acne n song the aii eave ai.
Geran whee plilby aber ond sein cade thao
TEE Gees wo bbe modified the werk of pce In mer ine,
ET future fo hear slow invarly have bee scoped)
Fire Sal proruncomens, whe ery indcquces soeties ep ©
fos the chassis quai ofthe crled erry sheverets ©
hu if or cis ad to dg vole, ou siti nheroe
ted dus ae bona ran. Ao, he ver feta ny
Telgounie cil dary in some dye ar the eet peeps
yup dsr ea mc ef ae he aera fe m0)
Tien to epee cha wok With ser dori, wih 9 deret
|i and aifeone stg of datminason, ste on pence ov
te undereina,o ebcre
© Ta vy of ete the, boweer ke ek of be ier
An A. Rha is Pips of Litera Grim, bl i on
ste “The Cher of Cre There wl side pene a
bt gusting the spr of ny mee ef
led znd vey dre scant we ome
eine Wh hopin hoa Rh ie We
SS atcnge sk grange ey etn in ese
seg wld pong fey te soe ofp
Test tht he oo seb tory igh i ul pean ofthe
theta ogemacy which em mp uma core
‘Sol hing eater, Bt aged dS car patos oo
the dry dng hips of rel ns Seed
from ccm for wmaing sod th con ooking may
et is genie power We il elt ep fal ome
‘henson’ tan cote pyc nr en & plone
‘sens sting ot fom ond rng 20 apa ote fap
dae hy nde pls mao hm, wee
fe ih sions wn tsi wl ean ce
the fire by res the uo oa pipe og
10 ji rer, and lily on texpetaon and appeal ofthe eee
father An st wl ths ft tae th cars
sod en nopchnle propery of bang copiously
the ttre ofthe vy pnp which spo then fer spre
cae many ea tates of ft ets pl ae he
perpen nicht oy ae hat he
‘icc ene thy apeh ig ene yay
imetgese ars ig so at ahs ei of ies ope
tr, lore Kind ote great nec th Wee eed
‘onthe et ens et doen
‘god cil dons prec, ka it om Kid of ily The
sion i tx lene very ingle pics ba the
vey iil one Its nat ly tht anne wo rach quenions as What
Tsar When ts petry? dager The fact is that many toss of att
aot realy be cmpored a all beat they cea cto ground on
which o mt and cbh. They scem incomensurble because sated in
dive tons or in identi terms with diverse signin, or beau
they are an ing prt of large pater ofthe wich ier assump
ths and pweace Av a sel i hard to Bind where ey are, were
gre, op cven, wat the pins a sear.
(Oat acd the ist find rame of reference simple enough to be
reali mansgely ye feile enough 0 eh, without undue ileace to
fy one eof sarsmens abou ti wil ana a any ets pele
Coa single lane of dour. Most writes bold noah to anderake the
try of esthetic tory have achieved hit end By sexy traning he
ase tem ofall thew ino thrown favor peep vecbulary,
ar his powsdue nly ot ie subject mater, and merely mihi
‘he ception tobe unrateled, ‘The mae promising mechod iw adopt 6 oupsraon 0 eumeas meres sexe comananes oF ser came >
an analy heme which avoids impeing its owa pomp, by utizin
those ey etinctions which aze alway conumon to the ent posible
‘uber fhe thers ob compaze and then to apy the seme wai
in consant reins © ineduce sock furherdincins a8 eem to Be
needed forthe purge ia hand
Bos wk of it bd ae Te wl exiia he
Br ipl eng tater ngs th eer
Be nee ta wl ean he wot by cnndeing ki
Be cen vii i dpc sal oe a ind
Br ay eercace beyond ioc,
Brak map eon of» a! hry, boven hn
ot fs petals Fa conte coon
Feetcy, br rota, ty si agian ardg te
hh hye Tle vb eee esc ne
BDL any ce ry pc oie wih ae ad
Bec eedo itos ey bse pres yp ated
ecu tse or te oe see wel oe any
Pet whe crn, my email he a's world
Breccia crcl enn mst
Sis wel may bel id oy mn wc, gwen
Th ee County sei which age in nig
Bp Sep mt he ary coil 4 ge a
BB cy vy fem ersmecig tr hon morgen mae
fon mse io. Ea of ow ober ry wes oy to
Doin ewig ann merge rorya
Bes ecm em of wong whch or cri
jad th gc pc elo of ih tne st
ee
Dew pn of ne odie re cpl dof sai
fn fa plc dan, wd’ move ie
ct By clip eine howe we Sereno py
inmtehe pe bd cay money cd he Say
Ste rd inal geccatens Po rhcal poo he whee
lane op sh nga vies hl lee og
Shon atl strc whch nel ninety ees ad
Tcsnrmn ie yess wens w he few ln ee od
Bo ety eatin ae rely Yee op ety
onic he plas an or ot of tnog the ot
pe one cnn sane cic, oagh it ee 8 ty
ie racy
i, Some Co-ordinates of Art Criticism
Four chient in che tl sustion of ¢ woth of art ae discininate
and made sen, by one or anoher stony in alms ll theories hi
tim be conpechensine Fister ithe wrk the ati rods
Ana sic hi va human prod, an alas the sand eam element
isthe artes, the ari. Third, the werk then o ave a bo whi,
isl r devious} is deived from exiting thingr—in be aout, or sgn
for refs something which ee io Bear ore selion to, 40 objecting
fate ofa. hi hid clement, whether ldo conc of pple and
tecios, ideas aad eli, material things and event or eapersennble
feos hus Fequenly een denoted by hae worden, ‘nature's bot
leew we the more Deual aad comprehensive tin wer, isead Po
the final eknene we have the atime: the Hinener spectro eee
to whom the wok is adeese orto eho atentin, at any rat, eee
salable
‘Oa ths framework of ats, work, uve, and ance T with wo sped
cout varius thes fr compari, To emphsize the ality of the
devo and athe sane ime make i eater ile che anaes ws
arzange the four eects in a convenient pera. A sriagle will dy
tc he work ofa the hing ob explain athe cet
UNIVERSE,
t
work
ae
ARTIST AUDIENCE
Ahough any resonably douse theory takes some act of all fone
ements los all heres a ve all sei dcr ointaton
toward one only Tat 2 ere tends deve from one of thee tes
tis ping eager for defining, closing, and soalgeng a wotk of
25 well ay de maj eres by which be judge values Appleton
Of this ante seheme, therfore, wll ct atempt to expan the nacre ene Pons 7
of Plo’ remsins a ploopby ofa single sandad; forall
eSeding ar are ulmately judged bythe one creson of thir
Mo be aime Mes. On thee grounds, the pct snacably the
io of the asin the Tawra, 20d the moral iaded, ay one
a be rege 2 himself che wocr po, sell achicing at
oa of te Ie whick the wadianal pet step under eonaions
im flr. Thus the Ime able ely wo the pte
Esson to hs iyo of rangers
aecoring 0 aioe gic oe and oo tape the ead
Kec oar hese a on ofthe bes and mle ie which
abe ned very ruth of tng You pata me a ot
Brand cogent: i the mb of dr»?
4i, Mimetie Theories
‘The mimetic viemation the explanation of tas esa 2 iat
‘spect of the univese—was probably the ma pimiie ache thom
oat mimesi is mo ipl ance by the ime ie makes is fist recoded
pesrance in the diogue of Pho. Theat of painting, post, ras dan
tng, and sculpre, Socrates sys, ae all imitations? Imitao’ is r
sonal term, signing two tre and some correundenceberween the
‘Bur sth in many ner eine theo evesthing compen i
to ctegores she imiabl and the imieation the ilovphe athe Poni
lalogueschazacerisicly operates with three categories The fre
ina of teeter ad unchnging Iss; the sea eeig thi
‘wold of ses, natural rari andthe third eaten te eld
"he sero compris such Ching saws, age in water and i
ad the Bie ats,
Around this threstage egessconplicted sill ter by vrous
plemenary division a6 wel by bis expos of the pope
his ey termPiao weaves hie davaling desi? But Gem the si
arguments emerges a rcuret patra, exemplified inthe Eamous psig
in the tat book ofthe Rei. In dicing the natu af at See
rakes the pont that hee ae three bed: the Mea whichis the ese
the bd” and is made by God he bl ade bythe carpets an! the ed
found i pining. How shill we dori the pine of thi hed bel
1 thik, he id that we ay fail gate kim a the ite of
wick he ethers make
‘God Es hen You el i whi hind in he deen fn trea
{ens hei
“And the age pst can imate, and free allt its
le theke onoved fon the King a en te ah?
Thar ape tobe an
1 enon of eiiay poy which we ae connie on the
Bie cic cone, ely cond vina Pao pos oe
Bec on te echers re bd tecneseprent opener
eu wor nwrites tc Klings her then the etn; o by
Beronng ta th oc in comping (ot Sct fahey poor cit
io doting cans depend on his at ad Kowa a wat
he vn afta the or of his right ind”
ere Voge te, conn mo seats proper, fr nib he
of Pla comes eo the poten oh lee prt cone
enya prey esl of prochain howe cea
‘aon for beng Inte alge hte oly one dion poe
ei, chat he pein of tsa ate ath soma
pia he qusion of stan ners beep fn ons uty
En ad ie, Foc gets th nk Suro sy acme
Mis dicen of pry ia the Repu, reer than par, whet
an io god or ad”
icin he Pots sho ines psy ite i pony aad
gis as ao Comey, Dyan ey, and tn Btpyig and
ing, areal viewed awk, oe mitt’ he ces
dinners ae acions '* Bt the deen between he Woy
ttm nation fnions in Ars and in Poo Gingell
onsen ofan the Peto, it Pon ig te
m inp tae + work of ts ocd scng to po ade in
eof things, ba sce Aves cer any the her ol
codes thee no ger phn nid tha fc Iton
Ao made 2 ean gece the a dtingihing tee Er every hing
Fom the inal poston hat art mits the weld of appearance and
ot of Esence, flown tat wk a a havea lowly san inthe one
of exixiog thing. Furchecrere, sine the ests of Ideas the imate ls
ot ony of rainy but of vl, the determin that ye at second
more ffom the truth automatically exis is equal terete fe
‘he eau snd good. Dest the cabs disor more secur inthe univer, and tery fein them on sry wit es may
{itn Purbemae in his angi the neat Are once
Acre supplementary dtincions asonding tthe objets iene,
medium of ination, and he mamner-—
seve Ear hart vil men? unavar, it the love of goods
ik hey tote + medicine of Cherie’ The genre of poetry se dicuned
Uhl ranked ffs the pot of view of the moral and ec elfct esch ix
Uae to ache: the ele poe thus demote iu w be the King of
Tesi eos indameth the tind with deste to be worthy and
‘bes the fly love Ire i cnecved at am intrument fr peuaing a
Bites ofthe gensncro of her Ivers pans” A hiner of tion
“pal be witch soll on the bss of sctesiveinerpettions of iat
[pnsgss foo Arial’ Poe a thie insane, wi sate of rs,
“Sidocy flows his Fan gus (who in tun had read esto through
“the spac of Horace, Cer, atd the Church fer) ia bndiag one
er anther ofthe hey aatments ofthe Pees to Gi bs own thoi
fame"
For convenience we may name eran tat like Sidney’, is erdred
tumard the audience, ‘pragmatic theon ice leks a the werk of at
hly asa mens to an end, an etrament for geting wmething done,
nd ade to judge te value acaning to sures in achieving that tr
Here i of cure the greta rranc i emphaseand deta be the
nr tndeney of the pga crew cncive a poe an womebing
‘alin order to tft requis responses in ts seadets to conser the
fhe from the pine of view of the powers and training he mu have
fin exer to aciee this end to ground the ection and anatomy of
Brin Inge pean the special eects eich kind sad componente a
| fzngetent wo chiro derive the non othe pti et ad canons
ie appraial fom the neo and Tegkimte demands ofthe audience
Noiwhom the poe added
‘The perpecie, muck ofthe basic weabulry, and mony of the ere
Ueiicspes of pragmatic etic originated in the cael thoy of
Hori. For eheone ad been wxeraly regarded ata fatrument for
4 cuseramon oF aca msonus
rime o ivenive, They dle, thy inate by difezen media.
nya Kame declared that‘ ll the ie ats ping oly and scale
ane in hee nature iasve’ mi ke ace, piv of
aly and copies act om nature’ while lnguage cops from nats nlp
in chore iwtaoes in wich i naive of und se mations Ad by
178 in ew cle exon dscns prise to bis waaatin af he
Poatcr, Thomas Twining sone this divincion between arts who
rmatinare ‘eon’ (in the Iner terminology of the Chiago setitia,
(Chars Mori), in that they revemble wha they ence, and those whic
are signee enly by convention. Only werk in which the reemblanee
Berween coy and objet fe nh imate andi’ Twining 7
can be decribed initute n a set sense, Dramatic pce, thro
Jn which we mimic spec by spec ie the ly Kind of pocty which i
perp imation; mse muse be rik frm the Tit of mae at
Sind he concludes by aying ht peitng sla and the ae of design
Jn gence are "he aly at ha ace oon and cently itive: ™
“The cnceps the ati iotaton then, payed an imprest pst sn 220
cass aesthetics; br aver ington shows hai id ae in meses
ay the dominant pare Art war commonly sian imino Duta
Fnnocon which is enly inured tonard prc elects upon a
fdr. In fat the new-oseinity wih Which posRensimncr rte
[Ended and echoed Agel Partie i deep Th Sos of inert had
sited, and, op our diagram, this Inter eam i primary orem, at
fom work o universe, tut fom werk to audence. The nae ahd con
quence of tis tage of distin fy cey indeed by the foe cae a
Englsh civic enten smetine in de eal 1804 Sr Pip Sdaey
‘The Apolgi or Pec,
iii, Pragmatic Theories
Pay thee [st Side) ta a of natin, er 0 Arita tema
fn de word Mes, tn is 6 6 fepenatng. coum, oe Agung
Feeth—to see mophoraly, «pking pte! wits tien to tach and
gh"
In pte of the apes wo Arnal, thie nee a Arete foro
‘To Skin, pote, by deni, has a purpose—to achive cain cfs
ina asics Ie acs oly a means the prosinate end of plesng,
apd pense tums ott, only asa meas to the mate ed of ticings
Iee‘righ poz re hoe who nite bh eight and cnc, and delight 6 ‘uncanow oF eae.
achieving persuavion in an audience, and thes are with Cie
that o order to perad,theoftor max consi, inform, aml mone
minds of his auditors” The great dance exemplar ofthe epicaon
the threat pein of vew to poy was, of cours, the Ate Pocono
Horse, At Richard McKeon pin ut Horace’ eric ir deed
"he ninco intruce che pee ew Keep his tens thee et
{he eed how indice ches and appli, ow en ple Rowman st
nce, ad bythe same token, bow t plese ll succes and ia
aig?
In what bese for hier cis the foc pasage of the des Pat
Horace aie tha ‘the poet i etic profit oo plese 0
‘none the delighfl and the ual” The eotet shows tha Hlorce hed
plese ob the chief pars of roxy for he rsomcads he posta
merely a 2 means to give plenue to the elders fo, in conte a
young arts ‘i at what eons wo service ten But pode
sd delecre, wo wach and to plese, wget wih ante erm induced
ftom there, cere. to mune, served fr cetuis Yo elle er thee
heads he sem of ssc eet on the cde, Te llanes bere
te aren the cure afte. To the overrhelming jority of Renal
‘ance cit a Sit Philip Sidey, he marl ft wae the terminal sig
{0 which deiht and emoton were airy Eom the tine ofthe tel
‘sys of Dryden through the eighteeath entry evar tended abr
"heute end, although poy without prof wa olen held wo he
and she opimivie moras belied with James Beste tha ie peep
insu en plots the tore etal
Looking yp a prm a making a cotrvance fo alleting an aud
‘es the pial pragmatic et i engroed with formulating the meth
the ll or Cte of making’ Ben Jenson cla efor cheng the
lees desired, Those method, tradonly comprehended er the
poe, or‘ (in phase wach as thea of peyote formule
respi and rues whose warrant const thorn hi being dered
the uses of orks whore maces and long survival hate proved
‘dapain o human nature, o ei inthe being rounded dicey on the
Pctologkal laws governing the eejores of chin gener The re
"herr, ae inheene i the quate of ch exclnt werk of and
when excerpted and cafe Une eae serve eully to gue the ata a
Imakig sad ce etcs in judging ay fone pra. “Dryden al De
Tetasoa, ay be pops considered ae the father of agli evita, a
{he wn who Gus aught wm deetine upon piles the mer of om
I perv sting ew ries ems pit
se ae
Ott ok 0 0 rts sola
gee ee ctu al ot gece ge
Fos wit de ctr are ne na
“heron anes ams he a
lee emacs taniory Asem, Han of Men, wh weve
I tes Countryman, They mote o thir Few. Cin afte Unie,
al Goon, and wall Agee» They mere clei conn ht aching
H rr fmol Was to Teme, but smcthng ke at ha
Onder which maintains the Une
Although they dagrecd concerning spite rule, and aliough many
glih crits reputed such feral French reqs the at of tine
i place, and the purty of comedy and egy, ll but afew scenes
ng cighicentneenry cries bleed in the vali of ome sf i
| Yerel rules Ar out mideneuy, it beame popuae to demonaate ond 6 mmr of eaene: nine
‘expou al hemor les for pty a even fr arin gene:
inluive clase, ‘Te pte of the pragmatic eamning
ployed ry canmenienly be mudd in sch eompendious uetnen
James Beste Bay Pocry and Mase a hey aft the Mind (0
fx more sun ill in Richard Huds Divetion of the Een of Uy
eval Poy” (966), Unicel pry, no miner what che genre, Hi
{ps isa tt whose nd isthe taxnim pombe plese "When
‘pei of pty a a we mene sack 2 ay or mela of Pei
bet, ais ound ie peaing and dle oe" And ie if
‘Sealy in view, ll wll tour all the mystic ofthe psi a
eda a evste the pile id, and ply i a soso
From this taj premise Hurd evolves thre properties, cnt ta
pry a lo elect the grew posse delights Bgucive Langa
"sion (ihe eo sy, 4depatre fom wat i acl or empiielly
ile, and veacion. The mode and dqee in which Une eee
eval qualies ae to be combina in ey ne species of poy, howe
Wl depend on its plas end, because cach peti hod mst expt
‘pos plcmsure which ii gnerilly ape en achieve "Forde at
‘ery ind of poetry ison thin genera art 90 med asthe notare
toch, that is more famine and subeediate eo way eect
aca tones _
case ids mse conducive t then” Since Hates and Hc bo
fer are Uo cent raoalizing what is mainly common bey of
etc ee it eed ot suprise ws at, though thy see ew cen dere
ts ofthe compas, ther pate often coincide”
Tutt appreine the power sd llunination of which » rin and ex
ie psgmate ein i pate, we mo tur fom thei abst se
(enars of crete methods and muss fo such 1 pocaleie 68
Svae Jobasn, Johwso's ery ercina amomes appronatly he
frame of ciel reference T have decbe, but Joni, wo dase iid
2d abt therring plies the nto with const jel pes
Tne empl, dtrene to the opinions of eer radern, bu ise,
relic on hs oon expert repose tothe text A 2 ret Joos sx
nents on poets and poems have perseilyalfrded x jrpingaf point
lor Lae cits mbae fume of efeeoce aod parte judgments dior
ratcaly from bis oa. Foran inane af Jonsnsprsere which
(Specllyftreing Hecate shows ov the notion of the inion of
rotor arin wih the jolgmet of pty in eis of end ad
‘iets, comnider that monument of teo-clseerticien, Jobson’s Preface
1 Shakepeare.
Jobon underake in his Peace to etal Shakespear’ rank mong
pets sod to doo, i ele rae Stalerpene' ative sbi agt the
cel evel of te an achiceement in the Elizabethan ag, and 0 me
tre thee abies in ern “by thie proportion so the general and clive
sly of man’ Since the powers and excellence of an author, however,
‘x nly be infeed from the atace and xcelec ofthe work e chien
Johasns addres himself 9 general examination of Shales’ dam.
Te tis sytem appl ofthe works themeles we find that ne
resins foe Jobson a measure of auton ae ereron epee ohnwon
Ssinsine tha this therefore is the pe of Shakes tha hi ami
the miorurof ie’ ond of inanimate nae as wll He wan an exe
‘eyo ofthe inanimate woe. Shfeyproe, whee ie aa be his
sujet, shows plainly, tht he hs acm with his or ey «2 Ba Fb
tom abo dams, "The end of wong it instruct the end of postr i Yo
inaruc by plsing! I et this fonction of peer, snd the don
sued effet of «pcm pon its auc, tat Joann ars pion 28
{ese evterion. I's pom xls npn, whatever charase ober,
ICig a a work of are nethings thnagh Jon inst wih aeons
‘mors chat mut already hove seed olhooed to comtemporary
‘adr it mu plete without veatng the anda of tu and ie
Far the same of prem wll dong ry cpt, wb rina
to New, prove be wo comers 0 ford al the ples hich
ero wl pom
(On the has of folate pangs frm bis Ltrs on Chialry ad
smonce, Hurd is commonly weated 2 4 ‘provmane ite. Buea
{mumaion of hs pets ered in the Ten of Univeral Pact the
‘ease Logie which Hrd erpleye to “unl the rales of pe
Pmkve dni, ermiing the ream of the hing’ over che
‘ke ofthe acta pace of pac, bigs hin a lve a anyone ia
land tothe geome med of Caves Bate, tough witht dae cil
Canin appara. The ference i that Bata evolves hi aes
the dfnien of gece ate ation of fe ee mature, 2nd Hard,
dts deiniton athe ae resting abt woo aff the reader 2
‘mom pleasure; and this inales is aeing that he pees 40
Kevnldge ofthe pagclogy ofthe reader, For i the end of poy it
atl the mind of the reader, Hird ns owledge of the a of
IF aeceury to el rls, which are at a9 many sean, which remiss minus 3
af he thought ani eling ofthe poss occ fin the che vat form
lion) poet is dfined i ems of he imaginative pros which mdap
and wtheizs the images though, and feline ef the poet Ths wap
‘of thinking in which te rit hime bsores the major element genera
ing bth he asic pod an she rea by which to be fudged
shal all he exe tary
‘Sting the dtc a which his poin of view bucame predominun in eri
‘al theory, ike marking the pst at which orange bees yellow i the
Color sperm, mst bea stew airy proce Ay nel
0 approach tthe exprenveoxkcaton, though ich io hitory and
tl in sop, be founda rly ot Langs dsuson of he abn |
yl havin ies main sure ate thought ad emeions the spear
fit recur ina variant fem ia Hace’ bet salsn of fey oe
lining eo the imagination a 'cecommodsting the sows of ings to the
ese ofthe mind! Even Wordert' theory, ic wil apps mc
rote embeded jp a editonsl matrix of inres aral enhanc, and iy
therfore, les radial than are the thee of his fellowes of the 189
‘The yor sw isa god round number, however and Werdwr’s reac
8 convenient docoment, by shidy vo igang the diplcement of the
mimetic und peagmatie by the exreive view ofa in Engh eco,
In genral term ce ental tendensy af the cxpresive then tay Be
semnmarized inthis way Awol a ares een the total rade cx
tena eng fom a erenive proces aperting under the inp of fe
fing, and embedying. che combined product of the post's perepion
thoughts, and fens. The primary source and eb mater 2 poemy
therfore are he atibutes and acon the pox’ own mind i pee
ofthe external world, the these ony a ey ase contre om fa
sry by the felings and eperaions of the poet’ mind. (Ths the Po
oy down wie ‘poeeds whence Ht ugh to da fom the
soul of Man, communisting ts eee ene othe images af he exer
al wold) ® The pramonne cut af poe stan Aro forma
‘ame termined primary by the human scons atd quan iced
nor, a in neoclte ecm, 4 Gal cae, the eet intended pon he
tude; ba instead anes caee—the inal within the poo fo
ings and desires ecking expen, othe compuhinn of the ‘eae age
notion which like Ga the erator, ba intra vousce of rion The
ropes isto grade the rte by the extent wich te meee amen
tle to the undone expesion ofthe ftings or mental powers ofthe
sity and wo cs the sper of a0 at nd cole tian, By
Be aca enue igen pe
Be is cari forms, willbe prioeipal concern of the rest of is book,
roe yoo 'n hh Wao tc
isa hl weed en Sy ocd Sag
ing gn, Wit oy moses ie
ary iy na shard Wo san he
fr to op ene pons cel ann a
Ever ils spl pact larg ea he
i py eu hgh sy oe
ig clyde rs eee
(Gis imi opr of Mit ny ay he expan
Dig hg’ Etc ef ets ee fo
Dt rs xe stg ar gs te tong ic sas
icp cmmenpnc ste eel wi
JG Pre et lec ner te ede ruking
Bie ick uae preening pay me
ya sy yt ny er oes
by mae die ae Sig ee tare,
ve ono cme cia re reuters oe
Be yep ot ohne haces To Ae ‘eagedy bad been the highs fom a poet and hep, represating the
{ction xing aed had been i t's ile ow eo lai rks had
‘good thats whether judged by greiner of sbjer mate oof eeepc
{nd cages sete King and quen of oc form Te sertes a8 a index 0
‘he revlon in eral nor to otic eh Yo Mi, le comes Kid
ok pecsary evi A pi poem aw a sei pi (ke aaratve) =
ox pectey 2 all bt ony ata fame for the greats divest of gem
‘inl pci pais wie the nee in pit and try ‘merey ba ry?
Chractriae fade ses of oi, cite, andthe alana ad cml
{50 civ aul’ Siar with the her aa i rus, png,
Seals and tciere Mil dsingisee Iwan Kat ich Simple
Simin or desipio’and that which express una fling and
therfore, poe.
(G) Spontocty ae etrion, Ml aces the venerable asumysion that
4 mais crotional socepbiy is iat, but his Koowheége ard sill
his sears sequel: On tis bss e dings poets into two class
zaets wo sre ead poets who are rade, or those who are ects ‘by
ature! and cove wo are pet ‘by clare” Natural poetry 3 ienble
Tecan ie Pelng il plying Thooght only a the edu of is
tera’ onthe eer hand he pastry of 2 culated but aot macuely
otc mind is wotten with sata tr aod ne the thought romaine
the peau cit weve snoanded by aloof fing? Nord
owt torso poy inf higher soe, thin ay thers ince =»
thot whch cms cts una fing ees far more Kgs nt
‘hich ino the pry of ltr? Among the reds, Seley represents
the post barn and Werdiseth the pet made; and with uneoicons rane
Mil rns Wordswors own cretion, the spontaneous overtiow of fel
ing? agai ite poe. Worden’ psy has de ren of she appear
nce of puntancouses: the wall eer wo fll tha overBowe"™
(6) Tie extra word im fr 8-4 ery poder sempy ites
lcs feito poetry 2 all Asta reference of poetry othe exter
Snivene dippers from Milfs thar, ease to the extent the sense
jects may seve ota tule or accion fr the generation of pop
nd then the postr eno inthe ject sel tin the state of id in
thie es contemplated. When 3 poet describes ation hes deer the
Tom proses Out the ate of encement ofthe spate fel ad the
port ist be eve at to the object ott he ham oti," That
‘Sree fom the eterna word the jes sige by 2 poem tend wo be
feyanded a po rere tha 8 posted eqvalent—an extended and atc:
xen none 5
Me oe ee
esas hte 7 ie Sell ped
re or an
ot thet poet af racing tha ber vapid is of cempain ly
nel Sous pear «= Bethe poner a ereing wen aes ith
ste samo ling fatal eas ete ciel yr ad
Terumencs w est ling Sul, witha Scent be spn by ay
Bing vay
{au 40 inienion ofthe degre o which the innovations af the romans
[ors a he commonplaces of modern criaeven of tho who purport
fo found thir *hory om aatsnmatic pinion ow wiki
“the paaleltetsen he paige tare ands famous coment by T. 8 hot
“Th ty wy of expeing ete nthe fr aby dings bjt
Gerla nes wor «net fats stunt,» n of ets which
ale the fro hae psa et: wch hot whe he seal fe
he amen i nd
| (@) The euieace. Nols draic i the fate ofthe suns. Assoing
fo Mil, Posey is feng. confosing fact Sale in tnomeae of a
2 The pet's aubence rede to 2 single mere, comtng of
et him “Al poe at Mil ts so the ate of slg?
prose of producing ees upon other sea, which for centres had
the defining character ofthe ar of poy now seve preity the
tfc tales 3 poem by proving it be sto stead
en the pos
ere tt et cin da bye a
eal cp own wu eng oo tbe ee
ster ee af ening nga ar
Wy die mang sn tpn oa ste id oss
for ond cr care
ert nna womhng nga flo te adc nthe oma
of ew, Orin terms of hrc ees, t might be conju tit
Aiugpestnce of a omegenenss and dictimunaing reading publ 6 ‘amrao oF cae nares across =
fostered a ets which on principle dimisihed the importance of the
dnc ue a deteisaat of potty and pci a. Weedaverth li
‘ead that Toes donot wrt for Pacts alone, bu for Men and that each
(of his poems ‘as 0 worthy purpose’ even though ie eons ox thatthe
laure and profi of the acne fam automa omeguence ofthe poet’
fontencou over offering, pred at che appropiate asecatons
‘eweenchooghts and feelings bare basa bled by the poc in ad
Save? Kea, bowser med ony tht axe eros ie
(of Pury wit the nt Shadow of public thought" ™ "A peta nigh
fale ccorting to Shel, ko asin darken and sings to chee so
Sold with cet sound is adios ae ar men etenced by the red
(fan sen min," or Cae the pet uel replaces the and
nce the genet of sei ore
Fee rt onal ones aq as ta ee
ae
a eetincers
(th whe Cine hapless ow eles am eit Cor oe and
einer eae nol sect eht we mere rats
Sin compos ou; mit ca cv ty 0d beg to eee ya
“The evelution is comple, fom the mimetic poet, aged the minal
role of fing a miror wp to notre, trough the agate post who
wher bis ncaa ity ulimatly mend by fs expect i
the public tate to Case’ Pets Ho, the ehomn one wo, bear he
isa Fors of Nate? wie ar be ma, and aoa the dee of homage
he evo serena the mtste of his read’ pty and ase
». Objective Theories
All tpet of herp decried 0 ar, im ther practi applications, ge
Alva tang withthe work of at il a spat nd thie mal
Felton, wheter the premises on which ths leben ste dariiatd
fd ved ele thn pln Yo te pesto the aro the wood
vant, Bor thee i fourth procedae the “ejesre oretion?
Inch on prince regade the work of artim alton from all shew ec
eral pins of ference, nace i 36 a sel stains ey conse By
itp inti ternal lon ap cts oto je it lly by itera
Intise we owe mode of ng,
"Tpit of view hasbeen cmparavely rare i Heray rim, The
ce coy tere atthe analy of a ar form which i bat ebjeive and
ompreasivesecurs nthe ceil potion of Ansa Pot. U have 8 cmon oF cate. ea
Bt be? The wl and inch ei of ert by the Chiago Nao
[Aticcians and thie sexy ofan instrment ape to deling wih
pty as ech ave been angel effecve oar a lr end Tn bi onto.
Koga cikicim, John Crome Ransom has ben alin for recognition of
‘the autonomy of he work elf ar exting rs ona sche" eapalga
have been organized sunt te peronal ers the incense!
andthe aie fale the widely inact! handbok, Tae Tacory of
“Linatre, weiten by René Well and Avein Waren, proses that ct
‘um del with «poets gus pts, independ of exis” fs ae
Similar views ar being expresied, wh increasing fequene, not only in
‘ovr Kesar ba in oar chaely oural. le Ame at leas same form
‘ofthe objec point of view har aeady gone far © dilae is rv 4
the rgning mde of Ieary ei,
‘Anording eo our scheme of nasi then, thee hae been four major
ceattony cach anc of which has seemed to varie sete minds adequate
{or a stnictry erica of atin genera. And by and Lge de itor
progression, from the beginning trough the aly nineteen, ha
fren from the mime theory Pat and (in 4 quali fasion) Aci
fol, dog the pragmatic theory, lasing fom the contin of retore
‘with posi inthe ELllnie and Roman ers lore eaoug the eight
‘oth centry othe expensive theory of Englnh (and someshat eae,
German) some eres
‘Of evans rome cam, He the of any poy war nat ier
in i oxo Av Ine at #851 Macaulay Glee sinking eoullyfellowed
eadsaal porns) stl isis as an exalrule Tou in tesion and
Sn the natu of tings ta "foe i as was i more than two tho
snd years ago, imitation and diferentes hee the as on the basi
ff tek dive media and ebjers of imation. The, a ames parked
With cighertboenary cin, be ungratflly employs the iec
princi to uy his elevation f So, Wordevorth, and Coleridge ver
fe egheathvcocury pats case they imiate nature more accrately
snd atc the nee closers of cometne on the ground that they ead
to make imine lee perfec han they bere woul be. °° The
tae of erm which abject ar and hearst ote acne al co
Tibwed to fous, wally ia a vlgraed form, among inet oa
fins sch a Francis ey, who deliberately se temic oie the
literary standards of he ide cle and an presereeanelied wha [eeey
called the purity of the female chara.
Tn these ere not the nova esi wetiags wick contributed (|
xyes simone =a
ane romper of what Shelley, inhi ‘Defence af Poetry? ll
Feo the age and thera ference been the characterise
of view of roche spd romaate etic remtins vn
och tepcentave productions of the 267% and "yeas Tohmo’s
Wet 10 Stokespea, Rams Elements of Criti, Richard Hardy
be Tika ol Univeral Pty The Art of Pory on « New Plan (of
ov autor), Dstie® Baaye on Pacry and Music, and the Get
f Dseorcr of Sir Joaes Reynlde Pe there net to the mje
ivy into postry and are of the romance generation: Wordeworths
and csr earn, Coleridge’ Biogreptis Litera and Shake:
Tecres, Hat's On Poeuy in Grae” abd other Gay, cron
ft lain ‘Defence of esr’ then a wo thi group su ter
us a Carhiek “Chon and cary terry reviews, JS.
fs te coy om pty, Jaa Keble Lecres on Parry, and Leigh
What Is Voctty? Whatever the cotonty of eran terme tad
‘ewan individual members of the wo er and however impor
he mabodolgil and dostna dilteaces which divide the tenes
ins ving group, one decisive change marks of the cicsm io the
‘of Wordsworth sm tat nthe Age of Johnson. The pom as moved
the cee af the etal sper and taken ner any the ergy
whch had one ben exercised by bis aden, theatre of the weld
hich be ound himself and the ieried preps ad example of his n
IMITATION AND THE MIRROR
‘is Sarre pai of Sse ht i dana he our of ie.
Suet Fac
re nae rie soe of the Repu Sorat udetkes 10 expin the
eve matte of pry, at once otrodaces at ang, The Maer of
fn acral bod or ble prczads in secodance wih the Teo of thes hing
Bure artst ha aneher and eer way to make thee all er things
What wa?
[Ao sy yen other, here ace nny ay in which te et igh
legis snl ey somite, nore quicker Yan of tring ie
rout pl tauyod would en engl maketh on a he vem od
‘Sean and gos od eter ama sd plant, sn ll ee hing a
‘And from the propics of such minor images Pa gars on to evave
sve unlting eonseuence about the charcr and alae of ar
“Thisillsaten sao eal one, for in hie eitingy Pl adver rx
evely tothe anlogy of the reflec, citer mitten or water, o Ae
hose feel simular of things that we el shadows. The he wes
to chy the intereatnas of al the Hens in the univere of things
tural or ani to thir przoypes, or Tess; and of ntatons of
‘hing, inching thse fn the at to tir models the weld of see
(Only, one would say tit Piso intodiced the recor merely
Silsrte 5 ready formed concep ofthe nature of ar and of the cosmos
tnd the ping quosion to Be raid Is whether he rain i ape
vr wane 4 tn ”
se thee tances retenale and imgorane question: not only “How
iis anlogy tthe cooepe? bor "To seat exent may th cacept
fen generac Som the analy?”
. Art Is Like a Mirror
‘phe tsk of aralyring the mitre and faction of apr has ead
nny eco ated fo the rbewrican and co the cre of Hrs
shor, bows wheter alive or ombud an inseparable Cemeat
if dscns coding dacuse who purpose ise pesnive 200
fete deerpve and infomnve: Mes gems patie
Se invivaly xh yey andi 2 rect bak Shen
Peper bot mode oat ech of the major wold view wo bea Kind of
ms sect, demonstrating the whole ofthe exer 10 be ike
Gin yr Evo the tonal lunge ofthe mtu eee an
Gh be uly cr ahough Ht hey tern ion Me nt reg
ft be capes wa othe eure of ime the gene adopion of
few ansbgy pela perce Inn theatre ofthe ole Ard in the
jo ef fairy, metaphor and analy. though (8 copious are
es nto tan i poetry ill A parla sim ofthis book
fo epic the role inte iy of criti of een more or le
ped coc edewhat we my all ‘hepa alge
Tk to scl, itr, semaine, and eva the fas a
Sic tony expsiory analog, a omental oition prope art
and ilar seve few sem recurten ad not erie, Da
ie ithe ond pla en event ements of
erry thy o of any thoy y the ae ken ty elec ad ld
“Bat whch a ther camped, or fas ae facta things made
cha thing found, and made at bythe analogies trough which
lek st the tl! ar thcugh 4 Hens. wonder? Cleridge oer
hd vy face were veel natin things? «Fut you brow
Se ras hey ae ot conloos they are Bet een premises, bot
ie ese and peo premi'™
Ay are for inviting a cs por concept gre
ee abd exe sregy wih which ec be mange, 2p
to the ingng mind inate—cber 4 bln or an ante and
ing cnfron, Ove il roe i more o ess dll
tout fr ebjecs which oer poral 0 dimly saved specs of the
slut, ous he beter haw w cut the ls Known ode so see 4 ease =
+ Rou Ise his analysis of dramatic imation on the passage
Both lao had derived he aatue of imitation fom the abs oF
P Minorsinage? Bibop Herd inrodsed his extended commentary on
fey in gem by ching Arigtles defaition of that ar as imitation,
Ter hen had secure to Plas’ misor wo denote how dhe istton
2 snararo 190 mi so
cos he etangible nen of the tabi This anlogieal proce seems
Suracerase of mach lel entspine. There i del of wily in
‘he popalie Icon fr What ite nt?” nary: “What lke?
We tend to desribe the nature of something in smiles snd map, nd
the vehicles of these seeuireat figures when analy olen tin ene to
be the avibnes ofan ijt atalague Orough which we ace viewing
the ej we deride: And fT am right, Pat's deliberate we of aloe
and parable difers fom that of many eer inuiers lee in tcc han
in candor
‘The eoute w & minor in erder 1 illominte the nt of one ot
nuher arc cominued wo be a Gerke with sexete thr lone ser
laa. Renaissance speculaiznthercrence oa lk i runt
ad eaplic“Whar sold paling be called? asked Alber excep the
boklng of + miror up tothe orginal atin at?”* Lsoando repeatedly
spp wo @ mor vo ante the rltion to ate bth of pining
fant the mind of de piner. "The mind ofthe punter should be ike 9
Imitor bic always the clr of he ting that reflects and whieh
ie filled by as many images a8 there ze things slaed bore i. » You
cant bea good maser uss you have 2 univer power of reps
sng by your ar all he vais ofthe foros whi mitre pe! Tn
liarature we ind Canon's Miror of the Wort, Bard's The Minor of
Minds, and Gascoigne Glas of Goversment and The Stele Gla these
ae mie of fels and minors for magisraes. The snlogue wae expe
haly popular for comedy, the aly eepecematine of rary ean, aad
2 gest mony ci Tian aad Esl, ched the words “hit Dont
‘ing in de fourth century, bad arte eo Cie het comedy e's
copy of He, 3 mor af etc, a reflection of th? Thus in sever
the gusstn, “Quid comoed, Ben Jaan pus in the moth ofthe
dramatic conoiseur, Cerda, the alleged epiion of cso that ii 2
‘tao vite, seals onruradinis, isa vert
‘Ar Ite a5 the middle of dhe cghceah eemary important cre com
tinsed to iste the cocept of imitation by the nates of «keke
ths. De, Johnson wat fond af eis paral and found ithe hight et
‘lence of Shakespeare that he hoe op co hi ede Et rou
‘of manners and of Ife" In 1751 Bishop Warbaron glowed Pop’ lie
Shar Notre and Homer wee be founds he sare” withthe comment tha
‘Virgil ‘ad she proience wo contemplate aatare inthe plae whi she wat
vee 9 most advantage, collected ial er char in he ee sno of
Berne
vi: th des ey he tgif, wich the es iin
fae mr om wih eB ton he ie
iy Pump I conver i aad Uning rember The magi
Se Eine pups ecalenky seas byt nae of
Spr ch aheryn mand pe song wl
Poe ou intr wth san ond he
= ta lian is conception of pact in the Repel Pla hime St
© ped to ime ins tien, then the work of painter, snd ally
pple) ibe disinsions dea ern bos thew trains te dee he
inci charac of poy. ‘The progrewion i sgncant. The minor a5
fn analogue for poss) afer From the enspicous defect that images
“be Seeing, Bee Te invention of photogs the product of = painter
foe the bes avaible ostnce of vamething which expres and etait
Teac, A pice, therefore, while if a work of at, was a useful ad
june to the mince Sor elasing the les obieus mined quay of an
"Eke pcr, which oles the ible wold nda, bythe igfeanse
is wrt,
Phuach forulaicd the eying o€ Sinonides that “ntng ix sate
cy, and potty a speaking pace’ and thi, together wits Horace’s
Pinos, ot pone poe, ken ost of comet and mised 48 26
feng comperhcsive parila Uetnee the two 27, Became sais
in gopelar setheic wisdom As Irving Babb a), qute securely It
rare to sad throng acral ie on eer art Hera, wren
“Peticen the mide ofthe sites and mide ofthe eighth cemury,
Iihou Fading an apecving menian of the Horan sini «.« fr] of
‘hs cquitlent saying of Simones’ In a7 all seamed to Dr obnson
that F the pclele which have been drawn by wie and csi, sone
fre Ieral ao elas between potty ad painting which dier only
6 the one repescschings by marks petmancat and nail the othe
By igs acienal nd xbrary The peobble ees op Reasence sd
“Wer anise theory and prac af the corte comparons between the
“dea of fing and of poe has often been rematked. For oor # lnerenon W9 Te Soe ‘wr onrters or ramos: re Anne ES a
rose puro, eb eooagh to aa that che app o pining esrb
fated the sneepe tho pocty i a eton of ects and even
1 is fel to gauge the erento which the charac receupe
ons and discoveries a aesthetic tory have Leen fostered bythe cone
‘wal model of therefor, heer dha ha eon explicit or covery eee
rein deeining the focus an terms of eras Avene xem
‘we have Plato's simp and obvious derive fom the mie ap slog
Foc example a miroimage is only a smtdacrum of 49 bjt feed de
ptvely to sjeesen hee dimensions by twos ence the owl san of
{ut ax mere appearance, fr remove rm te tr Aly he sl fein
tof mito st yield fale sed scart nage: creping when
Pts lke Homes and Aehpon depart nthe wr things we have
to alemative btw yeh they ae hae Such ria ve stint for
Pls pnp, which & concerned nos stall with the vale of atin fe
self bat with demonteting tt Freed ofthe ann may ot be sere
fn a hve sate firmed op melas model, whee this be the pele
state ofthe Repco the practically pcr wate ofthe Lanes At the
‘aber eee, we have the Poetic, The pectiarsiength of Arima
tals of tapedy coms inthe degree to which bese develope
Jig st of dsinsine which if hey donot ety espe from alg,
tne sell appropriate co pout conadced a an cbjet nfs
King and an end in le" Betwcon thew awe pels we have the post
Arian theres which, alow without excepto, evr to cone
of mimesis much leet the sree of Beal econ
"The peogetve afforded by more teen cnet schemes enables ws
to ditiminae certain endecies commen to many of tore thon be
tveen the stent at eghtenth centuries wh Keaked up st a
tation, and more or less ike 2 minoe, For beter or wor, the ansogy
helped focus intrest op the aubjes mater of a work and ite models i
teas wo de composi nel f the shaping ialence of asic eon.
‘eto, the inherent reuiemete ofthe single work of at and the i
Avidaliy of che autos i¢enouraged the siking of 4 choy be
tween tne cements of 3 werk which ate denonaraly tepesnae of
the real world and thse farter verbal and imaginative eeents aid fo
be erly “rnamensl’ ineduced to give ger peti to the ade
and it foteed a preseopation with dhe trai of arto ts oreypondeney
in some fashion, othe mates ld to fle.
‘The lang survival of the efector 8 archetype demote its apts
and sugesivens as oe pint of deporte for aexthrstheony. The ex
cn of angie hnkng lowes, i arin ofthe ce
fe fers Corti cis No hue ermal oe eee,
ey crore onl aril pores te vey rian of es
Mire oy «bap chen schoyre rakes margiod and ne foe
pec of on oes whch foc tx mie cage Wiles
Peak ey fran very Me amy aes pot
‘qt dif and not many cir have be ale erp the
Gove ste cpus dean wifey rape tw da ot
fi ics nce spe Te hry of mde ean we sel
oy me par ld athe sa fraeraive purrs oe
for ed nate’ the oer cen soma uct oa oe
Bie» rowing pline-which weld sad mee ofthe wosicone Sop
ees ote rior, and beter corebed how ics and i of
Pi shes cst wich hi chp mes manga amie
ii. The Objects of Imitation: the Empirical Idea
‘he thor who held dha ar eflosdatze was commited looking
You there eather then in the rtf the ject tmter of wore He
tes once confronted bythe conspicin fc thatthe age aly &
cine of any single eke o erent ia the eternal work, asl me
‘es prseots othe pecatr a Kad of bing for which there no pee
‘ot wcrc in the world of eax. This vst of ar rm vat he
[Aayseen 2 eartnaljeoblem for atte plophy, and the win bas
fr the share by. wees inderent obese to at that i tv oF
[Pasty mischievous Chic and navclic defenders of at alike wed
he problem by chiming tae pty inaes ot the aul bt selected
ae qualies, tends, oF forms, which ate within or behind the
tal—veiial ckmens inthe contton of the uaivene which are of
Bigher worth tan gross and wneleed reality ile. In reecing thee
he minor eld up to asserts what, in oppoion to ‘eal mtu
Egy erin on called ‘nature inpeone ce “ight! x ‘ria
fm the Freeh phrase, de Ble mote. Thi al Baten snot le ea
fas le ven qui peat re, bea val quiet epee comme
8 eis seamen ave totes prfione qu'il per reer
Biss to thet pragmatic pint of view, mort eighceateetury theca
faded cha he jasieaion for ths prcedne layin the mead to Sight
(8 somexines, to enlighten) the reader, “Nuhing com pene enon of vase Home sid, ba mture deen with all er gris aad onmameot
table nate
he wre
or rena wa ng ago cident the end of Pastry i ene
dy commun ht pry nt hy oe acing rate, Boss
Ing to nar improv toa dee wbich i consteat with oily, sad
"Jame Rete summed up the prevaling opinion when
2
, selene ole wrtogy of Arisa, Profesor MeKon reconsris
fa ition hearst spans sre form fon the mate with which ics
etn ete however te sacar tone oer pre
Se seer oe hc i he rate of ne the dies ch Be
ht iter nice the fon jet tr i the hye mel
‘tue othe poss puro, And hese ie sa we el Poem tno sane form at repre ote mater ef he a
| Naty dhecouh-
