Part 2 CCT Overview
Environmental Protection Technologies (Technologies to Effectively Use Coal Ash)
5C1. Coal Ash Generation Process and Application Fields
Technology overview
1. Background and general status of generation process
Coal ash has, since it was commercialized as a cement Power
transmission
admixture in the first half of the 1950’s, been widely used in
Steam
applications such as a raw material for cement, cement mixtures,
Households/factories
roadbed material, backfilling material, and embankment material,
Steam turbine Generator
finding its way mostly into the cement sector, particularly, as a
Transformer Smoke stack
clay-alternative raw material for cement.
Coal combustion methods are roughly divided as follows: Boiler
Coal-fired power plant
(1) Pulverized coal combustion (dry-type)
Economizer
(2) Stoker firing
Air
(3) Fluidized-bed combustion pre-heater Electrostatic
precipitator
(4) Circulating fluidized-bed combustion
Clinker
hopper
Breaker Fly ash
2. Generation rate (85-95%)
According to a survey conducted by the Center for Coal
Utilization in 2003, the coal ash generation rate in Japan was
9.87 million tons a year, up 6.8%, or 630,000 tons, from the Bottom ash
preceding year. Most coal-fired boilers for the electric utility (5-15%)
Grader
industry are combusting pulverized coal. In addition, in general
industries, 132 One-MW or larger coal-fired boilers are in
De-watering Silo Silo Silo
operation, a majority of which combust pulverized coal. In terms tank
of boiler capacity (steam generation rate), 50-ton/hr or smaller
boilers are mostly of a stoker combustion type while many of the Bagger Humidifier Humidifier
100-ton/hr or larger boilers combust pulverized coal. Figure 2
shows changes in the rate of coal ash utilization and generation
Dump truck Ship Truck Jet vac truck Dump truck Jet vac truck Dump truck
from electric power utilities and One-MW or larger installed power
generation plants in general industries from 1993 through 2003. Fig. 1 Coal ash generation from a pulverized coal-fired boiler
Source: Japan Fly Ash Association
3. Composition of coal ash
In Japan, 90% or more of the coal ash generated is from
Rate of utilization
pulverized coal combustion, dwarfing the 7% or so from fluidized-
Rate of generation
bed and some 1-2% from stoker combustion. The generation ratio
of fly ash to clinker ash (bottom ash) is 9:1.
Coal ash (thousand tons)
As for the shape of coal ash particles, low-melting point ash is
often globular while much of high-melting-point ash is
indeterminate in shape. The average grain size of fly ash from
pulverized coal combustion is approximately 25 m, similar to silt
in fineness, between finer clay and coarser fine-grained sand for
use as a soil material.
The chemical composition resembles mountain soil, with two
inorganic components, silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3),
comprising 70-80% of the total composition. Other than these,
ferric oxide (Fe2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide Year
Fig. 2 Changes in coal ash generation and utilization rates
(CaO) are also contained in slight amounts. In Japan, the
composition of coal varies widely since 100 or more varieties of
coal are imported from all over the world.
95
Clean Coal Technologies in Japan
4. Application fields
Table 1 shows the effective utilization of coal ash in FY2003 by are not bright. To cope with a likely increase in coal ash in the
field. Usage in the cement industry is increasing annually. Of the future, expanding utilization in other sectors will be important. In
8.38 million tons used, the cement industry accounted for 6.33 particular, the civil engineering field is expected to use more coal
million tons, or 75.5%. Recently, however, cement production has ash because of its high potential for consuming large quantities.
been declining and the prospects for substantial future increases
Table 1 Breakdown of fields for the effective use of coal ash (2003) (Unit: thousand tons)
Total Electric utilities General industry Total
Rate of Composition Rate of Composition Rate of Composition
Field Application
utilization ratio (%) utilization ratio (%) utilization ratio (%)
Cement Cement raw material 4,354 71.32 1,522 66.90 5,876 70.12
Cement mixture 149 2.44 159 6.99 308 3.68
Cement admixture 95 1.56 48 2.11 143 1.71
Sub-total 4,598 75.32 1,729 76.00 6,327 75.50
Civil engineering Foundation improving material 138 2.26 104 4.57 242 2.89
Civil work 103 1.69 25 1.10 128 1.53
Power supply construction 79 1.29 0 0.00 79 0.94
Roadbed material 50 0.82 110 4.84 160 1.91
Asphalt/filler material 9 0.15 0 0.00 9 0.11
Coal mine filling material 204 3.34 0 0.00 204 2.43
Sub-total 583 9.55 239 10.51 822 9.81
Construction Construction materials (boards) 213 3.49 164 7.21 377 4.50
Artificial light-weight aggregate 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Secondary concrete product 18 0.29 1 0.04 19 0.23
Sub-total 231 3.78 165 7.25 396 4.73
Agriculture/ Fertilizer (including snow melting agent) 53 0.87 26 1.14 79 0.94
forestry/fisheries
Soil conditioner 11 0.18 82 3.60 93 1.11
Sub-total 64 1.05 108 4.75 172 2.05
Others Sewage treatment agent 4 0.07 1 0.04 5 0.06
Steel making 13 0.21 8 0.35 21 0.25
Others 612 10.02 25 1.10 637 7.60
Sub-total 629 10.30 34 1.49 663 7.91
Total 6,105 100.00 2,275 100.00 8,380 100.00
References
1) The Center for Coal Utilization, Japan (now known as JCOAL): National Coal Ash Fact-Finding Survey Report (2003 results), 2005.
2) Environmental Technology Association/the Japan Fly Ash Association Coal Ash Handbook 2000 Edition, 2000.
3) Nobumichi Hosoda: CCUJ, Coal Ash Utilization Symposium lecture collection, 1998.
4) Natural Resources and Fuel Department, the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy: Coal Note (2003 edition), 2003.
96
