ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

PROJECTS

MRSM BALIK PULAU

NAME: SYAZRUL IKHWAN BIN ZAINOL

CLASS: 5B
 CONTENT

No. Contents Page

1 Introduction 3
2 Part 1(a) 4
3 Part 1(b) 5 - 9
4 Part 2(a) 10 - 11
5 Part 2(b) 12 - 13
6 Part 3 14 - 17

2
 ∞ INTRODUCTION ∞

A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which
are the same distance from a given point called the centre. The common distance of the points of
a circle from its center is called its radius. A diameter is a line segment whose endpoints lie on
the circle and which passes through the centre of the circle. The length of a diameter is twice the
length of the radius. A circle is never a polygon because it has no sides or vertices.
Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and an
exterior. In everyday use the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the
boundary of the figure (known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior, but
in strict technical usage "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a
disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its
length).
A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are conic sections
attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
cone.
The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. It is the basis for
the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern civilization
possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry
and calculus.
Early science, particularly geometry and Astrology and astronomy, was connected to the divine
for most medieval scholars, and many believed that there was something intrinsically "divine" or
"perfect" that could be found in circles.
Some highlights in the history of the circle are:
 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the area of a circular field. The
result corresponds to 256/81 as an approximate value of π.
 300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid's Elements deals with the properties of circles.
 1880 – Lindemann proves that π is transcendental, effectively settling the millennia-old
problem of squaring the circle.

3
4
 Part 1(a)
There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circles. We need to play with
circles in order to complete some of the problems involving circles. In this project I will use the
principles of circle to design a garden to beautify the school.

Bedroom lamp compact disc tea cup

flower coin

5
 PART 1(b)
By definition, pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. Pi is always the
same number, no matter which circle you use to compute it.

For the sake of usefulness people often need to approximate pi. For many purposes you can use
3.14159, which is really pretty good, but if you want a better approximation you can use a
computer to get it. Here's pi to many more digits: 3.14159265358979323846.

The area of a circle is pi times the square of the length of the radius, or "pi r squared":

A = pi*r^2

In Euclidean plane geometry, π is defined as the ratio of a circle's

circumference to its
diameter:

The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For

example, if a circle has twice the diameter d of another circle it
will also have twice the circumference C, preserving the ratio C/d.
Area of the circle = π × area of the shaded square
Alternatively π can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the area of a square whose
side is equal to the radius.

These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such as the fact that all circles are
similar. This can be considered a problem when π occurs in areas of mathematics that otherwise
do not involve geometry. For this reason, mathematicians often prefer to define π without
reference to geometry, instead selecting one of its analytic properties as a definition. A common
choice is to define π as twice the smallest positive x for which cos(x) = 0.[6] The formulas below
illustrate other (equivalent) definitions.

6
What is formula of π? The first mathematician to calculate pi with reasonable accuracy was
Archimedes, around 250 B.C. Using the formula:

A = pi r^2

for the area of a circle, he approximated pi by considering regular polygons with many sides
inscribed in and circumscribed around a circle. Since the area of the circle is between the areas of
the inscribed and circumscribed polygons, you can use the areas of the polygons (which can be
computed just using the Pythagorean Theorem) to get upper and lower bounds for the area of the
circle. This was the first general method for calculating approximations to pi, and at least
theoretically it could be used to get any degree of accuracy if you could just do the computations.
Archimedes showed in this way that pi is between 3 1/7 and 3 10/71. The same method was used
by the early seventeenth century with polygons with more and more sides to compute
pi to 35 decimal places (Van Ceulen did the biggest 674 calculations.)

When Newton and Leibnitz developed calculus in the late seventeenth century, more formulas
were discovered that could be used to compute pi. For example, there is a formula for the
arctangent function:

arctan(x) = x - x^3/3 + x^5/5 - x^7/7 + ...

If you substitute x = 1 and notice that arctan(1) is pi/4 you get a formula for pi. This is not useful
because it takes too many terms to get any accuracy, but there are some related formulas that are
very useful. The most famous of this is Machin's formula:

pi/4 = 4 arctan(1/5) - arctan(1/239)

This formula and similar ones were used to push the accuracy of approximations to pi to over
500 decimal places by the early eighteenth century (this was all hand calculation!)

7
In the twentieth century there have been two important developments:
the invention of electronic computers and the discovery of much more powerful formulas for pi.
For example, in 1910 the great Indian mathematician Ramanujan discovered a formula that in
1985 was used to compute pi to 17 million digits.
Other even better methods have been developed since, and computers are getting ever more
powerful. The current record is about 51 billion decimal places.
Pi is a number. It is approximately equal to 3.1416 , but that is not its exact value. We are
interested in this number because of an astounding fact about all circles. Take an exact circle,
any circle. The distance around it is called the "circumference" and the length of a line from one
side to the other through the center is called the "diameter". Sometimes that line itself is called a
diameter line. Now divide:

circumference
--------------- = ?
diameter

What number do you get? For big circles or smaller circles or medium-
sized circles the answer is ALWAYS the same. That number is pi.
I cannot write down here for you exactly what pi is, because I would
have to write down an infinite number of digits. I can tell you that
a better approximate value is :

3.1415926535898
but that still is not exact. The real pi just keeps going on and on.
Fortunately, most of the times we use it we only need one of the
shorter approximate values for it.

Two of the best known ways to use pi are in formulas for finding the
circumference "C" of a circle and the area "A" of a circle, if you
know what the radius "R" of the circle is. They are :

8
 C = 2πr

A = πr2

where "*" stands for multiplication. Since R*R is sometimes called "R
squared", often this equation for area is said "pi R squared".

In summary, pi is a number, but it is used in equations.

History of Pi

Pi is a very old number. We know that the Egyptians and the Babylonians knew about the
existence of the constant ratio Pi, although they didn't know its value nearly as well as we do
today. They had figured out that it was a little bigger than 3; the Babylonians had an
approximation of 3 1/8 (3.125), and the Egyptians had a somewhat worse approximation of
4*(8/9)2 (about 3.160484), which is slightly less accurate and much harder to work with.

The modern symbol for Pi π was first used in our modern sense in 1706 by

William Jones, who wrote:

There are various other ways of finding the Lengths or Areas of particular Curve Lines, or
Planes, which may very much facilitate the Practice; as for instance, in the Circle, the Diameter
is to the Circumference as 1 to (16/5 - 4/239) - 1/3(16/53 - 4/2393) - ... = 3.14159... =

Pi (rather than some other Greek letter like Alpha or Omega) was chosen as the letter to
represent the number 3.141592... because the letter in Greek π, pronounced like our letter 'p',
stands for 'perimeter'.

The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by taking 3 times the square of its radius,
which gave a value of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (ca. 1900–1680 BC) indicates a value of
3.125 for pi, which is a closer approximation.

In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (ca.1650 BC), there is evidence that the Egyptians calculated the

9
area of a circle by a formula that gave the approximate value of 3.1605 for pi.

The ancient cultures mentioned above found their approximations by measurement. The first
calculation of pi was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC), one of the greatest
mathematicians of the ancient world. Archimedes approximated the area of a circle by using the
Pythagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular polygons: the polygon inscribed within the
circle and the polygon within which the circle was circumscribed. Since the actual area of the
circle lies between the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed polygons, the areas of the
polygons gave upper and lower bounds for the area of the circle. Archimedes knew that he had
not found the value of pi but only an approximation within those limits. In this way, Archimedes
showed that pi is between 3 1/7 and 3 10/71.

A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429–501), a brilliant Chinese mathematician and
astronomer. Zu Chongzhi would not have been familiar with Archimedes’ method—but because
his book has been lost, little is known of his work. He calculated the value of the ratio of the
circumference of a circle to its diameter to be 355/113. To compute this accuracy for pi, he must
have started with an inscribed regular 24,576-gon and performed lengthy calculations involving
hundreds of square roots carried out to 9 decimal places.

Mathematicians began using the Greek letter π in the 1700s. Introduced by William Jones in
1706, use of the symbol was popularized by Euler, who adopted it in 1737.
An 18th century French mathematician named Georges Buffon devised a way to calculate pi
based on probability.

PART 2(a)
Q

C
10
A
 P R
B
d1 d2
10 cm

Diagram above shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR of
diameter d1 and d2 respectively are inscribed in PQR such that the sum of d1 and d2 is equal to
10cm. By using various values of d1 and corresponding values of d2, I determine the relation
between length of arc PQR, PAB, and BCR.
Using formula: Arc of semicircle = ½πd
d1 d2 Length of arc PQR in Length of arc PAB in Length of arc BCR in
(cm) (cm) terms of π (cm) terms of π (cm) terms of π (cm)
1 9 5π ½π 9/2 π
2 8 5π π 4π
3 7 5π 3/2 π 7/2 π
4 6 5π 2π 3π
5 5 5π 5/2π 5/2 π
6 4 5π 3π 2π
7 3 5π 7/2 π 3/2 π
8 2 5π 4π π
9 1 5π 9/2 π ½π
Table 1

From the Table 1 we know that the length of arc PQR is not affected by the different in d1 and
d2 in PAB and BCR respectively. The relation between the length of arcs PQR , PAB and BCR is
that the length of arc PQR is equal to the sum of the length of arcs PAB and BCR, which is we
can get the equation:

SPQR = S + S PAB BCR

11
Let d1= 3, and d2 =7 SPQR = S + S
PAB BCR

5π = ½ π(3) + ½ π(7)

5π = 3/2 π + 7/2 π

5π = 10/2 π

5π = 5 π

12
 PART 2 (b)
Q

E
C
A

P R
B D
d1 d2 d3
10 cm
(i)
d1 d2 d3 SPQR (S=sum) SPAB SBCD SDER
1 2 7 5π 1/2 π π 7/2 π
2 2 6 5π π π 3π
2 3 5 5π π 3/2 π 5/2 π
2 4 4 5π π 2π 2π
2 5 3 5π π 5/2 π 3/2 π

SPQR = SPAB + SBCD + SDER

Let d1 = 2, d2 = 5, d3 = 3 SPQR = SPAB + SBCD + SDER

5 π = π + 5/2 π + 3/2 π

5π = 5π

ii) The length of arc of outer semicircle is equal to the sum of the length of arc of inner

semicircle for n = 1,2,3,4,….

Souter = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 + S5

13
c) Assume the diameter of outer semicircle is 30cm and 4 semicircles are inscribed in the outer
semicircle such that the sum of d1(APQ), d2(QRS), d3(STU), d4(UVC) is equal to 30cm.

d1 d2 d3 d4 SABC SAPQ SQRS SSTU SUVC

10 8 6 6 15 π 5π 4π 3π 3π
12 3 5 10 15 π 6π 3/2 π 5/2 π 5π
14 8 4 4 15 π 7π 4π 2π 2π
15 5 3 7 15 π 15/2 π 5/2 π 3/2 π 7/2 π

let d1=10, d2=8, d3=6, d4=6, SABC = SAPQ + SQRS + SSTU + SUVC
15 π = 5 π + 4 π + 3 π + 3 π
15 π = 15 π <SHOWED>

14
 PART 3
a) Area of flower plot = y m2
y = (25/2) π - (1/2(x/2)2 π + 1/2((10-x )/2)2 π)
= (25/2) π - (1/2(x/2)2 π + 1/2((100-20x+x2)/4) π)
= (25/2) π - (x2/8 π + ((100 - 20x + x2)/8) π)
= (25/2) π - (x2π + 100π – 20x π + x2π )/8
= (25/2) π - ( 2x2 – 20x + 100)/8) π
= (25/2) π - (( x2 – 10x + 50)/4)
= (25/2 - (x2 - 10x + 50)/4) π
y= ((10x – x2)/4) π

b) y = 16.5 m2
16.5 = ((10x – x2)/4) π
66 = (10x - x2) 22/7
66(7/22) = 10x – x2
0 =8.0x2 - 10x + 21
Y/x
0 = (x-7)(x – 3)
x=7 , x=3
7.0

c) y = ((10x – x2)/4) π
6.0
y/x = (10/4 - x/4) π

x 1
5.0 2 3 4 5 6 7

y/x 7.1 6.3 5.5 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.4

4.0

3.0

15
2.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X
When x = 4.5 , y/x = 4.3

Area of flower plot = y/x * x

= 4.3 * 4.5

= 19.35m2

16
d) Differentiation method

dy/dx = ((10x-x2)/4) π

= ( 10/4 – 2x/4) π

0 = 5/2 π – x/2 π

5/2 π = x/2 π

x = 5 m2

Completing square method

y= ((10x – x2)/4) π

= 5/2 π - x2/4 π

= -1/4 π (x2 – 10x)

y+ 52 = -1/4 π (x – 5)2

y = -1/4 π (x - 5)2 - 25

x–5=0

x = 5 m2

17
e) n = 12, a = 30cm, S12 = 1000cm

S12 = n/2 (2a + (n – 1)d

1000 = 12/2 ( 2(30) + (12 – 1)d)

1000 = 6 ( 60 + 11d)

1000 = 360 + 66d

1000 – 360 = 66d

640 = 66d

d = 9.697 m

Tn(flower T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

bed)
Diameter 30 39.697 49.394 59.091 68.788 78.485 88182 97.879 107.576 117.273 126.9 136.667

(cm) 7

18