Derivation of expressions for section forces and

membrane deformation
A. Cylindrical Membranes

1. Vertical Ring Loading

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 0
Section forces

𝑛𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 ⟶ 𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶1

From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑛𝑥(𝑥=0) = 𝑞 ⟶ 𝐶1 = 𝑞

⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = 𝒒 &𝒏∅ = 𝑹𝑷𝒛 = 𝟎

Membrane deformation
1 1 𝑞𝑥
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫(𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫ 𝑞𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡
From BCs, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑈𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 ⟶ 𝐶2 = 0
𝐪𝐱 𝑅 R(−vq) 𝐑𝐯𝐪 ∂ω
⇒𝑼= , 𝝎∗ = 𝑅𝜖𝜙 = (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) = =− (𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭) and 𝛃𝛟 = − =𝟎
𝐄𝐭 𝐸𝑡 Et 𝐄𝐭 ∂x

2. Uniform vertical loading (snow)

𝑞𝑜𝜋𝑅2 𝑞𝑜 𝑅
𝑞𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑞 = =
2𝜋𝑅 2
𝑆𝑜 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑧 = 0
Section forces

𝑛𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 ⟶ 𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑞𝑜 𝑅 𝑞𝑜 𝑅
From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑛𝑥(𝑥=0) = −𝑞 = − ⟶ 𝐶1 = −
2 2

𝒒𝒐 𝑹
⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏∅ = 𝑹𝑷𝒛
𝟐
=𝟎

Membrane deformation
1 1 𝑞𝑜 𝑅 𝑞𝑜 𝑅𝑥
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫(𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = − + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 2 2𝐸𝑡
From BCs, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑈𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 ⟶ 𝐶2 = 0

𝒒𝒐 𝑹𝒙 ∗
𝑅 R(−v(−qo R)) 𝐯𝐪𝐨 𝐑𝟐
⇒𝑼=− , 𝝎 = 𝑅𝜖𝜙 = (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) = = (𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭) and 𝛃𝛟
𝟐𝑬𝒕 𝐸𝑡 2Et 𝟐𝐄𝐭
∂ω
=− =𝟎
∂x
Page 1 of 47
 3. Self-weight
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑔 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑧 = 0
Section forces

𝑛𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 = − ∫ 𝛾𝑤 𝑡𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 = −(𝛾𝑤 𝑡)𝑥 + 𝐶1

From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑛𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 ⟶ 𝐶1 = 0

⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = −(𝜸𝒘 𝒕)𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏∅ = 𝑹𝑷𝒛 = 𝟎

Membrane deformation
1 1 (𝛾𝑤 𝑡)𝑥 2
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫(𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫ −(𝛾𝑤 𝑡)𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = − + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡
From BCs, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑈𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 ⟶ 𝐶2 = 0

(𝜸𝒘 𝒕)𝒙𝟐 𝑅 R(−v(−𝛾𝑤 𝑡)𝑥) 𝐯𝜸𝒘 𝒕𝐑 ∂ ω 𝐯𝜸𝒘 𝒕𝐑

⇒𝑼=− , 𝝎∗ = 𝑅𝜖𝜙 = (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) = = 𝐱 and 𝛃𝛟 = − =
𝟐𝑬𝒕 𝐸𝑡 Et 𝐄𝐭 ∂x 𝐄𝐭

4. Internal pressure
Done in Example
5. Hydrostatic pressure
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑧 = 𝛾𝑥
Section forces

𝑛𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 = 𝐶1

From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑛𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 ⟶ 𝐶1 = 0

⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏∅ = 𝑹𝑷𝒛 = 𝑹𝜸𝒙

Membrane deformation
1 1 𝑣𝛾𝑥 2 𝑅
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫(𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫ −𝑣𝑅𝛾𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = − + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡
From BCs, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑈𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 ⟶ 𝐶2 = 0

𝒗𝜸𝒙𝟐 𝑹 𝑅 R(Rγx) 𝛄𝐱𝐑𝟐 ∂ ω 𝛄𝐑𝟐

⇒𝑼=− , 𝝎∗ = 𝑅𝜖𝜙 = (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) = = and 𝛃𝛟 = − =
𝟐𝑬𝒕 𝐸𝑡 Et 𝐄𝐭 ∂x 𝐄𝐭

Page 2 of 47
 B. Conical Membranes

1. Vertical Ring Loading

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 0
Section forces
1 𝐶1
𝑛𝑥 = [𝐶1 − ∫(𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃𝑧 tan 𝛼)𝑥 𝑑𝑥] =
𝑥 𝑥
𝑞 𝑞 𝑥
From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑛𝑥(𝑥=0) = cos𝑜𝛼 ⟶ 𝐶1 = cos
𝑜 𝑜
𝛼

𝒒𝒐 𝒙𝒐 𝒒𝟏 𝒙𝟏
⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏∅ = 𝑷𝒛 (𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶) = 𝟎
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝒙

Membrane deformation
1 1 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫(𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 𝑥
1 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜
𝑈= ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼
1 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜
From BCs, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑈𝑥(𝑥=0) = ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑜 + 𝐶2 = 0
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼
1 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜
→ 𝐶2 = − ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑜
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼
1 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜 1 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜 𝒒𝒐 𝒙𝒐 𝒙
⇒𝑼= ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ( ) 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑜 = 𝒍𝒏 ( )
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 𝐄𝐭𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝒙𝒐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜 1 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜 𝑥
ω = [ (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) − 𝑈] tan 𝛼 = [ (−𝑣 )− ( ) 𝑙𝑛 ( )] tan 𝛼
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 𝑥 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 𝑥𝑜
𝟏 𝒒𝒐 𝒙𝒐 𝒙
⇒𝛚=− ( ) [𝒗 + 𝒍𝒏 ( )] 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶
𝑬𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝒙𝒐
1 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜 𝑥 1 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜 𝑥
ω∗ = U sin α + ω cos α = ( ) 𝑙𝑛 ( ) sin 𝛼 − ( ) (𝑣 + 𝑙𝑛 ( )) tan 𝛼 cos 𝛼
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 𝑥𝑜 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 𝑥𝑜
𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜 𝑥 𝑥 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜
=( ) tan 𝛼 [𝑙𝑛 ( ) − 𝑣 − 𝑙𝑛 ( )] = −𝑣 ( ) tan 𝛼
𝐸𝑡 𝑥𝑜 𝑥𝑜 𝐸𝑡

𝒒𝒐
⇒ 𝛚∗ = −𝐯 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 𝒙𝒐
𝑬𝒕

𝑜 𝑜 1 𝑞 𝑥 𝑥 𝑜 𝑜 1 𝑞 𝑥𝑜 𝑜 1 𝑞 𝑥 𝑥
∂ω ∂ {− 𝐸𝑡 (cos ) [𝑣 + 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 )] tan 𝛼} ∂ {𝐸𝑡 (cos ) 𝑣 + 𝐸𝑡 (cos ) 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 )} tan 𝛼
𝛼 𝑜 𝛼 𝛼 𝑜
βϕ = − =− =
∂x ∂x ∂x
1 𝑞 𝑥
𝑜 𝑜 1 𝑞 𝑥
𝑜 𝑜 1 𝑞 𝑥
𝑜 𝑜
∂ {𝐸𝑡 (cos ) 𝑣 + 𝐸𝑡 (cos ) 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝐸𝑡 (cos ) 𝑙𝑛𝑥0 } tan 𝛼 1 𝑞𝑜 𝑥𝑜 1
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
= = ( ) tan 𝛼
∂x 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 𝑥

𝒒𝒐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 𝒙𝒐
⇒ 𝛃𝛟 = ( )
𝑬𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝒙

Page 3 of 47
 2. Uniform vertical loading (snow)
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = −𝑞 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 𝑞(sin 𝛼)2
Section forces
1
𝑛𝑥 = [𝐶1 − ∫(𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃𝑧 tan 𝛼)𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥
1
= [𝐶1 − ∫(−𝑞 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 − 𝑞(sin 𝛼)2 tan 𝛼)𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥
1
= [𝐶1 − ∫(−𝑞 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝑞(sin 𝛼)2 tan 𝛼 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
𝑥
1 𝑞 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝑥 2 𝑞(sin 𝛼)2 tan 𝛼 𝑥 2 1 𝑞𝑥 2
= [𝐶1 + + ] = [𝐶1 + {sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 + (sin 𝛼)2 tan 𝛼}]
𝑥 2 2 𝑥 2
1 𝑞𝑥 2 (sin 𝛼)2 1 𝑞𝑥 2 (cos 𝛼)2 + (sin 𝛼)2
= [𝐶1 + {sin 𝛼 (cos 𝛼 + )}] = [𝐶1 + {sin 𝛼 ( )}]
𝑥 2 cos 𝛼 𝑥 2 cos 𝛼
1 𝑞𝑥 2 1 1 𝑞𝑥 2 sin 𝛼 1 𝑞𝑥 2 𝑞𝑥
= [𝐶1 + {sin 𝛼 ( )}] = [𝐶1 + {( )}] = [𝐶1 + tan 𝛼] = 𝐶1 + tan 𝛼
𝑥 2 cos 𝛼 𝑥 2 cos 𝛼 𝑥 2 2
From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑛𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 ⟶ 𝐶1 = 0

𝒒𝒙
⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶
𝟐

𝑥
𝑛∅ = 𝑃𝑧 (𝑥 tan 𝛼) = 𝑞(sin 𝛼)2 (𝑥 tan 𝛼) = 𝑞(sin 𝛼)3
cos 𝛼

𝒙
⇒ 𝒏∅ = 𝒒(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶)𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶

Membrane deformation
1 1 𝑞𝑥 𝑥
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫(𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫ tan 𝛼 − 𝑣𝑞(sin 𝛼)3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 2 cos 𝛼
1 𝑞𝑥 2 𝑥2
𝑈= ( tan 𝛼 − 𝑣𝑞(sin 𝛼)3 ) + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 4 2cos 𝛼
From BCs, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑈𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 → 𝐶2 = 0
𝟏 𝒒𝒙𝟐 𝟑
𝒙𝟐
⇒𝑼= ( 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 − 𝒗𝒒(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶) )
𝑬𝒕 𝟒 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝑥
ω = [ (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) − 𝑈] tan 𝛼
𝐸𝑡
𝑥 𝑞𝑥 1 𝑞𝑥 2 𝑥2
= [ (−𝑣 tan 𝛼 + 𝑞𝑥(sin 𝛼)2 tan 𝛼) − ( tan 𝛼 − 𝑣𝑞(sin 𝛼)3 )] tan 𝛼
𝐸𝑡 2 𝐸𝑡 4 2cos 𝛼
𝑞𝑥 2 2 2 2
𝑞𝑥 2
= (tan 𝛼) [−2𝑣 + 4(sin 𝛼) − 1 + 2𝑣 + (sin 𝛼) ] = (tan 𝛼)2 [(sin 𝛼)2 (2𝑣 + 4) − (1 + 2𝑣)]
4𝐸𝑡 4𝐸𝑡
𝒒𝒙𝟐
⇒𝛚= (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶)𝟐 [(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶)𝟐 (𝟐𝒗 + 𝟒) − (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒗)]
𝟒𝑬𝒕
Page 4 of 47
ω∗ = U sin α + ω cos α
1 𝑞𝑥 2 3
𝑥2 𝑞𝑥 2
= ( tan 𝛼 − 𝑣𝑞(sin 𝛼) ) sin 𝛼 + (tan 𝛼)2 [(sin 𝛼)2 (2𝑣 + 4) − (1 + 2𝑣)] cos 𝛼
𝐸𝑡 4 2cos 𝛼 4𝐸𝑡
𝑞𝑥 2 𝑞𝑥 2
= (tan 𝛼)(sin 𝛼)[1 − 2𝑣 (sin 𝛼)2 ] + (tan 𝛼)(sin 𝛼)[(sin 𝛼)2 (2𝑣 + 4) − (1 + 2𝑣)]
4𝐸𝑡 4𝐸𝑡
𝑞𝑥 2
= (tan 𝛼)(sin 𝛼)[1 − 2𝑣 (sin 𝛼)2 + 2𝑣 (sin 𝛼)2 + 4(sin 𝛼)2 − 1 − 2𝑣]
4𝐸𝑡
𝑞𝑥 2 𝑞𝑥 2 𝑣
= (tan 𝛼)(sin 𝛼)[4(sin 𝛼)2 − 2𝑣] = (tan 𝛼)(sin 𝛼) [(sin 𝛼)2 − ]
4𝐸𝑡 4𝐸𝑡 2

𝒒(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶)𝒙𝟐
∗
𝟏
⇒𝛚 = (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶) [(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶)𝟐 − 𝒗]
𝑬𝒕 𝟐

𝑞𝑥 2
∂ω ∂ { 4𝐸𝑡 (tan 𝛼)2 [(sin 𝛼)2 (2𝑣 + 4) − (1 + 2𝑣)]} 𝑞𝑥
βϕ = − =− =− (tan 𝛼)2 [(sin 𝛼)2 (2𝑣 + 4) − (1 + 2𝑣)]
∂x ∂x 2𝐸𝑡

𝒒𝒙 𝟏
⇒ 𝛃𝛟 = − (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶)𝟐 [(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶)𝟐 (𝒗 + 𝟐) − 𝒗 − ]
𝑬𝒕 𝟐

3. Self-weight
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = −𝑔 cos 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 𝑔 sin 𝛼
Section forces
1
𝑛𝑥 = [𝐶 − ∫(𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃𝑧 tan 𝛼)𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥 1
1 1
= [𝐶1 − ∫(−𝑔 cos 𝛼 − 𝑔 sin 𝛼 tan 𝛼)𝑥 𝑑𝑥] = [𝐶1 + ∫(𝑔 cos 𝛼 𝑥 + 𝑔 sin 𝛼 tan 𝛼 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥 𝑥

1 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑔𝑥
= [𝐶1 + (𝑔 cos 𝛼 + 𝑔 sin 𝛼 tanα)] = 𝐶1 + (𝑔 cos 𝛼 + 𝑔 sin 𝛼 tanα) = 𝐶1 + cos 𝛼 (1 + (tanα)2 )
𝑥 2 2 2
1
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 sec 2 𝛼 = = 1 + tan2 α
cos2 𝛼
𝑔𝑥 cos 𝛼 𝑔 𝑥
𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶1 + = 𝐶1 +
2 cos 2 𝛼 2 cos 𝛼
From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑛𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 ⟶ 𝐶1 = 0

𝒈 𝒙
⇒ 𝒏𝒙 =
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶

𝑥
𝑛∅ = 𝑃𝑧 (𝑥 tan 𝛼) = 𝑔 sin 𝛼 (𝑥 tan 𝛼) = 𝑔(sin 𝛼)2
cos 𝛼
𝒙
⇒ 𝒏∅ = 𝒈(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶)𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶

Page 5 of 47
Membrane deformation
1 1 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫(𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫ − 𝑣𝑔(sin 𝛼)2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 2 cos 𝛼 cos 𝛼
1 𝑔𝑥 2 𝑥2
𝑈= ( − 𝑣𝑔(sin 𝛼)2 ) + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 4 cos 𝛼 2cos 𝛼
From BCs, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑈𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 → 𝐶2 = 0
1 𝑔𝑥 2 2
𝑥2 𝑔𝑥 2
𝑆𝑜 𝑈 = ( − 𝑣𝑔(sin 𝛼) )= (1 − 2𝑣 sin2 𝛼)
𝐸𝑡 4 cos 𝛼 2cos 𝛼 4 𝐸𝑡cos 𝛼
𝒈𝒙𝟐
⇒𝑼= (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒗 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜶)
𝟒 𝑬𝒕𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝑥
ω = [ (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) − 𝑈] tan 𝛼
𝐸𝑡
𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 2
𝑥 1 𝑔𝑥 2
= [ (−𝑣 + 𝑔(sin 𝛼) )− ( (1 − 2𝑣 sin2 𝛼))] tan 𝛼
𝐸𝑡 2 cos 𝛼 cos 𝛼 4𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼
𝑔𝑥 2 𝑣 2 sin2 𝛼 1 sin2 𝛼 𝑔𝑥 2 tan 𝛼 1
= tan 𝛼 [− + − +𝑣 ]= [sin2 𝛼 (𝑣 + 2) − (𝑣 + )]
2𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 cos 𝛼 2 cos 𝛼 cos 𝛼 2𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 2
𝒈𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 𝟏
⇒𝛚= [𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜶 (𝒗 + 𝟐) − (𝒗 + )]
𝟐𝑬𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝟐
∗
ω = U sin α + ω cos α
𝑔𝑥 2 𝑔𝑥 2 tan 𝛼 1
= (1 − 2𝑣 sin2 𝛼) sin 𝛼 + [sin2 𝛼 (𝑣 + 2) − (𝑣 + )] cos 𝛼
4 𝐸𝑡cos 𝛼 2𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 2
𝑞𝑥 2 1 1 𝑞𝑥 2
= (tan 𝛼) [ − 𝑣 sin2 𝛼 + 2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝑣 sin2 𝛼 − 𝑣 − ] = (tan 𝛼)[2 sin2 𝛼 − 𝑣]
2𝐸𝑡 2 2 2𝐸𝑡

𝒒𝒙𝟐
∗
⇒𝛚 = (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶)[𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜶 − 𝒗]
𝟐𝑬𝒕

𝑔𝑥2 tan 𝛼 1
∂ω ∂{ [sin2 𝛼 (𝑣 + 2) − (𝑣 + 2)]} 𝑔𝑥 tan 𝛼 1
βϕ = − =− 2𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼
=− [sin2 𝛼 (𝑣 + 2) − (𝑣 + )]
∂x ∂x 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 2

𝒈𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 𝟏
⇒ 𝛃𝛟 = − [𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜶 (𝟐 + 𝒗) − (𝒗 + )]
𝑬𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝟐

4. Hydrostatic pressure
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 𝛾(𝐻𝑜 − 𝑥 cos 𝛼)
Section forces
1
𝑛𝑥 = [𝐶 − ∫(𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃𝑧 tan 𝛼)𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥 1
1
= [𝐶 − ∫ −𝛾(𝐻𝑜 − 𝑥 cos 𝛼)𝑥𝑑𝑥]
𝑥 1
1 1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= [𝐶1 + ∫ 𝛾(𝐻𝑜 − 𝑥 cos 𝛼) tan 𝛼 𝑥𝑑𝑥] = [𝐶1 + 𝛾 tan 𝛼 𝐻𝑜 − 𝛾 tan 𝛼 cos 𝛼]
𝑥 𝑥 2 3
Page 6 of 47
 𝑥 𝑥2
= 𝐶1 + 𝛾 tan 𝛼 (𝐻𝑜 − cos 𝛼)
2 3
𝛾 tan 𝛼 𝛾𝑥 tan 𝛼
= 𝐶1 + (3𝐻𝑜 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 cos 𝛼) = 𝐶1 + (3𝐻𝑜 − 2𝑥 cos 𝛼)
6 6
From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑛𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 ⟶ 𝐶1 = 0

𝜸𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 ⇒ 𝒏∅ = 𝑷𝒛 (𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶) = 𝜸(𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶)(𝑯𝒐 − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶)

⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = (𝟑𝑯𝒐 − 𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶)
𝟔

Membrane deformation
1
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫(𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡
1 𝛾𝑥 tan 𝛼
= ∫ (3𝐻𝑜 − 2𝑥 cos 𝛼) − 𝑣𝛾(𝑥 tan 𝛼)(𝐻𝑜 − 𝑥 cos 𝛼)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 6
1 𝛾 tan 𝛼
= ∫ (3𝑥𝐻𝑜 − 2𝑥 2 cos 𝛼 − 6𝑣𝑥𝐻𝑜 + 6𝑣𝑥 2 cos 𝛼)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 6
𝛾 tan 𝛼 3𝐻𝑜 𝑥 2 2𝑥 3 cos 𝛼 6𝑣𝑥 2 𝐻𝑜 6𝑣𝑥 3 cos 𝛼
= ( − − + ) + 𝐶2
6𝐸𝑡 2 3 2 3
𝛾 tan 𝛼
= (9𝐻𝑜 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 cos 𝛼 − 18𝑣𝑥 2 𝐻𝑜 + 12𝑣𝑥 3 cos 𝛼) + 𝐶2
36𝐸𝑡
From BCs, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑈𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 → 𝐶2 = 0
𝛾 tan 𝛼
𝑆𝑜 𝑈 = (9𝐻𝑜 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 cos 𝛼 − 18𝑣𝑥 2 𝐻𝑜 + 12𝑣𝑥 3 cos 𝛼)
36𝐸𝑡
𝜸 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶
⇒𝑼= (𝟗𝑯𝒐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 − 𝟏𝟖𝒗𝒙𝟐 𝑯𝒐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒗𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶)
𝟑𝟔𝑬𝒕
𝑥
ω = [ (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) − 𝑈] tan 𝛼
𝐸𝑡
𝑥 𝛾𝑥 tan 𝛼
(−𝑣 (3𝐻𝑜 − 2𝑥 cos 𝛼) + 𝛾(𝑥 tan 𝛼)(𝐻𝑜 − 𝑥 cos 𝛼))
𝐸𝑡 6
= tan 𝛼
𝛾 tan 𝛼 2 3 2 3
(9𝐻𝑜 𝑥 − 4𝑥 cos 𝛼 − 18𝑣𝑥 𝐻𝑜 + 12𝑣𝑥 cos 𝛼)
[ − 36𝐸𝑡 ]
𝛾𝑥 2 tan2 𝛼 9 4 18 12
= [−𝑣(3𝐻𝑜 − 2𝑥 cos 𝛼) + 6(𝐻𝑜 − 𝑥 cos 𝛼) + 𝐻𝑜 + 𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑣𝐻𝑜 − 𝑣𝑥 cos 𝛼]
6𝐸𝑡 6 6 6 6
2 2 2 2
𝛾𝑥 tan 𝛼 9 16 𝛾𝑥 tan 𝛼
= [ 𝐻𝑜 − 𝑥 cos 𝛼] = [27𝐻𝑜 − 32𝑥 cos 𝛼]
6𝐸𝑡 2 3 36𝐸𝑡
𝜸𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜶
⇒𝛚= [𝟐𝟕𝑯𝒐 − 𝟑𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶]
𝟑𝟔𝑬𝒕
ω∗ = U sin α + ω cos α
𝛾 tan 𝛼 𝛾𝑥 2 tan2 𝛼
= (9𝐻𝑜 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 cos 𝛼 − 18𝑣𝑥 2 𝐻𝑜 + 12𝑣𝑥 3 cos 𝛼) sin 𝛼 + [27𝐻𝑜 − 32𝑥 cos 𝛼] cos 𝛼
36𝐸𝑡 36𝐸𝑡
𝛾 𝑥 2 tan 𝛼 sin 𝛼
= (9𝐻𝑜 − 4𝑥 cos 𝛼 − 18𝑣𝐻𝑜 + 12𝑣𝑥 cos 𝛼 − 27𝐻𝑜 − 32𝑥 cos 𝛼)
36𝐸𝑡
𝛾 𝑥 2 tan 𝛼 sin 𝛼
= [36𝐻𝑜 − 36𝑥 cos 𝛼 − 18𝑣𝐻𝑜 + 12𝑣𝑥 cos 𝛼]
36𝐸𝑡

Page 7 of 47
 𝛾 𝑥 2 tan 𝛼 sin 𝛼 𝑣 𝑣 𝛾 𝑥 2 sin2 𝛼 𝑣 𝑣
= [36𝐻𝑜 (1 − ) − 36𝑥 cos 𝛼 (1 − )] = [𝐻𝑜 (1 − ) − 𝑥 cos 𝛼 (1 − )]
36𝐸𝑡 2 3 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 2 3

𝜸 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜶
∗
𝒗 𝒗
⇒𝛚 = [𝑯𝒐 (𝟏 − ) − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 (𝟏 − )]
𝑬𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝟐 𝟑

𝛾𝑥2 tan2 𝛼 𝛾𝑥2 tan2 𝛼 𝛾𝑥3 tan2 𝛼

∂ω ∂{ [27𝐻𝑜 − 32𝑥 cos 𝛼]} ∂ {27𝐻𝑜 − 32 cos 𝛼 36𝐸𝑡 }
36𝐸𝑡 36𝐸𝑡
βϕ = − =− =−
∂x ∂x ∂x
2 2 2 2
3𝛾𝐻𝑜 𝑥 tan 𝛼 8𝛾𝑥 tan 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝛾𝑥 tan 𝛼
=− + =− (9𝐻𝑜 − 16𝑥 cos 𝛼)
2𝐸𝑡 3𝐸𝑡 6𝐸𝑡

𝜸𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜶
⇒ 𝛃𝛟 = − (𝟗𝑯𝒐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶)
𝟔𝑬𝒕

C. Spherical Membranes

1. Vertical Ring Loading

𝑅10 = 𝑅20 = 𝑅
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝜃 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 0
Section forces
1
𝑛𝜃 = − [∫ 𝑅 cos 𝜃 (𝑃𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑃𝑧 sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶1 ]
cos 2 𝜃
𝑞 𝐶
From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑜 , 𝑛𝜃(𝜃=𝜃𝑜 ) = − cos𝑜𝜃 = − cos2 𝜃 ⟶ 𝐶1 = 𝑞𝑜 cos 𝜃𝑜
𝑜 𝑜

𝑞1 𝐶1
𝑛𝜃(𝜃=𝜃1 ) = − =− ⟶ 𝐶1 = 𝑞1 cos 𝜃1
cos 𝜃1 cos 2 𝜃1
𝑞𝑜 cos 𝜃𝑜 𝑞1 cos 𝜃1
𝑛𝜃 = − 2
=−
cos 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃

𝒒𝒐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒐 𝒒𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏
⇒ 𝒏𝜽 = − 𝟐
=−
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽

𝒒𝒐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒐 𝒒𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏
𝑛∅ = 𝑅𝑃𝑧 − 𝑛𝜃 = −𝑛𝜃 , 𝑛∅ = =
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽

𝒒𝒐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒐 𝒒𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏
⇒ 𝒏∅ = =
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽

Membrane deformation
−2𝑞𝑜 cos 𝜃𝑜
𝜃 𝜃
𝑅 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑛∅ 𝑅 2
𝑈 = cos 𝜃 [ (1 + 𝑣) ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶2 ] = cos 𝜃 [ (1 + 𝑣) ∫ ( cos 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶2 ]
𝐸𝑡 𝜃𝑜 cos 𝜃 𝐸𝑡 𝜃𝑜 cos 𝜃
𝜃
𝑅 1
= cos 𝜃 [−2𝑞𝑜 cos 𝜃𝑜 (1 + 𝑣) ∫ ( 3 ) 𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶2 ]
𝐸𝑡 𝜃𝑜 cos 𝜃
From BCs, 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑜 , 𝑈(𝜃=𝜃𝑜 ) = 𝐶2 cos 𝜃 = 0 → 𝐶2 = 0

Page 8 of 47
 2𝑞𝑜 𝑅 2𝑞1 𝑅
𝑆𝑜 𝑈 = − (1 + 𝑣) cos 𝜃𝑜 cos 𝜃 = − (1 + 𝑣) cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡
𝟐𝒒𝒐 𝑹 𝟐𝒒𝟏 𝑹
⇒𝑼=− (𝟏 + 𝒗) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = − (𝟏 + 𝒗) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝑬𝒕 𝑬𝒕
𝑅
ω = [ (−𝜐𝑛𝜃 + 𝑛𝜙 ) + 𝑈 tan 𝜃]
𝐸𝑡
𝑅 𝑞1 cos 𝜃1 𝑞1 cos 𝜃1 2𝑞1 𝑅
= [ (−𝑣 (− 2
)+ 2
)+− (1 + 𝑣) cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃]
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝐸𝑡
𝑞1 𝑅 cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃1 𝑞1 𝑅
=[ (𝑣 ( 2 ) + 2
)+ {−2(1 + 𝑣) cos 𝜃1 sin 𝜃}]
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝐸𝑡
𝑞1 𝑅 cos 𝜃1 2𝑅𝑞1 cos 𝜃1
=[ 2
(𝑣 + 1) + {−(1 + 𝑣) sin 𝜃}]
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝐸𝑡
𝑞1 𝑅 cos 𝜃1 2𝑅𝑞1 cos 𝜃1
=[ 2
(𝑣 + 1) − {(𝑣 + 1) sin 𝜃}]
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝐸𝑡
𝒒𝟏 𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏 𝟐𝑹𝒒𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏
⇒𝛚=[ 𝟐
(𝒗 + 𝟏) − {(𝒗 + 𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽}]
𝑬𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝑬𝒕
ω∗ = −U sin 𝜃 + ω cos 𝜃
2𝑞1 𝑅 𝑞1 𝑅 cos 𝜃1 2𝑅𝑞1 cos 𝜃1
= − [− (1 + 𝑣) cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃] sin 𝜃 + [ 2
(𝑣 + 1) − {(𝑣 + 1) sin 𝜃}] cos 𝜃
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝐸𝑡
2𝑅𝑞1 cos 𝜃1 𝑞1 𝑅 cos 𝜃1 2𝑅𝑞1 cos 𝜃1
= (1 + 𝑣) cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 2
(𝑣 + 1) cos 𝜃 − {(𝑣 + 1) sin 𝜃} cos 𝜃
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝐸𝑡
𝑅𝑞1 cos 𝜃1 𝑅𝑞1 cos 𝜃1
= 2
(𝑣 + 1) cos 𝜃 = (𝑣 + 1)
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝜃

𝑹𝒒𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟏
⇒ 𝛚∗ = (𝒗 + 𝟏)
𝑬𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

2𝑞1 𝑅 𝑞 𝑅 cos 𝜃
1 1 2𝑅𝑞1 cos 𝜃1
U ∂ω =− (1 + 𝑣) cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃 ∂ {[ 𝐸𝑡 (𝑣 + 1) − {(𝑣 + 1) sin 𝜃}]}
𝐸𝑡 cos2 𝜃 𝐸𝑡
βϕ = − −
R R ∂θ R R ∂θ
2𝑞1 8𝛾𝑥 2 tan2 𝛼 cos 𝛼
=− (1 + 𝑣) cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃 + =0
𝐸𝑡 3𝐸𝑡
⇒ 𝛃𝛟 = 𝟎

2. Uniform vertical loading (snow)

𝑅10 = 𝑅20 = 𝑅
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝜃 = 𝑞 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 𝑞 sin2 𝜃
Section forces
1
𝑛𝜃 = − [∫ 𝑅 cos 𝜃 (𝑃𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑃𝑧 sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶1 ]
cos 2 𝜃
1
=− [∫ 𝑅 cos 𝜃 (𝑞 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑞 sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶1 ]
cos 2 𝜃
1
=− [∫ 𝑅 cos 𝜃 (𝑞 cos 2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 𝑞 sin3 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶1 ]
cos 2 𝜃

Page 9 of 47
 1 2 2
1
=− [∫ 𝑅 cos 𝜃 𝑞 sin 𝜃 (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶1 ] = − [∫ 𝑅 cos 𝜃 𝑞 sin 𝜃 (1)𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶1 ]
cos 2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
Integration by part
𝐿𝑒𝑡 u = cos 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
−𝑅𝑞𝑢2
∫ 𝑅 cos 𝜃 𝑞 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ −𝑅𝑞𝑢𝑑𝑢 =
2
−𝑅𝑞 cos2 𝜃
→ ∫ 𝑅 cos 𝜃 𝑞 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = So we can substitute this result in to the above equation of n Q
2
1 −𝑅𝑞 cos2 𝜃 𝑅𝑞 𝐶1
𝑛𝑄 = − [ + 𝐶1 ] = +
cos2 𝜃 2 2 cos2 𝜃
𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞 𝐶 𝑅𝑞
From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 0, 𝑛𝜃(𝜃=0) = ⟶ = + cos12 𝜃 ⟶ 𝐶1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑛𝜃 =
2 2 2 2

𝑹𝒒
⇒ 𝒏𝜽 =
𝟐
𝑅𝑞 1 − cos 2𝜃
𝑛∅ = 𝑅𝑃𝑧 − 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑅𝑞 sin2 𝜃 − where sin2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑜
2 2
1 − cos 2𝜃 𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞
𝑛∅ = 𝑅𝑞 ( )− =− − cos 2𝜃 − =− cos 2𝜃
2 2 2 2 2 2

𝑹𝒒
⇒ 𝒏∅ = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽
𝟐

Membrane deformation
𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞
𝑅 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑛∅ 𝑅 − (− 2 cos 2𝜃)
𝑈 = cos 𝜃 [ (1 + 𝑣) ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶2 ] = cos 𝜃 [ (1 + 𝑣) ∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶2 ]
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝐸𝑡 cos 𝜃

𝑅 𝑅𝑞 1 + cos 2𝜃
= cos 𝜃 [ (1 + 𝑣) ∫( ) 𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶2 ] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1 𝑠𝑜
𝐸𝑡 2 cos 𝜃
𝑅 𝑅𝑞 1 + 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1 𝑅 𝑅𝑞 2 cos 2 𝜃
= cos 𝜃 [ (1 + 𝑣) ∫( ) 𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶2 ] = cos 𝜃 [ (1 + 𝑣) ∫( ) 𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶2 ]
𝐸𝑡 2 cos 𝜃 𝐸𝑡 2 cos 𝜃
𝑅 𝑅
= cos 𝜃 [ (1 + 𝑣) 𝑅𝑞 ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶2 ] = cos 𝜃 [ (1 + 𝑣) 𝑅𝑞 ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝐶2 ]
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡
𝑅
= cos 𝜃 [ (1 + 𝑣) 𝑅𝑞 sin 𝜃 + 𝐶2 ]
𝐸𝑡
From BCs, 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 90, 𝑈(𝜃=90) = 𝐶2 cos 𝜃 = 0 → 𝐶2 = 0
𝑅 2 cos 𝜃
𝑆𝑜 𝑈 = (1 + 𝑣) 𝑞 sin 𝜃
𝐸𝑡
𝑹𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
⇒𝑼= (𝟏 + 𝒗) 𝒒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑬𝒕
𝑅
ω = [ (−𝜐𝑛𝜃 + 𝑛𝜙 ) + 𝑈 tan 𝜃]
𝐸𝑡
𝑅 𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞 𝑅 2 cos 𝜃
= [ (−𝑣 ( ) − cos 2𝜃) + (1 + 𝑣) 𝑞 sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃]
𝐸𝑡 2 2 𝐸𝑡

Page 10 of 47
 −𝑅 2 𝑞𝑣 𝑅 2 𝑞 𝑅2𝑞 1 − cos 2𝜃
=[ − cos 2𝜃 + (1 + 𝑣) ( )]
2𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 2
−𝑅 2 𝑞𝑣 𝑅 2 𝑞 𝑅2𝑞 𝑅2𝑞 𝑅2𝑞 𝑅2𝑞
=[ − cos 2𝜃 + (1 + 𝑣 − cos 2𝜃 − 𝑣 cos 2𝜃)] = − cos 2𝜃 + −𝑣 cos 2𝜃
2𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡
𝑅2𝑞
= (1 − 2 cos 2𝜃 − 𝑣 cos 2𝜃)
2𝐸𝑡
𝑹𝟐 𝒒
⇒𝛚=[ (𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 − 𝒗 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽)]
𝟐𝑬𝒕
ω∗ = −U sin 𝜃 + ω cos 𝜃
𝑅 2 cos 𝜃 𝑅2𝑞
= −[ (1 + 𝑣) 𝑞 sin 𝜃] sin 𝜃 + [ (1 − 2 cos 2𝜃 − 𝑣 cos 2𝜃)] cos 𝜃
𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡
𝑅 2 cos 𝜃 2
𝑅2𝑞 1 − cos 2𝜃
=− (1 + 𝑣) 𝑞 sin 𝜃 + (1 − 2 cos 2𝜃 − 𝑣 cos 2𝜃) cos 𝜃 , where sin2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑜
𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡 2
𝑅2𝑞 𝑅2𝑞
=− [1 + 𝑣 − cos 2𝜃 − 𝑣 cos 2𝜃] cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 [1 − 2 cos 2𝜃 − 𝑣 cos 2𝜃]
2𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡
𝑅2𝑞
= cos 𝜃 (−𝑣 − cos 2𝜃), where cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃
2𝐸𝑡
𝑅2𝑞 1+𝑣
=− cos 𝜃 ( − sin2 𝜃)
𝐸𝑡 2

𝒒𝑹𝟐
∗
𝟏+𝒗
⇒𝛚 =− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ( − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽)
𝑬𝒕 𝟐

𝑅2 cos 𝜃 𝑅2 𝑞
U ∂ω (1 + 𝑣) 𝑞 sin 𝜃 ∂ { 2𝐸𝑡 (1 − 2 cos 2𝜃 − 𝑣 cos 2𝜃)}
𝐸𝑡
βϕ = − = −
R R ∂θ R R ∂θ
2 2 2
𝑅2 cos 𝜃 𝑅 𝑞 𝑅 𝑞 𝑅 𝑞
(1 + 𝑣) 𝑞 sin 𝜃 ∂ { 2𝐸𝑡 − 2 2𝐸𝑡 cos 2𝜃 − 2𝐸𝑡 𝑣 cos 2𝜃}
𝐸𝑡
= −
R R ∂θ
𝑅𝑞 cos 𝜃 2𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞
= (1 + 𝑣) sin 𝜃 − (− (−2sin2𝜃) − 𝑣(−2sin2𝜃))
𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡
𝑅𝑞 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑅𝑞 v cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 2𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞
= + −( (sin2𝜃) + 𝑣(sin2𝜃)) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 sin2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡
𝑅𝑞sin2𝜃 𝑅𝑞𝑣sin2𝜃 2𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞 𝑅𝑞 3+v
= + − (sin2𝜃) − 𝑣(sin2𝜃) = − (1 + 𝑣)(sin2𝜃) ( )
2𝐸𝑡 2𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 2

𝑹𝒒 𝟑+𝐯
⇒ 𝛃𝛟 = − (𝟏 + 𝒗)(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝜽) ( )
𝑬𝒕 𝟐

3. Self-weight
Solution:
R10  R20  R

Loading P  g (cos ) , Pz  g sin 

2

Page 11 of 47
Case 1 Section forces
n  
1
cos  2

.  R cos   p . cos   p z sin  d  C 
n 
1
cos  2
 
.  R cos  g (cos  ) 2 cos   g sin sin  d  C  
n 
Rg
cos  2

.  (cos  ) 4  cos  (sin  ) 2 d  C  
n 
Rg
cos  2

.  (cos  ) 4  cos   (cos  ) 3 d  C  

n  
Rg
cos  2 

. (cos  ) 4 d   cos  d   (cos  ) 3  C 
n  
Rg
.sin   1  C   n  
Rg
.sin   1  C 
cos  2 
1  sin  1  sin  

From BCs,
n  0o   0  C  0
gR
 n  
1 sin 
gR
n  R. pz  n  n  R.g sin  
1  sin 

n 
gR
1  sin 

sin   (cos  ) 2 

Case 2 Membrane Deformations

R 
 n  n  

R



gR



gR


sin   (cos  ) 2  

U  cos  . 1  v    d  C   cos  . 1  v   1 sin 1 sin d  C 
 Et  o  cos     Et  cos   
 
   
 gR 2   
1  v   1  sin   (cos  ) d  C   cos  . gR 1  v   1  sin   1  (sin  ) d  C 
 2
 2
 2

U  cos  .
 Et  (1  sin  ) cos     Et  (1  sin  ) cos   
 gR 2   
1  v   sin  (1  sin  ) d  C   cos  . gR 1  v  tan  d  C   cos  . gR 1  v  log cos   C 
2
 2 
U  cos  .
 Et  (1  sin  ) cos     Et   Et 
2
U  cos 
gR
1  v 
Et

Page 12 of 47
 gR 2
U  0   0  C  0 Then  U  1  v (cos )
Et

W   vn  n   tan  .U 
R
Et
R 
v
gR

Et  1  sin  1  sin 
gR
sin 
  (cos  ) 2 
  
tan 
gR 2
Et
1  v  cos 
gR 2  v sin   (cos  ) 2  gR 2  v  sin   (cos  ) 2 
W    tan  1  v  cos    
Et 1  sin  1  sin   Et  1  sin  
gR 2  gR 2  v  sin   (cos  ) 2  
W  U sin   W cos   
*
1  v  cos  sin       cos 
Et  Et  1  sin  
gR 2  v  sin   (cos  ) 2  gR 2 cos   1 v 
W*  cos     W *
    sin  
Et  1  sin   Et  1  sin  

U W  gR 2  v  sin   (cos  ) 2   gR cos 

   
gR
1  v cos    
 Et       2  v 
R R Et R   1  sin   Et

4. Hydrostatic Pressure

Solution
R10  R20  R

 * R  Ho 3  2(sin  ) 2 
Loading, P  0 , PZ  3  1  2 
3  R 1  sin  
Case1 section force
n  
1

cos 2
. R cos  p . cos  pz sin  d  C 
. R cos  p sin  d  C 
1
cos  
n  2

n 
1
cos 2

. RpUdu  C   1
2 
.
 RpU 2
cos   2
 RP
 C  
C
2 cos 2


From BCs, n  o   C 

R 2  H o
(sin  ) 2 
 n  3 1  2 
6  R 1  sin  
n  R. pz  n

R 2  H o
(sin  ) 2  R 2  H o 3  2(sin  ) 2 
n  R()  3 1  2  3 1 2 
6  R 1  sin   6  R 1  sin  

Page 13 of 47
Case 2 Membrane Deformation
R  n  n  
U  cos  . 1  v   d  C 
 Et  cos   
  R 2  H o (sin  ) 2  R 2  H o 3  2(sin  ) 2   
  3 1 2  3 1 2  
  6  R 1  sin   6  R 1  sin    
 cos 
R
 Et
1  v   d  C 
 cos  
   
   

From BCs, U  0   C 

W
R
 vn  n   tan  .U
Et
R  R 2  H o (sin  ) 2  R 2  H o 3  2(sin  ) 2  

 v 3 1  2  3 1 2   tan  () 
Et  6  R 1  sin   6  R 1  sin   

R 3 cos  H o 1 (2  )(sin) 2  6 
W  U sin   W cos 
*
 (1  )  (1  )  2 
Et  R 3 3(1  sin  ) 
U W R 2
    cos
R R 2 Et

Page 14 of 47
Thin-walled steel silo:
In the thin-walled steel silo structure shown below, four structural parts are joined together, i.e. two
Cylindrical shell segments, a conical shell segment and an outer flat–bar ring stiffener. The loading of
Both of the upper cylindrical segment and the conical segment is by hydrostatic pressure, e.g. caused by
water filling. This structural configuration corresponds to the situation of a water tank or a thin–walled
steel silo (with some simplifications).
Without considering the effects of the ring stiffener and using linear elastic shell analysis,
I. Calculate the deformations and section forces at a shell junction (No. ‘I’) and
II. Deformations and section forces distributions on the conical shell,
Material constants: E = 21000kN/cm2; n = 0, 3; fy = 24.0kN/cm2; geometrical data: X = 1000 cm

Solution:-
A) Without considering the effects of the ring stiffener and using linear elastic shell analysis,
I. Calculate the deformations and section forces at a shell junction (No. ‘I’)
Step 1 Membrane Analysis
 For Shell Segments 1
𝒏𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏∅ = 𝑹𝑷𝒛 = 𝑹𝜸𝒙

Membrane deformation
𝒗𝜸𝒙𝟐 𝑹 ∗
𝑅 R(Rγx) 𝛄𝐱𝐑𝟐 ∂ ω 𝛄𝐑𝟐
𝑼=− , 𝝎 = 𝑅𝜖𝜙 = (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) = = and 𝛃𝛟 = − =
𝟐𝑬𝒕 𝐸𝑡 Et 𝐄𝐭 ∂x 𝐄𝐭
Section forces and deformation at the junction (I) at x=1000 cm and t=1.2 cm

𝑛𝑥(𝑥=1000 𝑐𝑚) = − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 = 0

Page 15 of 47
 𝑛∅(𝑥=1000 𝑐𝑚) = 400 ∗ 0.01 ∗ 1000 = 4000 𝑁/𝑐𝑚 = 4.00 𝐾𝑁/𝑐𝑚
0.3 ∗ 400 ∗ 0.01 ∗ 10002 −1
𝑈1,𝑚 = − = 𝑐𝑚
2 ∗ 21000 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 103 42
4002 ∗ 0.01 ∗ 1000 4
𝜔1,𝑚 = = 𝑐𝑚
21000 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 103 63
4002 ∗ 0.01 1
βϕ1,m = 3
= radians
21000 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 10 15750

 For Shell Segment 3

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 𝛾(𝐻𝑜 − 𝑥 cos 𝛼)
Where 𝐻𝑜 = 1000 + 400 = 1400 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 400√2 𝑐𝑚
Section forces
𝜸𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶
𝒏𝒙 = (𝟑𝑯𝒐 − 𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏∅ = 𝑷𝒛 (𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶) = 𝜸(𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶)(𝑯𝒐 − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶)
𝟔
Membrane deformation
𝜸 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶
𝑼= (𝟗𝑯𝒐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 − 𝟏𝟖𝒗𝒙𝟐 𝑯𝒐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒗𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶)
𝟑𝟔𝑬𝒕
𝜸𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜶 ∗
𝜸 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜶 𝒗 𝒗
𝛚= [𝟐𝟕𝑯𝒐 − 𝟑𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝛚 = [𝑯𝒐 (𝟏 − ) − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 (𝟏 − )]
𝟑𝟔𝑬𝒕 𝑬𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝟐 𝟑
𝟐
𝜸𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶
𝛃𝛟 = − (𝟗𝑯𝒐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶)
𝟔𝑬𝒕
Section forces and deformation at the junction (I) at x=𝟒𝟎𝟎√𝟐 cm and t=1.0 cm
𝛾𝑥 tan 𝛼 0.01 ∗ 400√2 ∗ tan 45
𝑛𝑥 = (3𝐻𝑜 − 2𝑥 cos 𝛼) = ∗ (3 ∗ 1400 − 2 ∗ 400√2 ∗ cos 45)
6 6
⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟏 𝑵/𝒄𝒎 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝑲𝑵/𝒄𝒎
𝑛∅ = 𝛾(𝑥 tan 𝛼)(𝐻𝑜 − 𝑥 cos 𝛼) = 0.01 ∗ (400√2 ∗ tan 45) ∗ (1400 − 400√2 ∗ cos 45)

⇒ 𝒏∅ = 𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟔. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝑵/𝒄𝒎 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟓𝟕 𝑲𝑵/𝒄𝒎

𝛾 𝑥 2 sin2 𝛼 𝑣 𝑣
ω∗ = [𝐻𝑜 (1 − ) − 𝑥 cos 𝛼 (1 − )]
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 2 3
2 2
0.01 ∗ 2 ∗ 400 sin 45 0.3 0.3 𝟏𝟔𝟔√𝟐
⇒ 𝛚∗ = 3
[1400 (1 − ) − 400√2 cos 45 (1 − )] = 𝒄𝒎
21000 ∗ 1 ∗ 10 cos 45 2 3 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝛾𝑥 tan2 𝛼 0.01 ∗ 400√2 ∗ tan2 45
βϕ = − (9𝐻𝑜 − 16𝑥 cos 𝛼) = − (9 ∗ 1400 − 16 ∗ 400√2 cos 45)
6𝐸𝑡 6 ∗ 21000 ∗ 1 ∗ 103
𝟑𝟏√𝟐
⇒ 𝛃𝛟 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎

 For Shell Segment 2

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 0
Section forces

𝑛𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 ⟶ 𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶1

Page 16 of 47
From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1000, 𝑛𝑥(𝑥=1000) = 𝑃𝑦 ⟶ 𝐶1 = 𝑃𝑦 = −𝑛𝑥𝑐 sin 𝛼 = −3.205 ∗ sin 45
⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = 𝑷𝒚 = −3.205 ∗ sin 45 = −𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝑵/𝒄𝒎 &𝒏∅ = 𝑹𝑷𝒛 = 𝟎
Membrane deformation
1 1 𝑃𝑦 𝑥
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫(𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫ 𝑞𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡
𝑅 R(−vq) Rv𝑃𝑦 −0.3 ∗ −2266.6666667 𝟏𝟔𝟔√𝟐
𝜔∗ = 𝑅𝜖𝜙 = (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) = =− = 400 ∗ =
𝐸𝑡 Et Et 21000 ∗ 1.2 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟓
∂ ω
⇒ 𝝎∗ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝐜𝐦 and βϕ = − =0
∂x

𝟒
∗ 𝐑𝐇
𝛚 𝟔𝟑 𝐧𝐱 𝟎 𝐍 𝟎
𝐔𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟏 = [ ] =[ ] 𝐜𝐦 , [𝐧 ] = [ ] &𝐫𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟏 = [𝐑 𝐦 ] =[ ]
𝛃∅ 𝐑 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟏 𝟖 ∅ 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐦 𝟎
𝐑 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟏
𝟑𝟏𝟓
∗ 𝐧𝐱
𝛚 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖 −𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝐍
𝐔𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆𝐭 𝟐 = [ ] =[ ] 𝐜𝐦 , [𝐧 ] = [ ] &𝐫
𝛃∅ 𝐑 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∅ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐦 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟐
𝐑𝐇
𝟎
= [𝐑 𝐦 ] =[ ]
𝟎
𝐑 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟐

𝛚∗ 𝟏𝟔𝟔√𝟐
𝐧𝐱 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟕 𝐍
𝐔𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆𝐭 𝟑 = [ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 ] = 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐦 , [𝐧 ] = [ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝟐𝟒𝟖 ∅ 𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟔. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝐜𝐦
𝛃∅ 𝐑 𝟐𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛃
𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟑 [ 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟓 ]
𝐑𝐇
𝟎
𝐫𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆𝟑 = [𝐑 𝐦 ] =[ ]
𝟎
𝐑 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟑

Step 2 Ring girder analogy model

The shell segments 1, 2 and 3 can be reduced to two equivalent analogous ring girders. The dimensions of
for this case the following formula is used to determine the membrane deformation and section forces.
 For cylindrical and conical shells:-
√𝑹𝟐𝟎 𝒕
𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟒
… … … … . . 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
√𝟑(𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 )
√𝑹𝒕
⟹ 𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟒
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟖√𝑹𝟐𝟎 𝒕
√𝟑(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 )
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐜𝐲𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝑹𝟐𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎 & 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝑹𝟐𝟎 = 𝟓𝟔𝟓. 𝟕𝒄𝒎
Formula Shell Segments 1& 2 Shell Segment 3
𝒉𝒊 = 𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝒊 (𝒄𝒎) 0.778√𝑅20 𝑡 = 0.778√400 ∗ 1.2 = 17.045 = 0.778√565.7 ∗ 1.0 = 18.503
𝑨𝒊 = 𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝒊 (𝒄𝒎𝟐 ) 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 ∗ 𝑡𝑖 = 17.045 ∗ 1.2 = 20.454 = 18.503 ∗ 1.0 = 18.503

Step 3 Calculation of the stiffness matrix

Page 17 of 47
The dimensions of the equivalent analogous ring girders are known now and it is easy to compute the
Individual stiffness matrices for these shell segments. The assembly procedure for the system stiffness
Matrix of the shell junction degenerates to a simple summation.
𝑲𝒊
𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝒊
𝟐 ±
𝑬𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝒊 𝑹𝟐𝟎,𝒊
= … … … 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂(𝒏𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝟐
𝟐𝑹𝟐𝟎,𝒊 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜷 𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝟐
𝒊 𝒊
±
[ 𝑹𝟐𝟎,𝒊 𝑹𝟐𝟐𝟎,𝒊 ]
For Shell Segment 1
17.045
21000 ∗ 20.454 ∗ 103 2 −
400 2 −0.043
𝐾1 = = 1342.294 [ ]
2 ∗ 4002 17.045 17.0452 −0.031 0.002
[ −
400 4002 ]
2684.482 −57.194
→ 𝐾1 = [ ] 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2
−57.194 2.437
For Shell Segment 2
17.045
21000 ∗ 20.454 ∗ 103 2
400 2 0.043
𝐾2 = = 1342.294 [ ]
2 ∗ 4002 17.045 17.0452 0.043 0.002
[ 400 4002 ]
2684.482 57.194
→ 𝐾2 = [ ] 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2
57.194 2.437
For Shell Segment 3
18.503
21000 ∗ 18.503 ∗ 103 2
565.70 2 0.033
𝐾3 = 2 2 2 = 1214.197 [ ]
2 ∗ 565.70 ∗ cos 45 18.503 18.503 0.033 0.001
[565.70 565.702 ]
2428.4511 39.7160
→ 𝐾3 = [ ] 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2
39.7160 1.2990

System stiffness matrix

2684.482 −57.194 2684.482 57.194 2428.4511 39.7160
𝑲 = ∑ 𝐾𝑖 = [ ]+[ ]+[ ]
−57.194 2.437 57.194 2.437 39.7160 1.2990
𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟑 𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟏𝟔𝟎
→𝑲=[ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝟔. 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟐
5112.9332 96.9100
𝐾23 = 𝐾2 + 𝐾3 = [ ] 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2
96.9100 3.7361
Inverse matrix
7797.4153 39.7160 −1 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟕
𝑲−𝟏 = [ ] =[ ]
39.7160 6.1732 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟖 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟐
2684.482 −57.194 −1 0.00074 0.01748
𝐾𝟏−𝟏 =[ ] =[ ]
−57.194 2.437 0.01748 0.82065
2684.482 57.194 −1 0.000745 −0.017484
𝐾𝟐−𝟏 =[ ] =[ ]
57.194 2.437 −0.017484 0.82065
Page 18 of 47
 2428.4511 39.7160 −1 0.000823 −0.025179
𝐾𝟑−𝟏 = [ ] =[ ]
39.7160 1.2990 −0.025179 1.53956
−1
−𝟏 5112.9332 96.9100 0.000385 −0.009979
𝐾𝟐𝟑 =[ ] =[ ]
96.9100 3.7361 −0.009979 0.526501
Step 4 Calculation of the system load vector
For each shell segment the contribution to the system load vector consists of two parts, a primary part
and a secondary part. The primary part relates to the resulting radial component of the meridional
membrane section force at that edge of the shell segment which is close to the junction. The secondary
part relates to the restraining forces which are necessary to make the membrane deformations at the
considered shell edge to zero, i.e. by activation of appropriate local shell edge bending disturbances.
𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖,𝐼 + 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖,𝐼𝐼 = 𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖 + 𝑘𝑖 (−𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖 )
For Shell Segment 1
𝑹𝑸𝟏
2684.482 −57.194 4/63 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟏
𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝟏 = [𝑹𝑴𝟏 ] = [ ]∗ −[ ] = −[ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
−57.194 2.437 8/315 −𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝟗
𝑹
For Shell Segment 23

𝑹𝑸𝟐 166√2
5112.9332 96.9100 0.0108 𝟓𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟎𝟕
𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝟐𝟑 = [ 𝑹𝑴𝟐 ] = [ ]∗− [ ] + 2625 = −[ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
96.9100 3.7361 0.000 248 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏
𝑹𝟐𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷
[ [ 1575 ]]
𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟖
⇒ 𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 = − [ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
𝟔. 𝟕𝟑𝟏
Contribution to the system load vector of the considered shell junction
(−𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 ) = [𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟖] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
𝟔. 𝟕𝟑𝟏
External load vector of the shell junction (due to optional additional direct external junction loading)
𝒓𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏 = 𝟎
Total system load vector
𝟔𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟖
𝒓 = (−𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 ) + 𝒓𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏 = [ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
𝟔. 𝟕𝟑𝟏
Step 5 System equilibrium & deformations
After we have calculated the system load vector it becomes now very easy to calculate the system
deformation values at the considered shell junction (I) by standard procedures, i.e. solution of the system
equilibrium equations by inversion of the system stiffness matrix.
ω∗ 7797.4153 39.7160 −1 696.698 0.00038 −0.00997 696.698
𝑈 = 𝑘 −1 𝑟 = [β R cos β] = [ ] [ ]=[ ]∗[ ]
∅ 20 39.7160 6.1732 6.731 −0.00998 0.526502 6.731
𝛚∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟔
⟹𝑼=[ ]=[ ] 𝒄𝒎
𝛃∅ 𝐑 𝟐𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛃 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟏
Step 6back calculations of the total restraining force vectors at the shell edges
𝑟𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖 + 𝑘𝑖 𝑢 = 𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖 + 𝑘𝑖 (−𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖 ) + 𝑘𝑖 𝑢
= 𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖 + 𝑘𝑖 (𝑢 − 𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖 )

Page 19 of 47
For Shell Segment1
4 4
𝑅𝐻1 0.0866 − 0.0866 −
𝑅𝑀1 0 2684.482 −57.194 63 ] = [ 63 ]
𝑟1′ = [ ] =[ ]+[ ][
0 −57.194 2.437 8 8
𝑅20 cos 𝛽 1 0.5331 − 0.5331 −
315 315
𝑅𝐻1
33.088
→ 𝑟1′ =[ 𝑅𝑀1 ] =[ ] 𝑁/𝑐𝑚
𝑅20 cos 𝛽 1
−0.0863
𝑹𝑯 𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝟖
⟹ 𝒓𝟏 = [ ] =[ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
𝑹𝑴𝟏 𝟏 −𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟐𝟐
∗
ω 2684.482 −57.194 −1 33.088
𝑈1 = [ ] = 𝑘1−1 𝑟1 = [ ] [ ]
β∅ R 20 cos β 1 −57.194 2.437 −0.0863
0.00074 0.01748 33.088
=[ ]∗[ ]
0.01748 0.82065 −0.0863
ω∗ 0.02314
𝑈1 = [ ] =[ ] 𝑐𝑚
β∅ R 20 cos β 1 0.50769
𝛚∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟒
⟹[ ] =[ ]
𝛃∅ 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟔
For Shell Segment 23

𝑅𝐻23 166√2
0 5112.9332 96.9100 0.0866 0.0108
′
𝑟23 = [ 𝑅𝑀23 ] = [ ] + [ ] { }− [ ] + 2625
0 96.9100 3.7361 0.5331 0.000 248
𝑅20 cos 𝛽 23
[ { [ 1575 ]}]
𝑅𝐻23
𝑅 −33.088
→ 𝑟23 ′ = [ 𝑀23 ] =[ ] 𝑁/𝑐𝑚
0.0863
𝑅20 cos 𝛽 23
𝑹𝑯 −𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝟖
⟹ 𝒓𝟐𝟑 = [ ] =[ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
𝑹𝒎 𝟐𝟑 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟐𝟐
ω∗ −1 5112.93 96.910 −1 −33.088
𝑈23 = [ ] = 𝑘23 𝑟1 = [ ] [ ]
β∅ R 20 cos β 23 96.9100 3.7361 0.0863
0.00038 −0.0099 −33.088
=[ ]∗[ ]
−0.0099 0.52650 0.0863
ω∗ −0.01359
𝑈23 =[ ] =[ ] 𝑐𝑚
β∅ R 20 cos β 23 0.37564
For Shell Segment 2
𝑹𝑯𝟐
𝑹 2684.482 57.194 −0.01359 −𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑
→ 𝒓′𝟐 =[ 𝑴𝟐 ] =[ ][ ]=[ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
57.194 2.437 0.37564 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟏
𝑹𝟐𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 𝟐
𝑹𝑯 −𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑
⟹ 𝒓𝟐 = [ ] =[ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
𝑹𝒎 𝟐 𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟒𝟕
ω∗ 2684.482 57.194 −1 −15.0013 0.00074 −0.0175 −15.00
𝑈2 = [ ] = 𝑘2−1 𝑟2 = [ ] [ ]=[ ]∗[ ]
β∅ R 20 cos β 2 57.194 2.437 0.1381 −0.0175 0.8206 0.1381
ω∗ −0.0136
𝑈2 = [ ] =[ ] 𝑐𝑚
β∅ R 20 cos β 2 0.3756

Page 20 of 47
 𝛚∗ −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔
⟹[ ] =[ ]
𝛃∅ 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟒
For Shell Segment 3
𝑹𝑯𝟑
2428.4511 39.7160 −0.01359 −𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟖𝟕
→ 𝒓′𝟑 = [ 𝑹𝑴𝟑 ] = [ ][ ]=[ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
39.7160 1.2990 0.37564 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐
𝑹𝟐𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷 𝟑
𝑹𝑯 −𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟖𝟕
⟹ 𝒓𝟑 = [ ] =[ ] 𝑵/𝒄𝒎
𝑹𝒎 𝟑 −𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟓
2428.4511 39.7160 −1 0.000823 −0.025179
𝐾𝟑−𝟏 = [ ] =[ ]
39.7160 1.2990 −0.025179 1.53956
ω∗ 2428.45 39.716 −1 −18.087 0.00082 −0.0252 −18.087
𝑈3 = [ ] = 𝑘3−1 𝑟3 = [ ] [ ]=[ ]∗[ ]
β∅ R 20 cos β 3 39.7160 1.2990 −0.052 −0.02518 1.5396 −0.052
ω∗ −0.0136
𝑈3 = [ ] =[ ] 𝑐𝑚
β∅ R 20 cos β 3 0.3756
𝛚∗ −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔
⟹[ ] =[ ]
𝛃∅ 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟒
Step 7Calculation of deformations & section forces at the edges of the shell segments
Boundary values of the section forces
For each shell segment we calculate the section forces and stresses at the location of the shell junction.
𝒏𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ∗ 𝑹𝑯,𝑨 + 𝒏𝒙,𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝒎𝒙 = ±𝑹𝑴,𝑨
𝐃𝟎 ∗ ∗ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
𝒏∅ = (𝛚 − 𝛚𝐀, 𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 ) +𝒏∅,𝒎𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝒎∅ = 𝑽𝒎𝜽 − 𝑲 𝜷
𝐫 𝑹𝟐𝟎 ∅
𝒒𝒙 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ∗ 𝑹𝑯,𝑨

For Shell Segment 1

→ 𝑛𝑥 = sin 0 ∗ 33.088 + 0 = 0 → 𝑚𝑥 = 34.52 Ncm/cm
21000 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 103 4 21000 ∗ 1.23 ∗ 103 tan 0
𝑛∅ = (0.0866 − ) +4000 𝑚∅ = 0.3 ∗ 34.52 − ∗
400 63 400 ∗ 400 15750
→ 𝑛∅ = 5455.80 𝑁/𝑐𝑚 → 𝑚∅ = 10.36 𝑁𝑐𝑚/𝑐𝑚
→ 𝑞𝑥 = − cos 0 ∗ 33.088 = −33.09 𝑁/𝑐𝑚

For Shell Segment 2

𝑛𝑥 = sin 0 ∗ −15.00 − 2266.67 → 𝑚𝑥 = 55.25 Ncm/cm
→ 𝑛𝑥 = −2266.67 𝑁/𝑐𝑚
21000 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 103 21000 ∗ 1.23 ∗ 103
𝑛∅ = (−0.0136) +0 𝑚∅ = 0.3 ∗ 55.25 − ∗ 0 ∗ tan 0
400 400 ∗ 400
→ 𝑛∅ = −856.80 𝑁/𝑐𝑚 → 𝑚∅ = 16.57 𝑁𝑐𝑚/𝑐𝑚
→ 𝑞𝑥 = − cos 0 ∗ −15.00 = −15.00 𝑁/𝑐𝑚

Page 21 of 47
 For Shell Segment 3

𝑛𝑥 = sin 45 ∗ −18.09 + 3505.55 → 𝑚𝑥 = −20.72 Ncm/cm

→ 𝑛𝑥 = 3492.76 𝑁/𝑐𝑚
21000 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 103 21000 ∗ 1.03 ∗ 103 31√2 tan 45
𝑛∅ = (−0.0136) +5656.854 𝑚∅ = 0.3 ∗ −20.72 − ∗
400 12 ∗ 400√2 157500
→ 𝑛∅ = 4942.854 𝑁/𝑐𝑚 → 𝑚∅ = −7.07 𝑁𝑐𝑚/𝑐𝑚
→ 𝑞𝑥 = − cos 45 ∗ −18.09 = −12.79 𝑁/𝑐𝑚

Summary of section forces and stresses for each shell segments

Section force Stresses

Part No. Direction Edge bending
Membrane σN σM
N M
X 0.00 0.00 34.52 0.00 143.83
1
 4000.00 1455.80 10.36 1213.17 43.17
X -2266.67 0 55.25 0.00 230.21
2
 0.00 -856.80 16.57 -714.00 69.04
X 3505.55 -12.79 -20.72 -12.79 -124.32
3
 5656.85 -714.00 -7.07 -714.00 -42.42

II. Deformations and section forces distributions on the conical shell,

Deformations distributions
ω∗ −0.0136]
From boundary conditions i.e. at the junctions (  =0) → [β ] = [
∅ 3 0.00094
1   cos   W * 
W * ( )  e sin   e cos 

 e  sin      Wm
cos      
f 1 ( )  e  sin  , f 2 ( )  e  cos  , f 3 ( )  e  (cos   sin  ), f 4 ( )  e  (cos   sin  )

1 R 20 t 400 * 1 1
 , Leff    18.503cm     0.0540
Leff 4
3(1   ) 2 4
3(1  0.3 )
2 18.503

Et 3 21000 * 13
K   1923.077 and  45 0
12(1   2 ) 12(1  0.3 2 )
𝑋0 − 𝑋
𝐴𝑡 𝜉̀ = = 0, → 𝑋 = 400√2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜉 = 1, → 𝑋 = 0 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝑅20 𝜉 − 𝑋𝑜 = 𝑅20 𝜉 − 400√2
𝑅20

Page 22 of 47
 1    cos 45 0    0.0136
 W * ( )  e sin   e cos   e sin      4.0069 * 10 7 X 2  2.143 * 10 10 X 3
cos 45 0  0.0540   0.00094 
  W * 
 ( )  
1
(W )   2 f 1 ( )  f1 ( )  f1 ( )     m
dS10  cos    
 0.054
  * ( )   0
* 2e  sin  e    0.0136
cos   e  sin    
  1.0 * 10 6 X 2  8.979 * 10 10 X 3
 cos(45 )   0.00094 
Section force distributions
Q( ) M ' ( ) KW ( )' ' ' 2K 3  cos   W * 
T ( )     2 f 2 ( )   f 2 ( )  f 1 ( )   
cos  cos  cos  (cos  ) 2     
   0.0136
 T ( )  1.211 * 2 f 2 ( ) 
cos 45 0
 f 2 ( )  f1 ( )  
 0.0540   0.00094 
2 K 2  cos  W * 
M ( )  KW ( )' ' '    f 2 ( )  f1 ( )   f 2 ( )  
cos      
   0.0136
 M ( )  22.431 *  f 2 ( )  f 1 ( ) 
cos 45 0
 f 2 ( )  
    0.00094 
Post Processing Results

Transverse Shear

   0.0136
 Qx ( )  M ' ( )  cos T ( )  0.856 * 2 f 2 ( ) 
cos 45 0
 f 2 ( )  f1 ( )  
 0.0540   0.00094 

Circumferential Section Moment

 M  ( )  M ( )  K sin  ( )  M ( )
   0.0136
 M  ( )  6.7293 *  f 2 ( )  f1 ( ) 
cos 45 0
 f 2 ( )   
    0.00094 
Meridional Section Moment

   0.0136
 M ( )  22.431*  f 2 ( )  f1 ( ) 
cos 450
 f 2 ( )  
    0.00094 
Circumferential Section Force

W * ( )
N  ( )  DO  DOW ( ) / R20  EtW ( ) / R20  N  , m
r
37.1231   cos 45 0    0.0136
 N  ( )  0 
e sin   e  cos   e sin      0.005 X * (2800  2 X )
cos 45  0.0540   0.00094 

Page 23 of 47
 Using linear elastic shell analysis, compute and draw
a) Deformation (radial deformation w*, meridional rotation x) and
b) Section force (meridional section force nx, circumferential section force nø, transverse shear force
Qx, meridional section moment mx and circumferential section force mø) results of the following
cases along the axial direction of the corresponding shells.
Note: The normal section forces and bending moments should be plotted normalized with respect to the
corresponding un-axial yield section force, Npl = t.fy, and section moment, Mpl = t.fy/4, respectively
Geometry, loading and boundary conditions:
Geometry: R/t = 500; t = 1.0 cm, L/R = 1.0
Boundary condition: pinned or fixed bottom and rotational restraint at top
Loading:meridional ring tip-loading and uniform internal pressure, P
Materials properties:E = 21000 KN/cm2, v = 0.3, fy = 24 KN/cm2

Solution
General Solution is the sum of Particular solution (Membrane analysis Result) and Homogeneous solution
(Bending Analysis Result)

Step 1 Membrane Analysis

𝑡
𝑁𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 ∗ 𝑡 = 𝜎𝑥𝑅𝑐𝑟 = 0.605 𝐸
𝑅
1
⇒ 𝑵𝒙 = 0.605 ∗ 21000 ∗ ∗ 103 = 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟏 𝑵/𝒄𝒎 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟏 𝑲𝑵/𝒄𝒎 𝑎𝑛𝑑
500
𝑡 1
⇒ 𝑷𝒁 = 0.5𝑝𝑦 = 0.5𝑓𝑦 = 0.5 ∗ 24 ∗ ∗ 103 = 𝟐𝟒 𝑵/𝒄𝒎𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝑲𝑵/𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑅 500
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 0.024 𝐾𝑁/𝑐𝑚2
Section forces

𝑛𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 ⟶ 𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶1

From boundary conditions, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 500, 𝑛𝑥(𝑥=500) = −25.41 𝐾𝑁/𝑐𝑚 ⟶ 𝐶1 = −25.41 𝐾𝑁/𝑐𝑚

⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = −𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟏 𝑲𝑵/𝒄𝒎&𝒏∅ = 𝑹𝑷𝒛 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐 𝑲𝑵/𝒄𝒎
Displacements
1 1
𝑈 = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = ∫(𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 = (𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐸𝑡 𝐸𝑡
From BCs,𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑈𝑥(𝑥=0) = 0 ⟶ 𝐶2 = 0

Page 24 of 47
 1 1 −𝟗𝟔𝟕
⇒𝑼= (𝑛𝑥 − 𝑣𝑛∅ )𝑥 = (−25.41 − 0.3 ∗ 12)𝑥 = 𝒙
𝐸𝑡 21000 ∗ 1.0 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑅 500 𝟔𝟓𝟒𝟏
𝝎,𝒎 = 𝑅𝜖𝜙 = (−𝜐𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝜙 ) = (−0.3 ∗ −25.41 + 12) = 𝐜𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐸𝑡 21000 ∗ 1.0 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
∂ω
𝛃𝛟,𝐦 = − =𝟎
∂x
Step 2Edge Bending Analysis
√𝑅𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 4
= 0.778√500 ∗ 1 = 17.39 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑡 = 17.39 ∗ 1 = 17.39𝑐𝑚2
√3(1 − 0.32 )
𝐸𝑡 3 21000 ∗ 13
𝐾= 2
= 2
= 1923.08 𝐾𝑁/𝑐𝑚2
12 ∗ (1 − 𝑣 ) 12 ∗ (1 − 0.3 )

𝑅 500 𝐿
𝜒 = √√3(1 − 𝑣 2 ) = √√3(1 − 0.32 ) = 28.74 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜒̆ = = 28.74
𝑡 1 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓

Homogeneous edge forces vector at the two ends A & E in terms of the fundamental solution vector
 RQ , A    QA 
R   M 
 M ,A R    I 3T 
 K  FA    
A T
R
 R  Q  3  L 2T .C
 Q ,E   L  FET   I  
E
 R 
 RM ,E   M E 
 R  R 

 0 1652 0 0   1 1 0 0   28.74 28.74 0 0 

 1652 0 0 0   1  1 0 0   28.74  28.74 0 0 
L 2T
I  , I    
R  0 0 0 1652 0 0 1  1  0 0 28.74  28.74
     
 0 0  1652 0  0 0 1 1  0 0 28.74 28.74 

47490.527  47490.527 0 0 
47490.527 47490.527 0 0 
I
3T
  
 0 0  47490.527 47490.527 
 
 0 0  47490.527  47490.527

X 0
The fundamental solution vector at the two edges of the cylindrical shell, i.e. for  A    0 and
L 500
X 500  f1 f2 f3 f3 0 0 0 0
E    1 will be given by: F T  
L 500 0 0 0 0 f1 f2 f3 f 4 
0  0 
1 0 
f   f  
A 0  E 0 
   
0  1 

 f AT 0  0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0  f1   e   sin   
F  T
   
f AT  0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0  f 2  e   cos   
A
0  
, 
0  0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0  f 3   e sin   

 f ET
F  T
     

f ET  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1  f 4  e  cos   
A
0
Page 25 of 47
Then
 47490.527  47490.527 0 0 
 47490.527 47490.527 0 0 
 
  QA  0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0  47490.527 47490.527 
 M A    
 R   1923.08 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0   0 0  47478  47490.527
 
Q 500 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0  0 1652.271 0 0 
 M E    
 E R  0 0 0 0 0 0 0  1  1652.271 0 0 0 
 0 0 0 1652.271 
 
 0 0  1652.271 0 
  Q A   0.7306 0.7306 0 0   0  39.3398 0 0   QA 
 M A     M A 
 R    0.0254 0 0 0  1.3687 39.3398 0 0  R
 QE   .C  C    
0 0 0.7306 0.7306   0 0 0 39.3398  Q
 M      M E 
E

 1.3687  39.3398 
R   R 
E 0 0 0.0254 0   0 0

Homogeneous Edge Deformations Vector
 1 0 0 0 
 0 1 0 0 

W A  0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 1 0 
   
  A R    F A   R T .C  0
T
 I   0 0 0 0 1 0 
0  0 0 0 1 
 W   T   I  
C
0 0  28.74 28.74 0 
  F E   L
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
 E    
  E R  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1  28.74 28.74 0 0 
 0 0  28.74  28.74
 
 0 0 28.74  28.74

 1 0 0 0 
 0 1 0 0 
  M
39.3398 A 
 W A  0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 1 0  R 
       1.3687Q  39.3398 M A 
βA R   0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0  0 0 0 1  A R
 W  0 0 0 1 0 0 0 
0 28.74 28.74 0 0   M 
   39.3398 E
  
E
R
βE  0
R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1  28.74 28.74 0 0   1.3687Q  39.3398M 
 
E E
 0 0  28.74  28.74   R
 
 0 0 28.74  28.74

W A,b  1.3687Q A  0.0787 M A W A*  W A, m  W A,b  6541 / 14000  1.3687Q A  0.0787 M A

  *
 A,b  0.0787Q A  0.00787 M A  A   A, m   A,b  0  0.0787Q A  0.00787 M A
  *
W E ,b  1.3687Q E  0.0787 M E W E  W E , m  W E ,b  6541 / 14000  1.3687Q E  0.0787 M E
  0.0787Q  0.00904M  *
 E ,b E E
 E   E , m   E ,b  0  0.0787Q E  0.00904M E
1) Fixed Support Case
It is given that, at end E only rotation is restrained (i.e. reaction QE =0, *E = 0, but W*E0) and at edge A
both rotation & translation is Restrained (i.e. W*A = *A= 0)

Page 26 of 47
So that solving the above equations simultaneously by substituting the given boundary conditions as stated
above QA = 0.683 kN/cm, MA =-5.938 kNm/cm and ME = 0
 39.3398 M A 
  Q A   0.683   R   0.4672
 M A     1.3687Q  39.3398 M A   

 R    0.012  C   A R    0.4672
  0.000     
Q
 M E    39.3398 M E 
0
 R  
 E R   0.000   1.3687QE  39.3398M E   0 
 R 
Back calculation of the deformations

 Wb*  6541 / 14000  e 28.74 0.467 sin( 28.74 )  0.467 cos( 28.74 ) 
  b  0.0537 * sin( 28.74 )e 28.74 where 0   1

Radial Deformation (W*)

Meridional Deformation ()

Page 27 of 47
Back Calculation for shear force Qx, meridional section moment mx and circumferential section moment mø)
 2 L
2

 n  f T   12(1   )  .I 
0 0  t 
m  K   
 x R   2  0 fT 0  I 2T .Uˆ 1uˆ KZS  Uˆ 1uˆ KZS  C
 q  L R  
 0 0 f T   1 3T

 x  .I 
 L 
  19.623 
  19.623 
 n   f 1 f2 0 0 0 0     19.623 f 1  19.623 f 2 
m     
Then,  x    0 f 1 f 2 0 0   
0 .0119
0    0.0119 f 1  0.0119 f 2 
R  0 .0119
 q  0 0 0 f 1 f 2     
   0.000  
0 0.0014 f 2
 x

 
 0.0014 
 m x  5.95 f 1  5.95 f 2  m x  5.95e 28.74 sin( 28.74 )  5.95e 28.74 cos( 28.74 )
 q x  0.0014 f 2  q x  0.0014e  28.74 cos( 28.74 )
 m  m x  0.3(5.95e  28.74 sin( 28.74 )  5.95e  28.74 cos( 28.74 ))
 1.785e  28.74 sin( 28.74 )  1.785e  28.74 cos( 28.74 )
 n x  25.41kN / cm (The Membrane solution )

Meridional Section force (Nx) Transverse Shear Force (qx)

Circumferential Section Force(N) Meridional SectionMoment (mx )

Page 28 of 47
 Circumferential Section Moment(m )

2) Pinned Support Case

It is given that, at end E only rotation is restrained (i.e. reaction QE =0, *E = 0, but W*E 0) and at edge A
rotation is not restrained & translation is Restrained (i.e. W*A = *A= 0)
WA*  WA,m  WA,b  6541 / 14000  1.3687QA  0.0787 M A
 *
 A   A,m   A,b  0  0.0787QA  0.00787 M A
 *
WE  WE ,m  WE ,b  6541 / 14000  1.3687QE  0.0787 M E
 *
 E   E ,m   E ,b  0  0.0787QE  0.00904M E
So that solving the above equations simultaneously by substituting the given boundary conditions as stated
above QA = 0.341 kN/cm, MA =0 kNm/cm and ME = 0 kNm/cm
 39.3398 M A 
  Q A   0.341  R   0.000 
 M A     1.3687Q  39.3398 M A   

 R   0.000 C   A R    0.4667
 0.000    
Q
 M E    39.3398 M E 
0
 R  
 E R  0.000  1.3687Q E  39.3398M E   0 
 R 
Back calculation of the deformations
 W *  6541 / 14000  0.4667e 28.74 cos( 28.74 )

  *  0  0.0269e  28.74 sin( 28.74 )  cos( 28.74 ) 

Page 29 of 47
 Radial Deformation (W*)

Meridional Deformation ()

Back Calculation for shear force Qx, meridional section moment mx and circumferential section moment mø)
 0.000 
  19.623 
 n   f 1 f 2 0 0 0 0      19.623 f 2 
m      0.0118   
Then,  x    0 0 f 1 f 2 0 0     0.0118 f 1 
R
 q  0 0 0 0 f   0.0000   0.00068 f  0.00068 f 
 x   2
 0.00068  2
1 f 1

 
 0.00068 

 m x  5.95 f 1  m x  5.95e 28.74 sin( 28.74 )

 q x  0.00068 f 1  0.00068 f 2  q x  0.00068e  28.74 sin( 28.74 )  0.00068e  28.74 cos( 28.74 )
 m  m x  0.3(5.95e  28.74 sin( 28.74 ))  1.785e  28.74 sin( 28.74 )
 n x  25.41kN / cm (The Membrane solution )

Page 30 of 47
 Circumferential Section Force(N)
Meridional Section force (Nx)

Meridional SectionMoment (mx )

Transverse Shear Force (qx)

Circumferential Section Moment(m )

Page 31 of 47
 Using linear elastic shell analysis, compute and draw
a) Deformation (radial deformation w*, meridional rotation x) and
b) Section force (meridional section force nx, circumferential section force nø, transverse shear force
Qx, meridional section moment mx and circumferential section force mø) results of the following
cases along the axial direction of the corresponding shells.
Note: The normal section forces and bending moments should be plotted normalized with respect to the
corresponding un-axial yield section force, Npl = t.fy, and section moment, Mpl = t.fy/4, respectively

Geometry, loading and boundary conditions:

Geometry: R/t = 500; t = 1.0 cm, L/R = 1.0
Boundary condition: pinned or fixed bottom
Loading: liquid filling’ = 5.64669*10-6kN/cm3
Materials properties: E = 21000 KN/cm2, v = 0.3, fy = 24 KN/cm2

Solution
General Solution is the sum of Particular solution (Membrane analysis Result) and Homogeneous solution
(Bending Analysis Result)

Step 1 Membrane Analysis

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑃𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑍 = 𝛾(𝐻𝑜 − 𝑥 cos 𝛼) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑜 = 3 ∗ 500 = 1500 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ’ = 5.64669 ∗ 10−6 kN/cm3
Section forces
𝜸𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶
𝒏𝒙 = (𝟑𝑯𝒐 − 𝟐𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏∅ = 𝑷𝒛 (𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶) = 𝜸(𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶)(𝑯𝒐 − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶)
𝟔

Page 32 of 47
Membrane deformation

𝜸 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶
𝑼= (𝟗𝑯𝒐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 − 𝟏𝟖𝒗𝒙𝟐 𝑯𝒐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒗𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶)
𝟑𝟔𝑬𝒕
𝜸𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜶
𝛚= [𝟗𝑯𝒐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶]
𝟏𝟐𝑬𝒕
𝜸 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜶 𝒗 𝒗
𝛚∗ = [𝑯𝒐 (𝟏 − ) − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 (𝟏 − )]
𝑬𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝟐 𝟑
𝟐
𝜸𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶
𝛃𝛟 = (𝟗𝑯𝒐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶)
𝟔𝑬𝒕
Section force and membrane deformation at the support A
𝛾𝑥 tan 𝛼 (5.64669 ∗ 10−6 tan 450 )𝑋
𝑛𝑥 = (3𝐻𝑜 − 2𝑥 cos 𝛼) = {3 ∗ 1500 − (2 cos 450 )𝑋}
6 6
(5.64669 ∗ 10−6 tan 450 )𝑋
𝑛𝑥 = {3 ∗ 1500 − (2 cos 450 )𝑋}
6
⇒ 𝒏𝒙 = 4.2350175 ∗ 10−3 X − 1.330937597 ∗ 10−6 X 2 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒 𝐊𝐍/𝐜𝐦

𝑛∅ = 𝑃𝑧 (𝑥 tan 𝛼) = 𝛾(𝑋 tan 𝛼)(𝐻𝑜 − 𝑋 cos 𝛼) = (5.64669 ∗ 10−6 tan 450 𝑋)(1500 − 𝑋 cos 450 )

𝑛∅ = (5.64669 ∗ 10−6 tan 450 𝑋)(1500 − 𝑋 cos 450 ) = 8.470035 ∗ 10−3 X − 3.99281279 ∗ 10−6 X 2

⇒ 𝒏∅ = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟗 𝐊𝐍/𝐜𝐦

∗
𝛾 𝑋 2 sin2 𝛼 𝑣 𝑣
ω = [𝐻𝑜 (1 − ) − 𝑋 cos 𝛼 (1 − )]
𝐸𝑡 cos 𝛼 2 3
−6 2 2 0
5.64669 ∗ 10 𝑋 sin 45 0.3 0.3
ω∗ = [1500 (1 − ) − 𝑋 cos 450
(1 − )]
21000 ∗ 1 ∗ cos 450 2 3
⇒ 𝛚∗ = 2.424207766 ∗ 10−7 𝑋 2 − 1.210005 ∗ 10−10 𝑋 3 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟏 𝒄𝒎
5.64669 ∗ 10−6 𝑋 tan2 450
βϕ = − (9 ∗ 1500 − 16𝑋 cos 450 )
6 ∗ 21000 ∗ 1
⇒ 𝛃𝛟 = −(6.050025 ∗ 10−7 𝑋 − 5.070238464 ∗ 10−10 𝑋 2 ) = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
Step 2Edge Bending Analysis
√𝑅𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 4
= 0.778√500/ cos 450 ∗ 1 = 20.69 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑡 = 20.69 ∗ 1
√3(1 −0.32 )
= 20.69𝑐𝑚2
𝐸𝑡 3 21000 ∗ 13
𝐾= = = 1923.08 𝐾𝑁/𝑐𝑚2
12 ∗ (1 − 𝑣 2 ) 12 ∗ (1 − 0.32 )

𝑅 500/ cos 450 𝐿 1500/ cos 45

𝜒 = √√3(1 − 𝑣 2 ) = √√3(1 − 0.32 ) = 33.38 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜒̆ = = = 102.53
𝑡 1 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 20.69

Page 33 of 47
  0 1652 0 0 
 0 
L 2T  1652 0 0
I  ,
R  0 0 0 1652
 
 0 0  1652 0 
 1 1 0 0   102.53 102.53 0 0 
 1  1  
0 0   102.53  102.53 0 0 
I   
0 0 1  1  0 0 102.53  102.53
   
0 0 1 1  0 0 102.53 102.53 

47490.527  47490.527 0 0 
47490.527 47490.527 0 0 
I
3T
  
 0 0  47490.527 47490.527 
 
 0 0  47490.527  47490.527

f f2 f3 f3 0 0 0 0
FT   1
0 0 0 0 f1 f 2 f 3 f 4 
 f AT 0  0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0   f1   e   sin   
 FA  
T
   f    
 2   e  cos   
0 f AT  0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
,
 f ET 0  0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0   f 3   e  sin   
 FA  
T
      
0 f ET  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1  f 4  e  cos   

 1 1   102.53 102.53  L 2T  0 63083.9 3T 2155672.9  2155672.9

 I        I     I   
 1  1  102.53  102.53 R  63083.9 0  2155672.9 2155672.9 

T cos 45  0.43  43  0.11M 

M  .C  C    
 707   0.013 0   1.63T  0.11M 

 Wb*  1.63T  0.11M

 b  0.08T  0.011M

Total radial deformation: sum of membrane (particular) and bending (homogenous)

 W *  Wm  Wb  W *  0  0.078  1.63T  0.11M ...........(a)
  *   ,m   b   *  0  0.00017  0.08T  0.011M ...(b)
1) Fixed Support Case
It is given that, at edge A both rotation & translation is Restrained (i.e. W*A = *A= 0)
So that solving the above equations simultaneously by substituting the given boundary conditions as stated
above QA = 0.096kN/cm, MA =-0.72kNm/cm, QA=0 and ME = 0
 0.11M   0.08
 C     
 1.63T  0.11M   0.08

Page 34 of 47
Back calculation of the displacement
 W   f T 0  I  W   I 
R   f T   R I T .C     F T  R T .C
  0   L   R   L I  
 1 0   0.08
 W   f1
*
f2 0 0  0  1   0.08  f1 f2 0 0   0.08
  
  .R   0 0 f1 f 2   34.17 34.17  0.08  0 0 f1 f 2   5.47
   
 34.17 34.17  0 
 Wb*  0.08( f 1  f 2 )  Wb  0.08e 102.53 (sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ))

  b  0.008 f 1   b  0.008e 102.53 sin( 102.53 )

x  xo 0.707 x  500
where   '
  0.00047 x  0.3333,  x  2121.32  707
h 1500
cos 
'
   0 @ x  x o  707 and   1 @ x  x o  h  707  1500  2828
cos 45 cos 45
Recall that, the total solution (W*,  *)is the sum of Membrane solution and Edge Bending solution.
 W *  Wm*  Wb*
Where m and b represent membrane solution &bending solution respectively
  *    ,m   b

 
 W *  2.42 * 10 7 x 2  1.22 * 10 10 x 3  0.08e 102.53 (sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ))
 *   6.1 * 10 7

x  5.1 * 10 10 x 2  0.008e 102.53 sin( 102.53 )
W *  2.42 * 10 7

(2121.32  707) 2  1.22 * 10 10 (2121.32  707) 3  0.08e 102.53 (sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ))
 
  *   6.1 * 10 7 2121.32  707   5.1 * 10 10 2121.32  707   0.008e 102.53 sin( 102.53 )
2

Radial Deformation W* Meridional Rotation β

0.2 0.0025

0 0.002
0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.2 0.0015

Radial Deformation
-0.4 0.001 Meridional Rotation
W*

-0.6 0.0005

-0.8 0
0 0.5 1 1.5
-1 -0.0005

Page 35 of 47
 a) Section forces
 2 L
2

 n    12(1   )  .I 
m  K f T 0  t 
 xR  2   I2T
.Uˆ 1uˆ KZS
 20
 L R 0 f T  1 3T 
T cos    .I  
 L 
 0.08 Et 3 21000 * 13 K 1923 1923
 Uˆ 1uˆ KZS  C   , K   1923,     0.6 * 10  6
 0.08 12(1   2 ) 12(1  0.32 ) 2
LR 2
(1500 / cos 45) * 707 2
500 * 500
1 0  49140000 
2 2
L  1500 / cos 45  0
 f T   f1 f 2 ,  12(1   2 )  I  12(1  0.32 )  0 1   
 
t  1     0  49140000
  2.36 
  2.36 
 n   f1 f2 0 0 0 0     2.36( f1  f 2 ) 
 m    
Then,  x    0 0   
0 .001
0 f1 f2 0    0.001( f1  f 2 )
R  0 .001
T cos    0 f 2     0.0001 f 
   0  
0 0 0 f1
 2

 
 0.0001 

 n ,b  2.36 f 1  f 2   n  2.36e 102.53 (sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ))

but  n  n , m  n ,b

 n  8.47 *10 3 x  4 *10  6 x 2  2.36e 102.53 (sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ))

 n  8.47 *10 3 (2121.32  707)  4 *10  6 (2121.32  707) 2  2.36e 102.53 (sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ))

 mx  0.707( f1  f 2 )  mx  0.707e 102.53 (sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ))

 m  mx  0.212e 102.53 (sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ))
 T cos 45  0.0001 f1  q x  0.00014e 102.53 sin( 102.53 )
 n x  4.24 *10 3 (2121.32  707)  1.33 *10 6 (2121.32  707) 2 (The Membrane solution )

Meridioana Section force (Nx ) Circumferential Seciton Force (nФ )

0.16 0.3
0.14
0.2
0.12
0.1 0.1
0.08 Meridioana Section 0
force (Nx )
Circumferential
0.06 0 0.5 1 1.5 Seciton Force (nФ )
-0.1
0.04
0.02 -0.2
0
-0.3
0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.4

Page 36 of 47
 Transverse Shear Force (Tcos )
0.000004
0.000004
0.000003
0.000003
0.000002
0.000002 Transverse Shear Force
0.000001 (Tcos )
0.000001
0.000000
0
-5E-07 0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.00000

Meridiona Section Moment (m x )

0.04
0.02
0
-0.02 0 0.5 1 1.5

-0.04 Meridiona Section

-0.06 Moment (mx )

-0.08
-0.1
-0.12
-0.14

Circumferentioa Section Moment

(vm x)
0.02

0.01

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Circumferentioa
-0.01 Section Moment
(mphi)
-0.02

-0.03

-0.04

2. Pinned Support Case

It is given that, at edge A translation is Restrained (i.e. W*A = 0)

So that solving the above equations simultaneously by substituting the given boundary conditions as stated
above QA = 0.048 kN/cm, MA =-0.72 kNm/cm, QA=0 and ME = 0
 0   0 
 C       0.08
  1.63 * 0.048  

Back calculation of the displacement

Page 37 of 47
 W   f T 0  I  W   I 
R   f T   R I T .C     F T  R T .C
  0   L   R   L I  
 1 0   0 
W   f1
*
f2 0 0  0  1    0    f1 f2 0 0   0.08
   
  .R  0 0 f1 f 2   34.17 34.17   0.08   0 0 f1 f 2   2.73
   
 34.17 34.17  2.73
 Wb*  0.08 f 2 )  Wb  0.08e 102.53 cos(102.53 )

  b  0.008 f 1  f 2    b  0.008e 102.53 sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ) 

x  xo 0.707 x  500
where   '
  0.00047 x  0.3333,  x  2121.32  707
h 1500
cos 
'
   0 @ x  x o  707 and   1 @ x  x o  h  707  1500  2828
cos 45 cos 45

We have; the compatibility equation from the above:

 W *  Wm*  Wb*
  *    ,m   b

 
 W *  2.42 * 10 7 x 2  1.22 * 10 10 x 3  0.08e 102.53 (sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ))
    6.1 * 10 x  5.1 * 10 x   0.008e
* 7 10
sin( 102.53 )
2 102.53

 W  2.42 * 10 (2121.32  707)  1.22 * 10 (2121.32  707)   0.08e

* 7 2
cos(102.53 )
10 3 102.53

    6.1 * 10 2121.32  707  5.1 * 10 2121.32  707   0.008e

7 10
sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ) 102.53
* 2

Radial Deformation W*
0.2

0
Meridional Rotation β
0.0025
0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.2
0.002 Radial Deformation
-0.4
W*
0.0015
-0.6

0.001
-0.8 Meridional Rotation

0.0005
-1

0
Page 38 of 47
0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.0005
b) Section forces
 2 L
2

 n   12(1   )  .I 
m  K f T 0  t 
 R  2 
x
T
 I2T
.Uˆ 1uˆ KZS
 20
 L R 0 f  1 3T 
T cos    .I  
 L 
 0  Et 3 21000 *13 K 1923 1923
 Uˆ 1uˆ KZS  C   , K   1923,     0.6 *10 6
 0.08 12(1  ) 12(1  0.32 )
2 2
LR 2
(1500 / cos 45) * 707 2
500 * 500
1 0  49140000 
2 2
L  1500 / cos 45  0
 f T   f1 f 2 ,  12(1  2 )  I  12(1  0.32 )  0 1   
t  1     0  49140000
 0 
  2.36 
 n   f1 f2 0 0 0 0     2.36 f 2 ) 
 m     0.001   
Then,  x  0 0  
R  
0 f1 f2 0 0.001 f1 
T cos    0  0 
f 2  0.00005( f1  f 2 )
   0.00005 
0 0 0 f1

 
 0.00005 

 n ,b  2.36 f 2  n  2.36e 102.53 cos(102.53 )

but  n  n , m  n ,b

 n  8.47 * 10 3 x  4 * 10  6 x 2  2.36e 102.53 cos(102.53 )

 n  8.47 * 10 3 (2121.32  707)  4 * 10  6 (2121.32  707) 2  2.36e 102.53 cos(102.53 )

 m x  0.707 f1  m x  0.707e 102.53 sin( 102.53 )

 m  m x  0.212e 102.53 sin( 102.53 )

Page 39 of 47
 T cos 45  0.00005( f  f 2 )1  q x  0.00005e 102.53 ( sin( 102.53 )  cos(102.53 ))
 n x  4.24 *10 3 (2121.32  707)  1.33 *10 6 (2121.32  707) 2 (The Membrane solution )

Meridioana Section force (Nx )

0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08 Meridioana Section
0.06 force (Nx )
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.5 1 1.5

Circumferential Seciton Force (nФ )

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Circumferential
0 0.5 1 1.5 Seciton Force (nФ )
-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4
Transverse Shear Force (Tcos )
0.000002

0.000002

0.000001

0.000001
Transverse Shear Force
(Tcos )
0.000000

0
0 0.5 1 1.5
-5E-07

-0.00000

Page 40 of 47
 Circumferentioa Section Moment
(vmx)
0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006 Circumferentioa
Section Moment
0.004 (mphi)
0.002

-0.002 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Meridiona Section Moment (mx )

0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02 Meridiona Section
0.015 Moment (mx )
0.01
0.005
0
-0.005 0 0.5 1 1.5

Page 41 of 47
Solution
Step 1: membrane analysis of each segment.

The expressions for section force and deformation are taken from tables of slide

For sphere

Given values, Ѳ=300 ,pk=90kpa, sf=1.5, R=8m, E=2.1x1011 N/m2, t=0.016m

Page 42 of 47
From this, P= sfx pk=1.5x90= -135x103 N/m2

Section forces

nѲ= n =PR/2=-135000x8/2= -540KN/m

Deformation

R2P
1  v cos  =8 𝑋(−135000)∗(1−0.3)
2
W*= 2∗2.1∗1011 ∗0.016
= -0.0009m
2 Et

  0

For cylinder

Given values, pk=90kpa, sf=1.5, R=6.9282m, E=2.1x1011

N/m2, t=0.016m

From this, P= sfx pk=1.5x90= -135x103 N/m2

Section forces

n =PR= -135000x8= -1080KN/m

But, nx= nx (spherical) = PR/2=-135000x8/2= -540KN/m

Deformation

* PR 2 −135000∗6.92822
W = = 2.1∗1011 ∗0.016 = -0.00193m
Et

  0

Step 2: edge bending problem

Edge section forces,

For spherical shell

Page 43 of 47
 √8𝑥0.016
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 4 = 0.2783𝑚 And 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑡 = 0.2783𝑚𝑥0.016𝑚 = 4.453 ∗ 10−3
√3(1−0.3)

𝑅−𝑇 2.1 ∗ 10 11 2 −0.0348 𝑤∗

[ 𝑀𝑜 ] = ∗ 4.453 ∗ 10−3 [ ][ ]
128𝑐𝑜𝑠30 2 −0.0348 0.00121 𝛽 ∗ 8𝑐𝑜𝑠30
8𝑐𝑜𝑠30

𝑅−𝑇 6
−0.339 ∗ 106 ] [ 𝑤∗
[ 𝑀𝑜 ] = [ 19.482 ∗ 10 6 ]
−0.339 ∗ 10 11.787 ∗ 103 𝛽 ∗ 8𝑐𝑜𝑠30
8𝑐𝑜𝑠30

−1 𝑅−𝑇
𝑤∗ 6
−0.339 ∗ 106 ]
[ ] = [ 19.482 ∗ 10 6 [ 𝑀𝑜 ]
𝛽 ∗ 8𝑐𝑜𝑠30 −0.339 ∗ 10 11.787 ∗ 103
8𝑐𝑜𝑠30
𝑅−𝑇
𝑤∗ −7
2.96 ∗ 10−6 ] [ 𝑀𝑜 ]
[ ] = [1.02 ∗ 10−6
𝛽 ∗ 8𝑐𝑜𝑠30 2.96 ∗ 10 1.7 ∗ 10−4
8𝑐𝑜𝑠30
From this, after simplification

𝑊 ∗ = 1.02 ∗ 10−7 (𝑅 − 𝑇)+4.27 ∗ 10−7 𝑀𝑜

𝛽 = 4.27 ∗ 10−7 (𝑅 − 𝑇)+3.542 ∗ 10−6 𝑀𝑜

For cylindrical shell

√6.9282𝑥0.016
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 4
= 0.259𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑡 = 0.259𝑚 ∗ 0.016𝑚 = 4.14 ∗ 10−3
√3(1 − 0.3)
𝑅−𝑇 4.14 ∗ 10−3
𝑀 2 0.0378 𝑤∗
[ 𝑜 ]= ∗ [ ] [ ]
2𝑥(6.9282)2 0.0378 0.0014 𝛽 ∗ 6.9282
8
𝑅−𝑇 6 6 𝑤∗
[ 𝑀𝑜 ] = [18.113 ∗ 106 0.3387 ∗ 10 ] [ ]
0.3387 ∗ 10 12678.8 𝛽∗8
8
𝑤∗ 6 6 −1 𝑅 − 𝑇
[ ]=[18.113 ∗ 10 0.3387 ∗ 10 ] [ 𝑀𝑜 ] 2.1 ∗ 1011
𝛽∗8 0.3387 ∗ 106 12678.8
8
𝑅−𝑇
𝑤∗ −7
−2.947 ∗ 10−6 ] [ 𝑀𝑜 ]
[ ] = [ 1.1 ∗ 10 −6
𝛽∗8 −2.947 ∗ 10 1.576 ∗ 10−4
8
From this, after simplification

𝑊 ∗ = 1.1 ∗ 10−7 T−4.25 ∗ 10−7 Mo

β = −4.25 ∗ 10−7 T+3.283 ∗ 10−6 Mo

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From compatibility:

Total horizontal distance at juncture must be equal for both shells

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑚,𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 + 𝑊𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒,𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑚,𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖 + 𝑊𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒,𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖
∗ ∗
𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑚,𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = −0.0009𝑚 And 𝑊𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒,𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 1.02 ∗ 10−7 (R − T)+4.27 ∗ 10−7 Mo
∗ ∗
𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑚,𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖 = −0.00193𝑚 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒,𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖 = 1.1 ∗ 10−7 T−4.25 ∗ 10−7 Mo

From this,

-0.0009+1.02 ∗ 10−7 (R − T)+4.27 ∗ 10−7 Mo = −0.00193 + 1.1 ∗ 10−7 T−4.25 ∗ 10−7 Mo

After simplification,

8.52 ∗ 10−7 Mo − 2.12 ∗ 10−7 T = 0.04667 − − − − − − − − − − − (1)

Angle of rotation must be equal at the juncture for both shells

𝛽𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝛽𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

4.27 ∗ 10−7 (R − T)+3.542 ∗ 10−6 Mo = −4.25 ∗ 10−7 T+3.283 ∗ 10−6 Mo

After simplification with substituting R= -467,650 N/m

0.259 ∗ 10−6 Mo − 0.02 ∗ 10−7 T = 0.1997 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)

Solving the above two equations, simultaneously

We can get T=2,968.6 KN/m and Mo= 793.96 KNm/m

Calculation of total deformation at the age

∗ ∗
𝑊 ∗ = 𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑚,𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 + 𝑊𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒,𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = −0.0009 + 1.02 ∗ 10−7 (R − T)+4.27 ∗ 10−7 Mo

𝛽 = 4.27 ∗ 10−7 (R − T)+3.542 ∗ 10−6 Mo

After substituting the values, 𝑊 ∗ = −0.0124𝑚 and 𝛽 = 1.345 𝑟𝑎𝑑

From this, 𝑛𝜃,𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 0 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝜃,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑛𝜃,𝑚𝑒𝑚 + 𝑛𝜃,𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 𝑛𝜃,𝑚𝑒𝑚

Et 3 2.1 ∗ 1011 ∗ 0.0163

DO = Et = 2.1 ∗ 1011 ∗ 0.016 = 3.36 ∗ 109 and K = = = 78.77 KNm
12(1 − μ2 ) 12(1 − 0.32 )
KNm
−MO 793.96
Where, (𝑊 ∗ )" = K
m
= − 78.77KNm = −10.08/m and (𝑊 ∗ )′ = 𝛽 = 1.345
Page 45 of 47
For spherical shell

𝑛𝜃,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = −540KN/m
N
𝑛∅,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑛∅,𝑚𝑒𝑚 + 𝑛∅,𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = −540000 + DO W ∗ = −540000 + 3.36 ∗ 109 ∗ (−0.0124) = −42,204 KN/m
m

𝑚𝜃 = −𝑅 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ (−MO ) = 8 ∗ 78770 ∗10.08=6,352KNm

𝑚∅ = −𝑣𝑅𝐾(𝑊 ∗ )" + 𝐾 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(𝑊 ∗ )’= 0.3*8*78770*10.08+ 78770 tan30 ∗ 1.345 = 1,966.8KNm

Stress applied,

𝑛𝜃 𝑚𝜃 540 6352000
𝜎1,𝐸𝑑 = + 2 =− + = 24,812.5𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑡 𝑡 0.016 0.0162
𝑛∅ 𝑚∅ 42204000 1966800
𝜎2,𝐸𝑑 = + 2 =− + = 5,045.1𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑡 𝑡 0.016 0.016 ∗ 0.016
For cylindrical shell

𝑛𝜃,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = −540KN/m
N
𝑛∅,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑛∅,𝑚𝑒𝑚 + 𝑛∅,𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = −1080,000 + DO W ∗ = −1080,000 + 3.36 ∗ 109 ∗ (−0.0124) = −42,744 KN/m
m

𝑚𝜃 = −𝑅 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ (−MO ) = 6.9282 ∗ 78770 ∗10.08=5,501KNm

𝑚∅ = −𝑣𝑅𝐾(𝑊 ∗ )" + 𝐾 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(𝑊 ∗ )’= 0.3*6.9282*78770*10.08+ 78770 tan0 ∗ 1.345 = 1,650.3KNm

Stress applied,

𝑛𝜃 𝑚𝜃 540 5,501
𝜎1,𝐸𝑑 = + 2 =− + = 21,454.5𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑡 𝑡 0.016 0.0162
𝑛∅ 𝑚∅ 42744000 1650300
𝜎2,𝐸𝑑 = + 2 =− + = 3,775𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑡 𝑡 0.016 0.016 ∗ 0.016
Buckling strength verification for sphere
𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑘
𝜎1,𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑑 , where 𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑑 = ,𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑘 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 &𝛾𝑚 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦
𝛾𝑚

0.61𝐸𝑡 0.016
𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑘 = = 0.61 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 1011 ∗ = 256.2𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑟 8
𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑘 256.2
𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑑 = = = 232.91𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑚 1.1

Since,𝜎1,𝐸𝑑 > 𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑑 , 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

Buckling strength verification for cylinder

𝑟 1.5
𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑘 = 0.92𝐸 ( ) , 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟, 𝑙 ≥ 2.3√𝑅𝑥𝑡. ≥ 3𝑥√6.9282𝑥0.016 ≥ 0.766𝑚
𝑙
Let’s take, L =2.5m
Page 46 of 47
 6.9282 1.5
𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑘 = 0.92𝑥2.1𝑥1011 𝑥( ) =891,308Mpa
4

𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑘 440,400.45
𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑑 = = = 810,280𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑚 1.1

⇒ 𝜎1,𝐸𝑑 < 𝜎𝜃,𝑅𝑘 , Cylinder doesn’t buckles with the applied pressure.

Plastic strength verification

𝜎𝜃2 + 𝜎∅2 − 𝜎𝜃 𝜎∅ ≤ 𝑓𝑦2

For sphere,

24,812.52 + 5,045.12 − 24,812.5 ∗ 5,045.1 ≤ 2352=515,931,646.5(𝑀𝑝𝑎)2 > 55,225(𝑀𝑝𝑎)2 , not ok!

For cylinder,

21,454.52 + 37752 − 21,454.5 ∗ 3,775 ≤ 2352 =393,555,458(𝑀𝑝𝑎)2 > 55,225(𝑀𝑝𝑎)2 , not ok!

Page 47 of 47