BASIC SIMULATION LAB MANUAL

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LAB CODE
1. Students should report to the concerned labs as per the time table schedule.
2. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment
scheduled for the day.
3. Students should bring a note book of about 100 pages and should enter the
readings/observations into the note book while performing the experiment.
4. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff in-charge in the
observation book is necessary.
5. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment
performed in the immediate last session should be submitted and certified by the staff member
in-charge
6. Not more than three students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a setup.
7. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of student
among different groups will be permitted later.
8. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from stores in-
charge after duly filling in the requisition form.
9. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them, and
should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose .Any damage of the
equipment or burn-out of components will be viewed seriously either by putting penalty or by
dismissing the total group of students from the lab for the semester/year.
10. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.
11. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment coming to Laboratory.
Procedure sheets/data sheets provided to the students’ groups should be maintained neatly and to
be returned after the experiment.

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INDEX
S.NO. NAME OF THE PROGRAM PAGE NO.

1 Basic Operations On Matrices 4

2 A) Generation Of Discrete Signals 6
B) Generation Of Continuous Signals 8
3 Operations On Signals And Sequences 10
4 Even And Odd Part Of A Signal 12
5 Convolution Of Two Sequences 14
6 Auto-Correlation & Cross-Correlation Between Signals 16
7 A) Linear System Or Non-Linear System 19
B) Time-Invariant Or Time-Variant System 21
8 Impulse Response And Step Response 24
9 Gibbs Phenomenon 26
10 A) Fourier Transforms And Inverse Fourier Transforms 28
B) Magnitude And Phase Spectrum Of Fourier Transforms 30
11 Laplace Transform 32
12 A) Zeros And Poles In S- Plane 33
B) Zeros And Poles In Z- Plane 35

13 Gaussian Noise 37
14 Sampling Theorem 39
15 Auto-Correlation/Cross-Correlation 44

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Experiment No-1
BASIC OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
AIM: - To write a MATLAB program to perform some basic operation on matrices such
as addition, subtraction, multiplication.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 (7.3 Version).

PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc;
close all;
clear all;
a=[1 2 -9 ; 2 -1 2; 3 -4 3];
b=[1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
disp('The matrix a= ');a
disp('The matrix b= ');b
% to find sum of a and b
c=a+b;
disp('The sum of a and b is ');c
% to find difference of a and b
d=a-b;
disp('The difference of a and b is ');d
%to find multiplication of a and b
e=a*b;
disp('The product of a and b is ');e
% to find element-by-element multiplication

RESULT:-
Finding addition, subtraction, multiplication using Matlab was Successfully completed

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OUTPUT:-
The matrix a=
a=
1 2 -9
2 -1 2
3 -4 3
The matrix b=
b=
123
456
789
The sum of a and b is
c=
2 4 -6
648
10 4 12
The difference of a and b is
d=
0 0 -12
-2 -6 -4
-4 -12 -6
The product of a and b is
e=
-54 -60 -66
12 15 18
8 10 12

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Experiment No-2a
GENERATION OF DISCRETE SIGNALS
AIM: -To write a “MATLAB” Program to generate of discrete time signals like unit
Impulse, unit step, unit ramp, exponential signal and sinusoidal signals.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)

PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=-10:1:10;
L=length(n);
for i=1:L
if n(i)==0
x1(i)=1;
else
x1(i)=0;
end;
if n(i)>=0
x2(i)=1;
x3(i)=n(i);
else
x2(i)=0;
x3(i)=0;
end;
end;
% to generate exponential sequence
a=0.85;
x4=a.^n;
% to generate sinusoidal sequence
f=0.1;
x5=sin(2*pi*f*n);
figure;
subplot(3,2,1);
stem(n,x1);
xlabel('time n ---->');

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ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('Unit step signal');
subplot(3,2,2);
stem(n,x2);xlabel('time n ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('Unit impluse signal')
subplot(3,2,3);
stem(n,x3);
xlabel('time n ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('Unit remp signal');
subplot(3,2,4);
stem(n,x4);xlabel('time n ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('exponential signal');
subplot(3,2,[5,6]);
stem(n,x5);
xlabel('time n ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('sinusoidal signal');

RESULT:-
Thus the Generation of discrete time signals like unit impulse, unit step, unit ramp,
exponential signal and sinusoidal signals was successfully Completed.

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Experiment No-2b
GENERATION OF CONTINUOUS SIGNALS
AIM: -To write a “MATLAB” Program to generate of continuous time signals like
unit step, sawtooth, triangular, Sinusoidal, ramp, and sinc function.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc;
Clear all;
Close all;
t=-10:0.01:10;
L=length(t);
for i=1:L
%to generate unit Step and ramp function
if t(i)<0
x1(i)=0;
x2(i)=0;
else
x1(i)=1;
x2(i)=t(i);
end;
end;
%to generate sinusoidal function
f=0.1;
x3=sin(2*pi*f*t);
%to generate Triangular and Sawtooth waveforms
x4=sawtooth(t,0.5);
x5=sawtooth(t);
%to generate sinc function
x6=sinc(t);
figure;
subplot(2,3,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('t--->');ylabel('amp--->');
title('unit step');
subplot(2,3,2);

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plot(t,x2);
xlabel('t--->');ylabel('amp--->');
title('unit ramp');
subplot(2,3,3);
plot(t,x3);
xlabel('t--->');ylabel('amp--->');
title('sinusoidal');
subplot(2,3,4);
plot(t,x4);
xlabel('t--->');ylabel('amp--->');
title('triangular');
subplot(2,3,5);
plot(t,x5);
xlabel('t--->');ylabel('amp--->');
title('sawtooth');
subplot(2,3,6);
plot(t,x6);
xlabel('t--->');ylabel('amp--->');
title('sinc function');

RESULT:-
Thus the Generation of continuous time signals like unit step, saw tooth, triangular,
sinusoidal, ramp and sinc functions are successfully completed.
OUTPUT:-

Experiment No-03

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OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS AND SEQUENCES

AIM: - To perform various operations on signals such as addition, multiplication, scaling,
shifting and folding, computation of energy and avg power using MATLAB
program.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc,
close all;
clear all;
t=0:0.001:1;
L=length(t);
f1=1;
f2=3;
x1=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
x2=sin(2*pi*f2*t);
figure;
subplot(3,2,1);
plot(t,x1,'b',t,x2,'r');
title('the signals x1(t) and x2(t)');
x3=x1+x2;
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(t,x3);
title('the sum of x1(t) and x2(t)');
x4=x1.*x2;
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(t,x4);
title('the multiplication of x1(t) and x2(t)');
t=-1:0.001:0;
x5=sin(2*pi*f1*(-t));
x6=sin(2*pi*f2*(-t));

subplot(3,2,4);
plot(t,x5,'b',t,x6,'r');
title('the folding of x1(t)and x2(t)');
x7=[zeros(1,200),x2(1:(L-200))];

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subplot(3,2,5);
plot(t,x7);
title('the shifting of x1(t)and x2(t)');
x8=x2.^2;
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(t,x8);
title('the squaring of x1(t)and x2(t)');

RESULT:-
Thus the MATLAB Program to perform some operations on signals was completed
successfully.

OUTPUT:-

Experiment No-4

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EVEN AND ODD PART OF A SIGNAL

AIM: - To write a MATLAB program to finding the even and odd parts of a signal.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=-5:0.001:5;
A=0.8;
x1=A.^(t);
x2=A.^(-t);
if(x2==x1)
disp('The given signal is even signal');
else
if(x2==(-x1))
disp('The given signal is odd signal');
else
disp('The given signal is neither even nor odd');
end
end
xe=(x1+x2)/2;
xo=(x1-x2)/2;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)');title('signal x(t)');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,x2);
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)');title('signal x(-t)');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,xe);
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)');title('even part signal x(t)');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(t,xo);
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)');title('odd part signal x(t)');
RESULT:-

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Thus the MATLAB Program to find even and odd parts of signals was completed
successfully.

OUTPUT:-

Experiment No-5

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CONVOLUTION OF TWO SEQUENCES

AIM: - To write a MATLAB program to find the convolution of two sequences.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=0:8;
x1=1;
x2=0;
y1=x1.*(n>=0 & n<=2)+x2.*(n>=2 & n<=8);
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n,y1);
axis([0 8 0 1.5]);
xlabel('time n ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('the sequence y1[n]')
y2=x1.*(n>=0 & n<=4)+x2.*(n>=4 & n<=8);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,y2);
axis([0 8 0 1.5]);
xlabel('time n ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('the sequence y2[n]')
y=conv(y1,y2);
L=length(y);
n=0:L-1;
subplot(2,2,[3,4]);
stem(n,y);
axis([0 10 0 4]);
xlabel('time n ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('the convolution sequence of y1[n]&y2[n]');

RESULT:-

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Thus the MATLAB Program to finding the convolution of two sequences is completed
successfully.

OUTPUT:-

Experiment No-06
AUTO-CORRELATION & CROSS-CORRELATION BETWEEN SIGNALS

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AIM: - To write a matlab program to compute autocorrelation and cross correlation

between signals.

SOFTWARE REQURIED :-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)

.PROCEDURE:
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:
clc; clear all; close all;
t=0:0.01:1;
f1=3;
x1=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,x1);
title('sine wave');
xlabel('time ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
grid;
[rxx lag1]=xcorr(x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(lag1,rxx);
grid;
title('auto-correlation function of sine wave');
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
title('sine wave x1');
xlabel('time ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
grid;
f2=2;
x2=sin(2*pi*f2*t);
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,x2);
title('sine wave x2');
xlabel('time ---->');,ylabel('amplitude---->');
grid;
[cxx lag2]=xcorr(x1,x2);

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subplot(2,2,[3,4]);
plot(lag2,cxx);
grid;
title('cross-correlation function of sine wave');

RESULT:
Thus the MATLAB Program of computing auto correlation and cross correlation
between signals was completed successfully.

OUTPUT:

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Experiment No-7(a)
LINEAR SYSTEM OR NON-LINEAR SYSTEM
AIM: - To write a matlab program to verify the given system is linear or non-linear.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)

PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc; clear all; close all;
x1=input('enter the x1[n] sequence='); % [0 2 4 6]
x2=input('enter the x2[n] sequence='); % [3 5 -2 -5]
if length(x1)~=length(x2)
disp(' length of x2 must be equal to the length of x1');
return;
end;
h=input('enter the h[n] sequence=');% [-1 0 -3 -1 2 1]
a=input('enter the constant a= '); % 2
b=input('enter the constant b= '); % 3
y01=conv(a*x1,h);
y02=conv(b*x2,h);
y1=y01+y02;
x=a*x1+b*x2;
y2=conv(x,h);
L=length(x1)+length(h)-1;
n=0:L-1;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y1);
label('n --->'); label('amp ---->');
title('sum of the individual response');
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y2);
xlabel('n --->'); ylabel('amp ---->');
title('total response');
if y1==y2
disp('the system is a Linear system');
else
disp('the system is a non-linear system');
end;

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RESULT:-
Thus the MATLAB Program of verifying the system is linear or non linear by
using matlab has performed.

INPUT SEQUENCE:
Enter the x1[n] sequence= [0 2 4 6]
Enter the x2[n] sequence= [3 5 -2 -5]
Enter the h[n] sequence= [-1 0 -3 -1 2 1]
Enter the constant a= 2 & enter the constant b= 3
The system is a linear system

OUTPUT:-

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Experiment No-07(b)
TIME-INVARIANT OR TIME-VARIANT SYSTEM
AIM: - To write a matlab program to verify the given system is Time –invariant or Time–
variant.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)

PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc; clear all; close all;
x=input('enter the sequence x[n]='); %[0 2 3 1 -2 7 3]
h=input('enter the sequence h[n]='); %[4 -5 -11 -3 7 2 6 8 -15]
d=input('enter the positive number for delay d='); % 5
xdn=[zeros(1,d),x]; % delayed input
yn=conv(xdn,h); % output for delayed input
y=conv(x,h); % actual output
ydn=[zeros(1,d),y]; % delayed output
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(0:length(x)-1,x);
xlabel('n ---->'),ylabel('amp --->');
title('the sequence x[n] ');
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(0:length(xdn)-1,xdn);
xlabel('n ---->'),ylabel('amp --->');
title('the delayed sequence of x[n] ');
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(0:length(yn)-1,yn);
xlabel('n ---->'),ylabel('amp --->');
title('the response of the system to the delayed sequence of x[n] ');
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(0:length(ydn)-1,ydn);
xlabel('n ---->'),ylabel('amp --->');
title('the delayed output sequence ');
if yn==ydn
disp('the given system is a Time-invarient system');
else

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disp('the given system is a Time-varient system');

end;

RESULT:-
Thus the MATLAB Program of verifying the system is Time –invariant or Time–
variant System by using matlab has performed.

INPUT SEQUENCE:
Enter the sequence x[n] = [0 2 3 1 -2 7 3]
Enter the sequence h[n] = [4 -5 -11 -3 7 2 6 8 -15]
Enter the positive number for delay d=5
The given system is a Time-invariant system

OUTPUT:-

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Experiment No-08
IMPULSE RESPONSE AND STEP RESPONSE
AIM: - To write a matlab program to find the impulse response& step response of the
LTI system governed by the transfer function H(s) =1/S 4s+3.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)

.PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
syms s complex;
H=1/(s^2+4*s+3);
disp('Impulse response of the system h(t) is');
h=ilaplace(H);
simplify(h);
disp(h);
Y=1/(s*(s^2+4*s+3));
disp('Step response of the system is');
y=ilaplace(Y);
simplify(y);
disp(y);
t=0:0.1:20;
h1=subs(h,t);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,h1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('h(t)');
title('Impulse response of the system');
y1=subs(y,t);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('step response of the system');

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RESULT:-
Thus the Generation of impulse response & step response of the LTI system is
completed.

OUTPUT:-
Impulse response of a system h (t) is exp (-2*t)*sinh (t).
The step response of a system is 1/6*exp (-3*t)-1/2*exp (-t) +1/3.

OUTPUT:

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Experiment No-9
GIBBS PHENOMENON
AIM: - To write a MATLAB program to construct the following p periodic signal
represented by its Fourier Series by considering only 3,9,59 terms.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)

PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=input('enter the no. of signals to reconstruct=');
n_har=input('enter the no. of harmonics in each signal=');
t=-1:0.001:1;
omega_0=2*pi;
for k=1:N
x=0.5;
for n=1:2:n_har(k)
b_n=2/(n*pi);
x=x+b_n*sin(n*omega_0*t);
end
subplot(N,1,k);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('time--->');
ylabel('amp---->');
axis([-1 1 -0.5 1.5]);
text(0.55,1.0,['no.of har=',num2str(n_har(k))]);
end

RESULT: - Thus, the operation to perform Gibbs Phenomenon is successfully

completed.

OUTPUT:-
Enter the no. of signals to reconstruct=3
Enter the no. of harmonics in each signal=[3,5,59]

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Experiment No-10(a)
FOURIER TRANSFORMS AND INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORMS
AIM: - To find Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transforms of given functions.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
  Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
To find Fourier transform
clc; clear all; close all;
syms t s;syms w real;
syms A real;syms o real;syms b float;
f=dirac(t);
F=fourier(f);
disp('the fourier transform of dirac(t) =');
disp(F);
f1=A*heaviside(t);
F1=fourier(f1);
disp('the fourier transform of A =');
disp(F1);
f2=A*exp(-t)*heaviside(t);
F2=fourier(f2);
disp('the fourier transform of exp(-t) =');
disp(F2);
f3=A*t*exp(-b*t)*heaviside(t);
F3=fourier(f3);
disp('the fourier transform of A*t*exp(-b*t)*u(t) =');
disp(F3);
f4=sin(o*t);
F4=fourier(f4);
disp('the fourier transform of sin(o*t) =');
disp(F4);

To find inverse Fourier transforms of Given functions.

F1=A*pi*(dirac(w-o)+dirac(w+o));
f1=ifourier(F1,t);
disp('the inverse fourier transform of A*pi*(dirac(w-o)+dirac(w+o)=');
disp(f1);

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F2=A*pi*(dirac(w-o)-dirac(w+o))/i;
f2=ifourier(F2,t);
disp('the inverse fourier transform of A*pi*(dirac(w-o)+dirac(w+o)/i=');
disp(f2);
F3=A/(1+i*w);
f3=ifourier(F3,t);
disp('the inverse fourier transform of A/(1+jw)=');
disp(f3);
F4=(3*i*w+14)/((i*w)^2+7*i*w+12);
f4=ifourier(F4,t);
disp('the inverse fourier transform of (3*i*w+14)/((i*w)^2+7*i*w+12)=');
disp(f4);

RESULT: - Thus the MATLAB program to find fouries transform and inverse fouries
transform of given functions is successfully completed.

OUTPUT:-
the fourier transform of dirac(t) =1
the fourier transform of A =A*(pi*dirac(w)-i/w)
the fourier transform of exp(-t) = A/(1+i*w)
the fourier transform of A*t*exp(-b*t)*u(t) = A/(b+i*w)^2
the fourier transform of sin(o*t) = i*pi*(dirac(w+o)-dirac(w-o))
the inverse fourier transform of A*pi*(dirac(w-o)+dirac(w+o)= A*cos(o*t)
the inverse fourier transform of A*pi*(dirac(w-o)+dirac(w+o)/i= A*sin(o*t)
the inverse fourier transform of A/(1+jw)= A*exp(-t)*heaviside(t)
the inverse fourier transform of (3*i*w+14)/((i*w)^2+7*i*w+12)= heaviside(t)*(-2*exp(-
4*t)+5*exp(-3*t))

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Experiment no-10(b)
MAGNITUDE AND PHASE SPECTRUM OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS
AIM: -. To find Fourier transform of the given signal and to plot its magnitude and phase
spectrum.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)

PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window

PROGRAM:-
clc; clear all; close all;
syms t s ;
syms w float;
f=3*exp(-t)*heaviside(t); % given function
F=fourier(f); % to find Fourier Transform
disp('the fourier transform of 3*exp(-t)*u(t) =');
disp(F); % to display the result in the command window
w=-2*pi:pi/50:2*pi;
F1=subs(F,w); % substitute w in F function
Fmag=abs(F1); % to find magnitude
Fphas=angle(F1); % to find phase
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(w,Fmag);
xlabel('w ---->');
ylabel('Magnitude --->');
title('Magnitude spectrum');
grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(w,Fphas);
xlabel('w ---->');
ylabel('Phase in radians--->');
title('Phase spectrum');
grid;

RESULT:- Thus the MATLAB program to find fouries transform and ploting magnitude
and Phase spectrums is successfully completed.

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OUTPUT:-
The fourier transform of 3*exp (-t)*u (t) = 3/(1+i*w)

Experiment no-11

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LAPLACE TRANSFORM
AIM: -. MATLAB program to plot the given waveform using waveform synthesis using
Laplace transform. .

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB Software
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window.

PROGRAM:-
clc;
close all;
syms s;
F =(1/(s^2))*(1-exp(-s)-(1/2)*exp(-3*s)+(1/2)*exp(-5*s));
f=ilaplace(F);
pretty(simplify(f))
ezplot(f,[0,5]);
grid;

RESULT: - Thus the MATLAB program the given waveform is plotted by using wave
form synthesis is successfully completed
OUTPUT:-

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Experiment No-12(a)
ZEROS AND POLES IN S- PLANE

AIM: -. To Write a MATLAB program to draw Pole-Zero map in S-Plane

SOFTWARE REQURIED:
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB Software
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window.

PROGRAM:-
clc; clear all; close all;
num=input('enter the numerator polynomial vector\n'); % [1 -2 1]
den=input('enter the denominator polynomial vector\n'); % [1 6 11 6]
H=tf(num,den)
[p z]=pzmap(H);
disp('zeros are at ');
disp(z);
disp('poles are at ');
disp(p);
pzmap(H);
if max(real(p))>=0
disp(' All the poles do not lie in the left half of S-plane ');
disp(' the given LTI systen is not a stable system ');
else
disp('All the poles lie in the left half of S-plane ');
disp(' the given LTI systen is a stable system ');
end;

RESULTS: - Thus the MATLAB program to draw pole-zero map in S-plane is

successfully completed.

OUTPUT:-
Enter the numerator polynomial vector
[1 -2 1]
Enter the denominator polynomial vector
[1 6 11 6]
Transfer function: s^2 - 2 s + 1

----------------------
s^3 + 6 s^2 + 11 s + 6

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Zeros are at
1
1
Poles are at
-3.0000
-2.0000
-1.0000
All the poles lie in the left half of S-plane
The given LTI systen is a stable system

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Experiment no-12(b)
ZEROS AND POLES IN Z- PLANE

AIM: -. To Write a MATLAB program to draw Pole-Zero map in Z-Plane

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB Software
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window.
PROGRAM:-
clc; clear all; close all;
num=input('enter the numerator polynomial vector \n'); %[1 0 0]
den=input('enter the denominator polynomial vector \n');%[1 1 0.16]
H=filt(num,den)
z=zero(H);
disp('the zeros are at ');
disp(z);
[r p k]=residuez(num,den);
disp('the poles are at ');
disp(p);
zplane(num,den);
title('Pole-Zero map in the Z-plane');
if max(abs(p))>=1
disp('all the poles do not lie with in the unit circle');
disp('hence the system is not stable');
else
disp('all the poles lie with in the unit circle');
disp('hence the system is stable');
end;

RESULTS: - Thus the MATLAB program to draw pole-zero map in S-plane is

successfully completed.
OUTPUT:-
Enter the numerator polynomial vector
[1 0 0]
Enter the denominator polynomial vector
[1 1 0.16]
Transfer function:
1
--------------------
1 + z^-1 + 0.16 z^-2

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The zeros are at

0
0
The poles are at
-0.8000
-0.2000
All the poles lie with in the unit circle
Hence the system is stable

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Experiment no-13
GAUSSIAN NOISE
AIM: -. To generate a Gaussian noise and to compute its Mean, Mean Square Value,
Skew, Kurtosis, PSD, Probability Distribution function.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB Software
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window.

PROGRAM:-
clc; clear all; close all;
t=-10:0.01:10;
L=length(t);
n=randn(1,L);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,n);
xlabel('t --->'),ylabel('amp ---->');
title('normal randon function');
nmean=mean(n);
disp('mean=');disp(nmean);
nmeansquare=sum(n.^2)/length(n);
disp('mean square=');disp(nmeansquare);
nstd=std(n);
disp('std=');disp(nstd);
nvar=var(n);
disp('var=');disp(nvar);
nskew=skewness(n);
disp('skew=');disp(nskew);
nkurt=kurtosis(n);
disp('kurt=');disp(nkurt);
p=normpdf(n,nmean,nstd);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,p)

RESULTS: - Thus To generate Gaussian noise and to compute its Mean, Mean Square
Value, Skew, Kurtosis, PSD, Probability Distribution function is performed.

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OUTPUT:-
Mean= 9.2676e-004
Mean square= 0.9775
STD=0.9889
Var=0.9780
Skew= -0.0091
Kurt= 2.9520

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Experiment No-14
SAMPLING THEOREM
AIM: -. To generate a MATLAB Program to verify sampling theorem.

SOFTWARE REQURIED :-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB Software
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window.

PROGRAM:-
clc;
close all;
clear all;
f1=3;
f2=23;
t=-0.4:0.0001:0.4;
x=cos(2*pi*f1*t)+cos(2*pi*f2*t);
figure(1);
plot(t,x,'-.r');
xlabel('time-----');
ylabel('amp---');
title('The original signal');
%case 1: (fs<2fm)
fs1=1.4*f2;
ts1=1/fs1;
n1=-0.4:ts1:0.4;
xs1=cos(2*pi*f1*n1)+cos(2*pi*f2*n1);
figure(2);
stem(n1,xs1);
hold on;
plot(t,x,'-.r');
hold off;
legend('fs<2fm');
%case 2: (fs=2fm)
fs2=2*f2;
ts2=1/fs2;
n2=-0.4:ts2:0.4;
xs2=cos(2*pi*f1*n2)+cos(2*pi*f2*n2);
figure(3);
stem(n2,xs2);
hold on;

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plot(t,x,'-.r');
hold off;
legend('fs=2fm');
%case 3: (fs>2fm)
fs3=7*f2;
ts3=1/fs3;
n3=-0.4:ts3:0.4;
xs3=cos(2*pi*f1*n3)+cos(2*pi*f2*n3);
figure(4);
stem(n3,xs3);
hold on;
plot(t,x,'-.r');
hold off;
legend('fs>2fm');

RESULTS:-
Thus the MATLAB program to verify Sampling theorem is performed.

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Experiment no-15
AUTO-CORRELATION/CROSS-CORRELATION
AIM: -. To write a program to detect the periodic signal by Noise using Auto correlation
and Cross Correlation method.

SOFTWARE REQURIED :-
MATLAB R2006 b (7.3 Versions)
.
PROCEDURE:-
 Open MATLAB Software
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Run the program
 For the output see command window\ Figure window.

PROGRAM:-
clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.01:10;
s=cos(2*pi*3*t)+sin(2*pi*5*t); % periodic signal
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,s);
axis([0 10 -2 2]);
xlabel(' t ---->'),ylabel(' amp ----> ');
title('the periodic signal');
L=length(t);
n=randn(1,L); % noise signal
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,n);
xlabel(' t ---->'),ylabel(' amp ----> ');
title('the noise signal');
L=length(t);
f=s+n; % received signal
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,f);
xlabel(' t ---->'),ylabel(' amp ----> ');
title('the received signal');
rxx=xcorr(f,s,200);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(rxx);
title('the Correlator output');

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RESULTS: - Thus the MATLAB Program to detect the periodic signal masked by noise
Using Auto Correlation &Cross Correlation method is performed.

OUTPUT

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