APA Citation Style (6th Edition)

Part I. Basic Rules for In-Text & Parenthetical Citations

A. Quotes with fewer than 40 words p. 2
B. Quotes with more than 40 words p. 2
C. Paraphrases or summaries p. 3
D. In-Text & Parenthetical Documentation Chart p. 4

Part II. Basics of APA “References”

A. Elements of an APA Citation p. 6
B. Basic Rules of ―References‖ List Entries:
Organization and formatting, author‘s names, alphabetization,
publication dates, capitalization, italics, Digital Object
Identifier (DOI), classical works, and personal communications p. 7
C. Citation Abbreviations p. 9

Part III. Citation Examples for “References” List

A. Books p. 10
B. E-books p. 12
C. Articles (from a print publication) p. 13
D. Online Sources p. 14
a. From the Free Web p. 14
b. From Subscription Databases p. 17

E. Media p. 19
F. Images p. 20
G. Government Publications p. 21
H. Interviews p. 22

Part IV. Sample “References” p. 23

For complete explanations, refer to the APA Publication Manual:

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.
Copies are available: at the LaGuardia Reference Desk; and in the Reference Collection,
REF BF 76.7 .P83 2010
Part NOTE:
I. Basic Rules
Rule forinIn-Text
numbers & Parenthetical
sections below Citations
refer to the Publication Manual (6th ed.).

5/5/11 – LF & EN
APA Style uses a combination of in-text and parenthetical citations for quoting or paraphrasing a work.
(Complete bibliographical information is given only once, in the bibliography called ―References‖ on a separate
page at the end of the paper – see Parts II and III, below.)

A. Quotes with fewer than 40 words:

Examples:
Tram and Cole (2006) studied children and early adolescents to quantify the extent to which
―[d]epression predicts later depression‖ (p. 674).
or
Researchers have studied children and early adolescents to quantify the extent to which
―[d]epression predicts later depression‖ (Tram & Cole, 2006, p. 674).
1. Incorporate the quote into the text of the paper.
2. Enclose in quotation marks with punctuation outside the parenthesis.
3. Give these three elements:
a. Author‘s last name – either in the text or in parentheses after the closing quotation mark,
b. Year of publication – after the author‘s name, wherever the name appears,
c. Page numbers – in the parentheses after the closing quotation mark, preceded by the
abbreviation p. or pp.
If page numbers are not available, give the paragraph number, if visible, preceded by the
abbreviation para., or include the section subheading and count the paragraphs. If neither of
these options exists, include only the author‘s last name and date.

B. Quotes with more than 40 words:

Example:
Rodriquez (2005) argues that,

while European immigrant experiences generally had a beginning and an end,

Mexican immigration has been virtually continuous for the past century. This has made

the process of Mexican integration a perpetual one. But this dynamic hasn't so much

retarded assimilation as it has sown confusion in the formulation of political and

cultural identities. (p.35)

Because there has been a steady wave of immigration from Mexico to the United States,
assimilated Mexican-Americans have had a more challenging time trying to gain acceptance as
Americans rather than foreigners.
1. Use a block quotation. (Start on a new line, indent by a half inch, and double space.)
2. Do not enclose in quotation marks.
3. Give these three elements:
a. Author‘s last name – either in the text before the block quotation or in parentheses after the
final punctuation mark of the block quotation,
b. Year of publication – after the author‘s name, wherever the name appears,
c. Page numbers – in the parentheses after the final punctuation mark of the block quotation,
preceded by the abbreviation p. or pp.
2
 If page numbers are not available, give the paragraph number, if visible, preceded by the
abbreviation para., or include the section subheading and count the paragraphs. If neither of
these options exists, include only the author‘s last name and date.

C. Paraphrases or summaries:
Example:
In a study tracking fifth- and sixth-graders over four years, Tram and Cole (2006) found no
significant differences in the stability of depressive symptoms between adolescent girls and
boys (p. 682).

1. Always give two elements:

a. Author‘s last name – either in the text or in parentheses after the paraphrase or
summary; and
b. Year of publication – either in the text or in parentheses after the paraphrase or summary.
2. Page numbers – if available, are optional but recommended.

3
 D. In-Text & Parenthetical Documentation Chart
The table below gives examples of the most common in-text citations. The complete list of ―References‖ cited
in this table appears in Part IV below.

Type of source you Author is mentioned in the text of Author is not mentioned in the text
are quoting or the paper of the paper
paraphrasing
First mention of All subsequent First mention of All subsequent
the source in the mentions in the source in the mentions in the
paper paper paper paper
A work by one Beer (2002) argued Beer (2002) ―The evidence People are less
author that ―...‖ (p. 1020). concluded that ... revealed that ...‖ likely to lie when
Publication Manual 6.12 (p. 1022). (Beer, 2002, p. ... (Beer, 2002, p.
1020). 1022).
A work by two Walker and Allen Walker and Allen … (Walker & …(Walker &
authors (2004) argued that (2004) concluded Allen, 2004, p. 27). Allen,
Publication Manual 6.12 ―...‖ (p. 27). that ... (p. 28). 2004, p. 28).
A work by three to Diessner, Solom, Diessner et al. ... (Diessner, … (Diessner et al.,
five authors Frost, Parsons, and (2008) concluded Solom, Frost, 2008, p. 320).
Publication Manual 6.12 Davidson (2008) that ... ( p. 320 ). Parsons, &
argued that ... (p. Davidson, 2008, p.
314). 314).
A work by 6 or more Mulvaney et al. Mulvaney et al. ... (Mulvaney et ... (Mulvaney et
authors (2008) argued that (2008) concluded al., 2008, p. 120). al., 2008, p. 124).
Publication Manual 6.12 ―...‖ (p. 120). that ... (p. 124).
A work by a group National Institute NIMH (2009)… ... (National ... (NIMH, 2009, p.
or agency (with a of Mental Health (p. 11). Institute of Mental 11).
readily identified (NIMH, 2009)… Health [NIMH],
abbreviation) (p. 7). 2009, p. 7).
Publication Manual 6.13
A work by a group University of University of … (University of … (University of
or agency (no Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, 2003). Pittsburgh, 2003).
abbreviation) (2003)… (2003)…
Publication Manual 6.13
A work with no Parents living in ―Parents of
author Not applicable the Northeast are preschool children
Publication Manual 6.15 less likely to spank are more likely to
their children spank than parents
("Reasoning…", of older children‖
2010). ("Reasoning…",
2010).
A personal T.K. Lutes T.K. Lutes ―I never saw their ―I had my
communication (personal (personal faces‖ (T.K. Lutes, headphones on‖
(email, in-person or communication, communication, personal (T.K. Lutes,
phone interview, April 18, 2001) April 18, 2001) communication, personal
etc.) stated that ... stated that ... April 18, 2001). communication,
Publication Manual 6.20 April 18, 2001).

Cite in text only; do not

include in “References”
list.

4
Type of source you Author is mentioned in the text of Author is not mentioned in the text
are quoting or the paper of the paper
paraphrasing
First mention of All subsequent First mention of All subsequent
the source in the mentions in the source in the mentions in the
paper paper paper paper
An indirect or APA recommends against quoted quotes. If
secondary source is unavoidable, cite as in the following example:
Former surgeon general Dr. David
quoted or
Satcher stated that young people are Not applicable
paraphrased (i.e., a
―dooming themselves to the difficult task
quoted quote)
Publication Manual 6.17
of overcoming a tough illness‖ (as cited
in Crister, 2004, p. 4).
A work with no page Basu and Jones (2007) suggest the need There is a need for ―regulation in
numbers for ―regulation in cyberspace‖ (para. 4). cyberspace‖ (Basu & Jones, 2007, para.
Publication Manual 6.05 4).
Wright (2008) concluded that directed
Use paragraph numbers (if marketing increases revenues Focused marketing to specific consumer
visible) or section headings (Conclusion section, para. 1). segments increases revenue (Wright,
and count paragraph 2008, Conclusion section, para. 1).
numbers in that section. If Bohrer (2010) argues that ―as a political
neither option is available, journalist, Wallace was ahead of his David Foster Wallace was ahead of his
include only author’s last time.‖ time as a political journalist (Bohrer,
name and year of 2010)
publication.
A work with no The group, People PETA (n.d.) ―Vegetarians are Children who eat
publication date for Ethical believes that 50% less likely to vegetarian diets
Publication Manual 6.28 Treatment of ―vegetarians develop heart grow taller than
Animals (PETA, are…‖ disease‖ (People meat eating
n.d.) argues that for the Ethical children (PETA,
―…‖ Treatment of n.d.)
Animals [PETA],
n.d.).
A republished classic Laplace Laplace ―We may regard ―The probability of
or old work (1814/1951) held (1814/1951) the present state of events serves to
Publication Manual 6.18, the determinist explained that … the universe as the determine the hope
7.02.21 view that … (p. 4) (p. 8) effect of its past or the fear of
and the cause of its persons interested
When available, include
the original publication
future‖ (Laplace, in their existence‖
date. 1814/1951, p. 4). (Laplace,
1814/1951, p. 20).
Classic religious In 1 Cor. 13:1 1 Cor. 13:2
work (Revised Standard
Publication Manual 6.18 Not applicable Version), it is
stated that ―…‖
Cite in text only; do not or (Qur‘an 5:3-4)
include in “References”
list.
Islamic teaching
explains that
―…‖ (Qur‘an 5:3-
4).

5
Part II. Basics of APA “References”
A. Elements of a Citation

6
B. The Basic Rules of “References” List Entries
The list of all the sources you cited in your paper is called ―References.‖
For illustrations of the following rules, see sample ―References‖ list (Part IV, below).
1) Include the ―References‖ list, on a separate sheet, at the end of your paper, with the word
―References,‖ centered at the top (without quotation marks).
2) Double-space the ―References‖ list.
3) Use hanging indents for each entry (i.e., indent all lines after the first line of each entry, one-
half inch from the left margin).
4) Authors‘ names
a) Invert all authors' names (i.e, give last or family name first).
b) For all first and middle names, give initials only.
c) For a work with 8 or more authors, list the first 6 authors, insert an ellipsis (…), and
then add the last author‘s name. (see Piper entry below)
5) No author listed (Publication Manual 6.15, 7.15)
a) Enter works with no author by title of the article, Web page, or book. (see
―Reasoning‖ entry below)
6) Alphabetization (Publication Manual 6.25)
a) Alphabetize by the first word in each entry (usually the last name of the first author).
b) List works with the same single author or the same multiple authors in the same order
by year of publication, starting with the earliest. (see Stiles entries below)
c) List works with the same single author or the same multiple authors in the same order
and published in the same year alphabetically by title. (see Stiles entries below)
7) Publication dates always go in parentheses:
a) (year) – for a book or a scholarly journal
b) (year, Month or Season) or (year, Month day) – for magazine or newspaper articles
(see Reasoning and Brody entries below)
c) (n.d.) – if no date is available (see PETA entry below)
8) Capitalization
a) In titles of books, articles, and Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the first
word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash, and proper nouns.
b) In journal titles, capitalize all major words.
c) Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
(see Cantor entry below)
7
9) Italics
a) Italicize titles of longer works such as books, journals or websites.
b) Italicize periodical volume numbers.
c) Do not italicize (or underline or put quotation marks around) titles of shorter works
such as magazine or journal articles, Web pages, essays or chapters in edited books.
10) Digital Object Identifier (DOI) (Publication Manual 6.31-2, 7.01)
a) Important change in the 6th edition of APA style: For scholarly sources available
online, APA recommends providing the DOI (Digital Object Identifier). The DOI is a
unique alphanumeric code that provides a stable, long-lasting link for online articles.
If the DOI is available, it is to be found the first page of an article.
(See Cantor, Piper, and Stiles entries below)
b) If there is no DOI, provide the database name or the URL of the article found on the
free Web. (See Basu entry below)
11) Classical works (Publication Manual 6.18)
―References‖ list entries are not required for major classical works (e.g., ancient Greek and Roman
works, religious texts). Identify the version used when the work is first mentioned in the text and use
chapter, verse, or line numbers in a parenthetical citation in the text.
12) Personal communications (Publication Manual 6.20)
Because personal communications, including interviews and emails, do not provide ―recoverable
data,‖ they are not included in the ―References‖ list. They are cited only in the text. (For an example,
see In-Text & Parenthetical Documentation Chart above.)

8
C. Citation Abbreviations (Publication Manual, 4.02, 6.22)

Edition : Use ed.

Revised edition: Use Rev. ed.

Second Edition: Use 2nd ed.

Editor or Editors: Use Ed. or Eds.

Translator or Translators: Use Trans.

No date: Use n.d.

Page or pages: Use p. or pp.

Paragraph Use para.

Volume or Volumes: Use Vol. or Vols.

Number: Use No.

Part: Use Pt.

Technical Report: Use Tech. Rep.

Supplement: Use Suppl.

For legal and governmental abbreviations: See Publication Manual A7.01

9
Part III. Citation Examples for “References” List
At the end of your paper, you must provide an alphabetical listing of all the works you have cited. This
requirement includes both works you have actually quoted and works from which you have summarized or
paraphrased. The information is arranged alphabetically according to the author‘s last name or, when no author
is named, by title.

III.A. Books (Publication Manual, 7.02)

Elements:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of work. (# ed.) Place of publication:
Publisher.

Book by a single author (Publication Manual, 7.02.18)

Crister, G. (2004). Fat land: How Americans became the fattest people in the world. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin.
Book by two to seven authors (Publication Manual, 6.27, 7.02)
Hamilton, J. M., & Krimsky, G.A. (1996). Hold the press: The inside story on newspapers. Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State University Press.
Wong, D. L., Hockenberry-Eaton, M., Wilson, D., Winkelstein, M. L., Ahmann, E., & DiVito-Thomas, P. A.
(1999). Whaley & Wong's nursing care of infants and children (6th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.
Book by a corporate author (Publication Manual, 6.27)
American Medical Association. (1998). Essential guide to asthma. New York: Pocket Books.
Book by an editor (Ed.) or editors (Eds.) (Publication Manual, 6.27)
Adshead, G., & Jacob, C. (Eds.). (2009). Personality disorder: The definitive reader. London: Jessica
Kingsley Publishers.
Johnson, A. G. (Ed.). (2000). The Blackwell dictionary of sociology: A user’s guide to sociological language
(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Book with author and editor (Publication Manual, 6.27, 7.02)
Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals. K.V. Kukil (Ed.). New York: Anchor.

Translation (Publication Manual, 7.02.21, 26)

Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New
York: Dover. (Original work published 1814)
Edition (Publication Manual, 7.02.30)
Macionis, J. J. (2007). Sociology (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ.: Prentice Hall.
Book with no author (Publication Manual, 6.27, 7.02)
Collins quotation finder (Rev. ed.). (2001). Glasgow: Harper Collins.
Online book (Publication Manual, 7.02.19-22)
See Part III.B on page 12.

10
III.A. Books (continued) (Publication Manual, 7.02)
Parts of Books:
Chapter in an edited book (Publication Manual, 7.02.21)
Hatt, B. (2007). Growing up as poor, white trash: Stories of where I come from. In J. A. Van Galen & G.
W. Noblit (Eds.), Late to class: Social class and schooling in the new economy (pp. 19-28).
Albany: State University of New York Press.
Excerpt from a book, reprinted in an anthology (Publication Manual, 7.02.26)
Colon, J. (2003). Little things are big. In M. M. Watts (Ed.), College: We make the road by walking (pp.
90-91). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. (Reprinted from A Puerto Rican in New York and
other sketches, pp.115-117, 1982, New York: International Publishers).
Signed article in an encyclopedia (Publication Manual, 7.02.29-30)
Cleland, H. G. (2004). Child labor. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 6, pp. 460-463). Danbury,
CT: Grolier.
Unsigned article in an encyclopedia (Publication Manual, 7.02.29-30)
Highway speed limits, by state. (2008). In S. Janssen (Ed.), The world almanac and book of facts (p.78).
New York: World Almanac Books.

11
III.B. E-books (Publication Manual, 7.02.19-22)
Elements
For an entire e-book:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of work. DOI or Retrieval statement.

For part of an e-book:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.),
Title of work (pp. xx-xx). DOI or Retrieval statement.

Entire e-book (Publication Manual, 7.02.19-20)

Angell, J. R. (1905). Psychology: An introductory study of the structure and function of human consciousness
(3rd ed.). New York: H. Holt and Company. Retrieved from http://books.google.com
Schiradi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and
growth. doi:10.1036/0071393722
E-book from a subscription database
Lois, J. (2003). Heroic efforts: The emotional culture of search and rescue volunteers. New York: New York
University Press. Retrieved from ebrary database.
Chapter in or section of a republished book, online version
Freud, S. (1953). The method of interpreting dreams: An analysis of a specimen dream. In J. Strachey (Ed. &
Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 4, pp. 96-
121). Retrieved from http://books.google.com (Original work published 1900)

12
III.C. Articles (from print publications) (Publication Manual, 7.01)
Elements:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author C. C. (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of Publication,
Volume#(Issue#), pp-pp.
NOTE: Precede page numbers for newspaper articles (and book chapters) with p. for a single page and pp. for two
or more pages. For magazine and journal articles, do not include p. or pp.

Article in a scholarly journal (Publication Manual, 7.01.3)

Duley, K. (2006). Un-domesticating violence: Criminalizing survivors and U.S. mass incarceration. Women &
Therapy, 29(3/4), 75-96.
Article in a magazine (Publication Manual, 7.01.7)
Chaberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being:
Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor
on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29.
Article in a newspaper (Publication Manual, 7.01.10)
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

Editorial, signed (Publication Manual, 7.01.14)

Harding, R. (2009, November 28). A growing disaster. [Editorial]. The New York Times, p.19.
Editorial, unsigned (Publication Manual, 7.01.14)
Haiti‘s schools. [Editorial]. (2010, August 17). The New York Times, p. 26.
Article with no author (Publication Manual, 7.01)
The decade of the spy. (1994, March 7). Newsweek, 26-27.
Book review (Publication Manual, 7.06.45)
Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or consent? [Review of the book The social life of
information, by J. S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science, 290, 1304.
Chapter in an edited book or work in an anthology (Publication Manual, 7.02.25)
Hatt, B. (2007). Growing up as poor, white trash: Stories of where I come from. In J. A. Van Galen & G. W.
Noblit (Eds.), Late to class: Social class and schooling in the new economy (pp. 19-28). Albany: State
University of New York Press.
Excerpt from a book, reprinted in an anthology (Publication Manual, 7.02.26)
Colon, J. (2003). Little things are big. In M. M. Watts (Ed.), College: We make the road by walking (pp. 90-
91). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. (Reprinted from A Puerto Rican in New York and Other
Sketches, pp.115-117, 1982, New York: International Publishers).
Article in an encyclopedia, signed (Publication Manual, 7.02)
Cleland, H. G. (2004). Child labor. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 6, pp.460-463). Danbury,
CT: Grolier.
Article in an encyclopedia, unsigned (Publication Manual, 7.02)
Highway speed limits, by state. (2008). In S. Janssen (Ed.), The world almanac and book of facts (p.78). New
York: World Almanac Books.

13
III.D.a. Online Sources from the Free Web (Publication Manual, 7.01.9, 11, 7.03, 7.11)

Elements
Online articles
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author C. C. (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of Publication,
Volume#(Issue#), pp-pp. DOI or Retrieved from URL
Web pages or Web documents
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author C. C. (Date of Publication). Title of Web page or Web document.
Retrieved from Name of Publisher/Website*: URL
NOTE: The title of a Web page is not italicized because it is a subordinate part of a larger work (the website).
Exception: Titles of PDF files should be italicized.
*NOTE: For documents retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the retrieval statement unless the
publisher has been identified as the author (Publication Manual, 7.03).
Entire websites
Author, A. A. or Corporate Author. (Date of Publication). Title of Website. Retrieved from URL
Online media
Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Date). Title of video or sound recording. [Medium]. Retrieval
statement.

Article from an online scholarly journal (Publication Manual, 7.01.1, 3)

Basu, S. & Jones, R. (2007). Regulating cyberstalking. Journal of Information, Law & Technology, (2).
Retrieved from http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2007_2/basu_jones/
Tram, J. M., & Cole, D. A. (2006). A multimethod examination of the stability of depressive symptoms in
childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 115(4), 674-686. doi: 10.1037/0021-
843X.115.4.674
Article in an online magazine (Publication Manual, 7.01.8)
Armey, D. (2008, September 29). My vote: No: Dealing with the deal. National Review Online. Retrieved
from http://article.nationalreview.com
Article from a newspaper website (Publication Manual, 7.01.11)
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
Ferrechio, S. (2009, July 23). Compromise would give board Medicare-cutting powers. The Washington
Examiner. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonexaminer.com
Book or Film review (Publication Manual, 7.06.45)
Anderson, S. (2010, August 12). The precisionist [Review of the book Freedom, by J. Franzen]. New York
Magazine. Retrieved from http://nymag.com
Article in an online reference book (Publication Manual, 7.02.29, 30)
Bhutan. (2008). Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com
Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2007
ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism
14
Non-periodical article from a website
Lessig, L. (2007, May 4). Free debates: More republicans call on RNC. Retrieved from
http://www.lessig.org/blog/2007/05/free_debates_more_republicans.html
Tutton, M. (2008, September 11). Designers developing virtual-reality ‗cocoon‘. Retrieved from the Cable
News Network website: http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/11/immersive.cocoon/index.html
Web page with no date
Linder, D. (n.d.). The Rosenberg trial. Retrieved from the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law
website: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/rosenb.htm
Web page with no author (Publication Manual, 7.02.30)
Attachment disorder. (2010, February 21). Retrieved from Wikimedia Foundation website:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attachment_disorder
Safe communities—safe schools. (n.d.). Retrieved from University of Colorado at Boulder website:
http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/safeschools/
Web page with a corporate author (Publication Manual, 7.03.31, 32, 35)
LaGuardia Community College, Office of Institutional Research & Assessment. (2009). 2009 Institutional
profile. Retrieved from http://www.lagcc.cuny.edu/facts/2009factbook.pdf
University of Pittsburgh, Technology Commercialization Alliance. (2003). For innovators. Retrieved from
http://www.pitt.edu/tca/innovators.html
Entire website
Lajoie, G., McLellan, A., & Seddon, C. (2010). Bully b’ware. Retrieved from http://www.bullybeware.com
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2009, August 20). Learning about renewable energy. Retrieved from
http://www.nrel.gov/learning/
Blog entry or comment (Publication Manual, 7.11.76)
AcademicBee. (2009, March 18). Trying too hard to get ahead [Blog post]. Retrieved from
http://academeblogs.com/academicbee/2009/03/trying_too_hard.php
Twitter post (Publication Manual, 7.11)
Nealschumanpub. (2009, November 3). Coming in November: Stephanie Matta ―A few good books‖!
Retrieved from http://twitter.com/nealschumanpub/ status/5402110982
NOTE: Use the tweet as the title (enough of it to serve as an identifiable title) and give the unique URL.
Online Interview
Butler, C. (Interviewee) & Stevenson, R. (Interviewer). (1999). Oral history 2 [Interview transcript]. Retrieved
from Johnson Space Center Oral Histories Project website:
http://www11.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.htm
Barnes, P. J. (Interviewee) (2010, February). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Retrieved from
ScienceWatch website: http://sciencewatch.com/ana/st/copd/ 10febcopdBarn/

15
Online video (Publication Manual, 7.07, 7.11.77)
Bilgil, M. (Director). (2009, January 4). History of the Internet [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icjDBGTHCGQ
C-Span. (Producer). (2008, September 3). Vice Presidential candidate Gov. Sarah Palin (AK) full speech at
the RNC [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCDxXJSucF4
Leonard, A. (Writer). (2007). The story of stuff [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.storyofstuff.com/
Online sound recording (Publication Manual, 7.07.50)
Radiolab. (2008, December 12). Yellow fluff and other curious encounters [Sound recording]. Retrieved from
WNYC Radio website: http://www.wnyc.org/shows/radiolab/episodes/2008/12/12
Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/
Online image (Publication Manual, 7.07.53)
Britton, I. (Photographer). (n.d.). Tree, sunrise, Northumberland [Photograph]. Retrieved from FreeFoto LLC
website: http://www.freefoto.com/preview/15-19-1?ffid=15-19-1.
Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census
[Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis.wa. us/publicworks/ maps/ Demographics/
census-pop-dens_2000.pdf

16
III.D.b. Online Sources from Subscription Databases
(Publication Manual, 7.01.2, 17, 7.02.22, 7.05.40)
Elements:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author C. C. (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of Publication
(Edition), Volume#(Issue#), pp.-pp. DOI or Retrieved from Name of database.
NOTE: Precede page numbers for newspaper articles (and book chapters) with p. for a single page and pp. for two
or more pages. For magazine and journal articles, do not include p. or pp.

Article in a scholarly journal

Wright, R. E. (2008). Targeting, segmenting and positioning the market for college students to increase
customer satisfaction and overall performance. College Student Journal, 42(3), 891-894. Retrieved
from Academic Search Complete database.
Article in a scholarly journal (with up to seven authors) (Publication Manual, 7.01.1)
Diessner, R., Solom, R. C., Frost, N. K., Parsons, L., & Davidson, J. (2008). Engagement with beauty:
Appreciating natural, artistic, and moral beauty. The Journal of Psychology, 142(3), 303-329.
Retrieved from Proquest Platinum Periodicals database.
Maguen, S., Cohen, G., Cohen, B. E., Lawhon, G. D., Marmar, C. R., & Seal, K. H. (2010). The role of
psychologists in the care of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans in primary care settings. Professional
Psychology: Research and Practice 41, 135-142. doi: 10.1037/a0018835

Article in a scholarly journal (with eight or more authors) (Publication Manual, 7.01.2)
Kochan, T., Bezrukova, K., Ely, R., Jackson, S., Joshi, A., Jehn, K., …Thomas, D. (2003, Spring). The effects
of diversity on business performance: Report of the Diversity Research Network. Human Resource
Management, 42(1), 3-21. doi: 10.1002/hrm.10061
or
Kochan, T., Bezrukova, K., Ely, R., Jackson, S., Joshi, A., Jehn, K., …Thomas, D. (2003, Spring). The effects
of diversity on business performance: Report of the Diversity Research Network. Human Resource
Management, 42(1), 3-21. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.
NOTE: Include first six authors’ names, then insert three ellipses (…), and add the last author’s name.
Article in a magazine (Publication Manual, 7.01.7)
Margonelli, L. (2008, September). Gut reactions. Atlantic Monthly, 302(2), 76-82. Retrieved from Academic
Search Complete database.
Walker, B., & Allen, E. (2004, November 11). Could they solve the skills shortage? Caterer & Hotelkeeper,
193(4349), 26-29. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.
Article in a newspaper
Hedgpeth, D. (2009, August 4). Cash for clunkers deal drives auto sales. The Washington Post (Suburban ed.),
p. A11. Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database.
McCarthy, R. J. (2009, July 21). State Senate gridlock likely to affect re-elections, poll finds. Buffalo News, p.
B2. Retrieved from New York State Newspapers database.

17
The Scientists speak. [Editorial]. (2007, November 20). The New York Times (Late ed.), p. A22. Retrieved
from LexisNexis Academic database.
Book review (Publication Manual, 7.06.45)
Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or consent? [Review of the book The social life of
information, by J. S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science, 290(5495), 1304. Retrieved from JSTOR
database.
Article from ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times
Simon, S. (1971, October 31). New LaGuardia College blends work and study. The New York Times, p. A22.
Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2006) database.
Article from Opposing Viewpoints in Context (Publication Manual, 7.02.26)
Schweitzer, Y., & Ferber, S.G. (2010). Al Qaeda uses mass media to encourage global suicide terrorism. In
R. Espejo (Ed.), At issue: What motivates suicide bombers? San Diego: Greenhaven Press. (Reprinted
from Al-Qaeda and the internationalization of suicide terrorism, pp. 27-32, 2005, Tel Aviv, Israel:
The Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies). Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints in Context database.
Schultz, N. (2009). Green initiatives are not always good for business or the environment. In S. C. Hunnicutt
(Ed.), Opposing viewpoints: Corporate social responsibility. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved
from Opposing Viewpoints in Context database.
Article from JSTOR
Ransford, H. E. (1968). Isolation, powerlessness, and violence: A study of attitudes and participation in the
Watts riot. American Journal of Sociology, 73(5), 581-591. Retrieved from JSTOR database.
Table/data from Infoshare (Publication Manual, 7.08)
A basic table:
Infoshare Online/Community Studies of New York, Inc. (n.d.). Total population, households, families -
2000 Census ("Long form") - NYC neighborhood Flushing. [Data file]. Retrieved from
http://www.infoshare.org/

A complex Area Comparison table:

Explain in detail in the paper the process of finding the data in Infoshare (including the search options
selected and data sets used), making it unnecessary to provide a table title in the “References” list:
Infoshare Online/Community Studies of New York, Inc. (n.d.). Area comparison table. [Data file]. Retrieved
from http://www.infoshare.org/

18
III.E. Media
Elements:
Film/Video:
Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year). Title of film/video [Medium]. Country of
Origin: Studio.
or
Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year). Title of film/video [Medium]. Retrieved from
URL
Music Recording:
Writer, A. A. (Copyright Year). Title of song [Recorded by B.B. Artist if different from writer]. On Title of
album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc.]. Location: Label. (Date of recording if
different from song copyright date)
Television/radio episode
Writer, A. A. (Writer), & Director, B. B. (Writer & Director). (Year). Title of episode. [Medium]. In Name of
Producer or Director [Executive producer] Title of series. Location: Production Company.

Film or Video (Publication Manual, 7.07)

Smith, J. D. (Producer), & Smithee, A. F. (Director). (2001). Really big disaster movie [Motion picture].
United States: Paramount Pictures.
Television or Radio Program (Publication Manual, 7.07.51)
Gilbert, D. (Writer & Host), & Gazit, C. (Writer & Director). (2009). Episode 2: Facing our fears [television
series episode]. In This emotional life. Boston: PBS & Vulcan Productions.
Music recording (Publication Manual, 7.07)
Lang, K. D. (2008). Shadow and the frame. On Watershed [CD]. New York, NY: Nonesuch Records.
Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the
brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London, England: Big Pig Music Limited.
Podcast or other online sound recording (Publication Manual, 7.07.50)
Bell, T. & Phillips, T. (2008, May 6). A solar flare. Science @ NASA Podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved
from http://science.nasa.gov/podcast.htm
Radiolab. (2008, December 12). Yellow fluff and other curious encounters [Sound recording]. Retrieved from
WNYC Radio website: http://www.wnyc.org/shows/radiolab/episodes/2008/12/12
Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/
Online Video (Publication Manual, 7.07, 7.11)
Bilgil, M. (Director). (2009, January 4). History of the Internet [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icjDBGTHCGQ
Leonard, A. (Writer). (2007). The story of stuff [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.storyofstuff.com/
C-Span. (Producer). (2008, September 3). Vice Presidential candidate Gov. Sarah Palin (AK) full speech at
the RNC [Video file]. (2008, September 3). Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCDxXJSucF4
19
III.F. Images
Elements:
Image on the Web:
Artist, A. A. (Photographer). (Year). Title of the work. [Medium of composition]. Retrieved from URL.
Image reprinted in a book:
Artist, A. A. (Illustrator). (Year). Title of the work. In Editor, B.B., & Editor, C.C. (Eds), Title of the book
(p.). Place of publication: Publisher.

Image reprinted in a book (Publication Manual, 7.07)

Riis, J. (Photographer). (1995). Bandits‘ roost [Photograph]. In P. Galassi (Ed.), American Photography, 1890-
1965 (p.73). New York: Museum of Modern Art. (Original photograph taken 1888)

Image on the Web (Publication Manual, 7.07)

Britton, I. (Photographer). (n.d.). Tree, sunrise, Northumberland [Photograph]. Retrieved from FreeFoto LLC
website: http://www.freefoto.com/preview/15-19-1?ffid=15-19-1.
Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census
[Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/
Demographics/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf
Pollock, J. (Painter). (1950). Autumn rhythm (Number 30). [Painting]. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved
from ARTstor database. (Image No. 9206)
Tourist guy [Photograph]. (2001). Retrieved from Museum of hoaxes website:
http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/ photo_database/image/tourist_guy/

20
III.G. Government Publications
Elements:
For government publications appearing in print:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work (Report No. xxx). Place of publication: Publisher.

For government publications appearing on the Web:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work (Report No. xxx). Retrieved from URL

Government document or publication: Print (Publication Manual, 7.03 )

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No.
ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Government document: Online (Publication Manual, 7.03.31)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and
Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650).
Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf

Census data online (Publication Manual, 7.08)

U.S. Census Bureau. Population Division. (2004). Table 2-32: New York: Total voting-age population and
citizen voting-age population by sex, for counties: 2000 [Data set]. United States Census 2000.
Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t31/tables/tab02-32.pdf

21
III.H. Interviews
Elements:
Published interview:
Interviewee, A. A. (Interviewee), & Interviewer, B. B. (Interviewer). (Date). Title of interview. Title of
Publication, Volume# (Issue#), pp.-pp.

Broadcast interview:
Interviewee, A. A. (Interviewee), & Interviewer, B. B. (Interviewer). (Date). Title of interview [Medium]. Title
of program. Country of Origin: Studio.

Interview available on the Web:

Interviewee, A. A. (Interviewee), & Interviewer, B. B. (Interviewer). (Date). Title of interview [Medium].
Retrieved from Name of website: URL

Interview conducted by student/researcher:

Do not include an unrecorded interview conducted by a researcher in the “References” list because it is not a
“recoverable” source. Cite in the text only, as follows: (A.A. Interviewee, personal communication, date).
(See table, p. 4 above)

Published or broadcast interview (Publication Manual, 6.20, 7.10)

Sherman, M. (Interviewee), & Brian, D. (Interviewer). (2007). On Theodor Reik and psychoanalysis: An
interview with Murray Sherman. Modern Psychoanalysis 32(2): 119-136. (Original interview
published 1995)

Interview on the Web (Publication Manual, 6.20, 7.10)

Butler, C. (Interviewee), & Stevenson, R. (Interviewer). (1999). Oral history 2 [Interview transcript].
Retrieved from Johnson Space Center Oral Histories Project Web site:
http://www11.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.htm
Barnes, P. J. (Interviewee). (2010, February). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Retrieved
from ScienceWatch website: http://sciencewatch.com/ana/st/copd/ 10febcopdBarn/

Interview conducted by the researcher/student (Publication Manual, 6.20)

In-text citation only: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

22
IV. Sample “References”

References

Basu, S. & Jones, R. (2007). Regulating cyberstalking. Journal of Information, Law & Technology (2).

Retrieved from http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2007_2/basu_jones/

Beer, J. S. (2002). Implicit self-theories of shyness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1009-

1024. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.83.4.1009

Bohrer, J. R. (2010, March 23). 10 years later, David Foster Wallace is a journalism pioneer. Retrieved from

Salon.com website: http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2010/03/23/david_foster_wallace

_john_mccain/index.html

Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com

Cantor, A. B. (1996). Sample-size calculations for Cohen‘s kappa. Psychological Methods, 1, 150-153.

doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.150

Crister, G. (2004). Fat land: How Americans became the fattest people in the world. Boston: Houghton

Mifflin.

C-Span. (Producer). (2008, September 3). Vice Presidential candidate Gov. Sarah Palin (AK) full speech at

the RNC [Video file]. (2008, September 3). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

UCDxXJSucF4

The decade of the spy. (1994, March 7). Newsweek, 26-27.

Diessner, R., Solom, R. C., Frost, N. K., Parsons, L., & Davidson, J. (2008). Engagement with beauty:

Appreciating natural, artistic, and moral beauty. The Journal of Psychology, 142(3), 303-329.

Retrieved from Proquest Platinum Periodicals.

Garner, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2006). Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions of

social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 760-770. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.760

Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R.J. Larsen (Eds.),

The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

23
Heuristic. (2010). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/heuristic

Maguen, S., Cohen, G., Cohen, B. E., Lawhon, G. D., Marmar, C. R., & Seal, K. H. (2010). The role of

psychologists in the care of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans in primary care settings. Professional

Psychology: Research and Practice, 41, 135-142. doi: 10.1037/a0018835

Mulvaney, S. A., Mudasiru, E., Schlundt, D. G., Baughman, C. L., Fleming, M., VanderWoude, A., . . .

Rothman, R. (2008). Self-management in type 2 diabetes: The adolescent perspective. The Diabetes

Educator, 34, 118-127. doi: 10.1177/0145721708320902

National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Anxiety disorders (NIH Publication No. 09 3879). Retrieved from

http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/anxiety-disorders/nimhanxiety.pdf

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Eating for life. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.goveg.com/health/Concerns.asp

Piper, M. E., Smith, S. S., Schlam, T. R., Fleming, M. F., Bittrich, A. A., Brown, J. L., . . . Baker, T. B. (2010).

Psychiatric disorders in smokers seeking treatment for tobacco dependence: relations with tobacco

dependence and cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 13-23. doi:

10.1037/a0018065

Reasoning the preferred disciplinary action for misbehavior, says national poll results. (2010, May). Infectious

Diseases in Children, 23(5), 49. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.

Rodriguez, G. (2005). Why we're the new Irish. Newsweek, 145(22), 35. Retrieved from Academic Search

Complete database.

Stiles, W. B., Shapiro, D. A., & Firth-Cozens, J. A. (1988). Do sessions of different treatments have different

impacts? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 391-396. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.35.4.391

Stiles, W. B., Shapiro, D. A., & Firth-Cozens, J. A. (1988). Verbal response mode use in contrasting

psychotherapies: A within-subjects comparison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56,

727-733. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.56.5.727

24
Stiles, W. B., Shapiro, D. A., & Firth-Cozens, J. A. (1989). Therapist differences in the use of verbal response

mode forms and intents. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 26, 314-322. doi:

10.1037/h0085441

Tram, J. M., & Cole, D. A. (2006). A multimethod examination of the stability of depressive symptoms in

childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 674-686. doi: 10.1037/0021-

843X.115.4.674

University of Pittsburgh, Technology Commercialization Alliance. (2003). For innovators. Retrieved from

http://www.pitt.edu/tca/innovators.html

Walker, B., & Allen, E. (2004, November 11). Could they solve the skills shortage? Caterer & Hotelkeeper,

193(4349), 26-29. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.

Wong, D. L., Hockenberry-Eaton, M., Wilson, D., Winkelstein, M. L., Ahmann, E., & DiVito-Thomas, P. A.

(1999). Whaley & Wong's nursing care of infants and children (6th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.

Wright, R. E. (2008). Targeting, segmenting and positioning the market for college students to increase

customer satisfaction and overall performance. College Student Journal, 42(3), 891-894. Retrieved

from Academic Search Complete database.

25