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PHYS 202: Professor Stephen Thornton March 28, 2006

The document summarizes a physics lecture covering topics like the human eye, vision correction methods, cameras, magnifiers, microscopes, telescopes, and exam details. It includes conceptual questions and answers about lenses, the eye, and optical instruments. The professor reviews key optical concepts and takes questions on exam problems.

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SATYA NARAYAN SAHU
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42 views41 pages

PHYS 202: Professor Stephen Thornton March 28, 2006

The document summarizes a physics lecture covering topics like the human eye, vision correction methods, cameras, magnifiers, microscopes, telescopes, and exam details. It includes conceptual questions and answers about lenses, the eye, and optical instruments. The professor reviews key optical concepts and takes questions on exam problems.

Uploaded by

SATYA NARAYAN SAHU
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYS 202

Lecture 16
Professor Stephen Thornton
March 28, 2006
Reading Quiz:
The near point is the

1. position a magnifying glass should be for


maximum magnification.
2. closest a person can focus with a relaxed eye.
3. closest a person can focus their eye.
4. position glasses should be placed for a
nearsighted person.
5. position glasses should be placed for a
farsighted person.
Answer: 3
Last Time
Refraction of light
Snell’s Law
Total internal reflection
Brewster’s angle
Ray tracing for lenses
Thin-lens equation
Rainbows
Today – Chapter 27
Optical Instruments
The human eye
Vision correction
Camera
Magnifier
Microscopes, telescopes
Remember that Exam 3 has been
postponed until Thursday, April
27.

Exam 2 average: 78.7 ± 14.7

Let’s look at a couple of the


problems.
Conceptual Quiz last lecture:
A lens is used to image an object onto a
screen. If the right half of the lens is
covered,

1. the left half of the image disappears.


2. the right half of the image disappears.
3. the entire image disappears.
4. the image becomes blurred.
5. the image becomes fainter.
Block half of lens

When we block half of the lens, we simply block


half of the rays passing through the lens. We still
receive a full image; it is just fainter.
Conceptual Quiz:
A lens is used to image an object onto a
screen. If the bottom half of the object is
covered,

1. the bottom half of the image disappears.


2. the top half of the image disappears.
3. the entire image disappears.
4. the image becomes blurred.
5. the image becomes fainter.
Answer: 1
Now the situation is much different.
The light rays from the bottom half of
the object are blocked, and they can
go nowhere.
Work Problem 26-93
Basic Elements of the Human Eye
Accommodation in the Human Eye
Far point

Near point
Basic Elements of a Camera

focal length f
f − number = =
aperture dia. D
f-NUMBER - (ƒ-number) A
number that expresses a lens’ ƒ-stop - (f-stop) A lens
light-transmitting ability - i.e. the aperture setting calibrated
size of the lens opening. Usually to an f-number.
found on the barrel of a lens, f-
numbers indicate the size of the
aperture in relation to the focal
length of the lens. A smaller
number indicates a larger lens
diameter. ƒ/1.4 signifies that the
focal length of the lens is 1.4
times as great as the diameter.
All lenses set at the same f-
number transmit the same
amount of light.
Conceptual Quiz:
When your eye focuses on something far
away, the lens in the eye has a radius of
curvature R. What is the radius of curvature
when you focus on something at your eye's
near point? (The near point is the minimum
distance from your eye for an object to be in
focus.)

1. It is still R.
2. It is less than R.
3. It is greater than R.
Answer: 2
To focus at the near point, we have to
squeeze our eye muscles, which
squeezes the lens to make it thicker.
This makes the radius of curvature
smaller.
Conceptual Test (too hard):
You have a manual camera with a focal length of
50 mm. It is "focused" at infinity, but you want to
take a picture of an object that is only 0.30 m
away. What should you do?
1. Increase the distance between the lens and the
film by 10 mm (move the lens out)
2. Increase the distance between the lens and the
film by 50 mm (move the lens out more)
3. Decrease the distance between the lens and the
film by 10 mm (move the lens in)
4. Decrease the distance between the lens and the
film by 50 mm (move the lens in more)
5. None of the above.
Answer: 1
1 1 1 1
= + = because o = ∞
f o i i1
i1 = f = 50 mm = 5.0 cm
1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
5.0 cm o2 i2 30 cm i2
1 1 1
= − = 0.20 − 0.033 cm -1

i2 5.0 cm 30 cm
i2 = 6.0 cm further out by
6.0 cm - 5.0 cm = 1 cm = 10 mm
You have a manual camera with a focal length of 50 mm.
It is "focused" at infinity, but you want to take a picture of
an object that is only 0.30 m away. What should you do?
Answer: Increase the distance between the lens and the
film by 10 mm (move the lens out)
1 1 1 1
= + = because o1 = ∞
f o1 i1 i1
i1 = f = 50 mm = 5.0 cm
1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
5.0 cm o2 i2 30 cm i2
1 1 1
= − = 0.20 − 0.033 cm -1
i2 5.0 cm 30 cm
i2 = 6.0 cm further out by
6.0 cm - 5.0 cm = 1 cm = 10 mm
Two-Lens
System

i1

Remember that the


image of the first
lens becomes the o2
object of the second.
Total m = m1m2
Eye Shape and Nearsightedness
Farsightedness
Model to see how glasses affect
Nearsightedness:
http://qbx6.ltu.edu/s_schneider/physl
ets/main/nearsighted.shtml

Farsightedness:
http://qbx6.ltu.edu/s_schneider/physl
ets/main/farsighted.shtml
Refractive Power

1 + converging lens
Refractive power =
f - diverging lens
-1
SI unit: diopter = m
limit of clear vision normal distance vergence
near point 25 cm = 0.25 m 4 diopters
far point ∞ 0 diopters

Range of accommodation is then 4 diopters.


Nearsighted Example – find RP
Far point: 521 cm
Eyeglasses worn 2 cm from eye.

521 cm – 2 cm = 519 cm = di

We want to see far away: d0 = ∞; di = -519 cm (virtual)


1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = + RP = = −0.193 diopters
f d0 di ∞ −519 cm −5.19
Do demo on light retention
Radial Keratotomy
LASIK – laser eye surgery
Earlier versions:
http://www.bausch.com/us/vision/concerns/s
urgery/history.jsp

Description:
http://www.lasik1.com/index.html
LASIK is the most commonly performed refractive
surgery procedure. The name is short for "laser-assisted in
situ keratomileusis." An instrument called a
microkeratome is used in LASIK eye surgery to create a
thin, circular flap in the cornea. The surgeon folds the flap
back out of the way, then removes some corneal tissue
underneath using an excimer laser. The laser uses a cool
ultraviolet light beam to precisely remove ("ablate") very
tiny bits of tissue from the cornea to reshape it. When the
cornea is reshaped in the right way, it works better to
focus light into the eye and onto the retina, providing
clearer vision than before. The flap is then laid back in
place, covering the area where the corneal tissue was
removed.
Both nearsighted and farsighted people
can benefit from the LASIK procedure.
With nearsighted people, the goal is to
flatten the too-steep cornea; with
farsighted people, a steeper cornea is
desired. Also, excimer lasers can
correct astigmatism, by smoothing an
irregular cornea into a more normal
shape.
Angular
Size and
Distance
h0
θ≈
d0
h0
θ'≈ '
d0
Angular size θ
determines
size on retina.
How a
Simple
Magnifier
Works
h0
misleading θ=
N
h0
θ ' = >θ
f
θ' N
M = = Angular
θ f
magnification
Basic Elements
of a Compound
Microscope

1 1 1
= +
f o i
Basic Elements of a Telescope

Refracting telescope
Newtonian Reflecting Telescope
Cassegrain type telescopes – most large
telescopes are like this – Keck, Hubble, Hale.
Hubble Space
Telescope
Fixing Hubble
Space Telescope
Work Problems 27-33, 27-68

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