Assignment# 1

Previous Lectures
Discuss
 Centralized,
 De-Centralized
 Distributed Databases

Junaid Ul Hassan
Qurtuba University Peshawar 1
Database Development Life cycle

 Before discussing this system we should

know why most of the projects fail?
 A special interest Group concerned with
organizational Aspects of IT, reached the
following conclusions about software
project.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 2
Conclusion

80-90 % don’t meet their performance

goals.
About 80% are delivered late.
About 40% fail.
10-20 % meet all their success criteria.
There are several reasons for this
failure.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 3
These reasons are.

 Lack of a complete Requirements

specification
 Lack of an appropriate development
strategy
 Poor Decomposition of a system that is
hard to be manage.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 4
Conti.

 To solve these problems, A structured/

Systematic approach is developed for
the development of Software system,
which is called Information Life cycle or
SDLC (Software Development life cycle).
 So we can say that SDLC is a step by
step approach towards development of
Software related system.

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Phases involve in SDLC

 Database Planning
 Requirements Gathering & Analysis
 Designing
 Coding
 Testing
 Maintenance
we Discuss one by one.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 6
Database Planning

 Software Project planning is a set of activities

that are usually adopted before the beginning
of software development.
 Database planning include the development of
standards that govern how data will be
collected, how format should be specified,
what necessary documentation will be needed,
how design and implementation should
proceed.

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Requirements Gathering & Analysis

 After planning if you are ready to develop

a database system. Then u will analyze
the organization for whom u are going to
develop a database. So what should be
done in analysis phase?
 Remember that in analysis phase the
Analyst studies the organization that
what are the requirements of
organization

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 8
Conti.

 So we can define analysis phase as:

 The process of collecting and analyzing
information about organization.
 This is the first mandatory phase of
database development process.
 Simply we can say that here analyst
gathers( collect) information about
organization.
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Conti.

 Who is Analyst?
 The person who collects information is
called analyst.
 The analyst uses different techniques to
collect information's from users of an
organization. Those techniques are
called Fact-Finding Techniques.
 Lets have a look of those techniques.

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Fact- Finding Techniques

 The methods use to capture information

from a users are called Fact-finding
techniques.
 Different types of Fact-finding
techniques.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 11
Types of Fact-finding Techniques

1. Interviewing:
 Interviewing is the most commonly
used, and normally most useful,
fact-finding techniques.
 In this technique analyst can
interview to collect information’s from
individual (each user) face-to-face.

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Conti.

 There are two types of interview.

 Unstructured interview: in such kind of
interview interviewer can ask a general(
specific) questions from interviewee.
 While in structured Interview the
interviewer can asks different questions
depending on response of interviewee.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of
Interviewing
 Advantages
 Allow interviewee to respond freely
and openly to questions .
 Allow interviewee to feel part of
project.
 Allow interviewer to reword question
during interview.
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Qurtuba University Peshawar 14
conti.

Disadvantages.
 it takes too much time to take interview
of more users. it means that it waste a lot
of time.
 Success is dependent on communication
skills of interview.
 Success can be dependent on
willingness of interviewees to participate
in interview.
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Qurtuba University Peshawar 15
2. Observation

 In this technique an analyst

himself/herself participate in organization
activities.
 It is possible to either participate in, or
watch (observe) , a person perform
activities to learn about system. This
method is useful when the validity of
data collected through other methods is
difficult.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 16
Conti.

 Advantages
 Allows the validity of data to be checked.
 Observer can see exactly what is being
done.
 Relatively inexpensive.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 17
Disadvantages

 People may knowingly or unknowingly

perform differently when being observed.
 Some tasks may not always be
performed in the manner in which they
are observed.

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3. Questionnaires
 This is another Fact-Finding technique to conduct
surveys through questionnaires.
 In this method analyst prepare MCQ type questions
and distributed among organizational users.
 It has of two types.
1) Free-Format questions:
 This format offers the respondent greater freedom to
answer the question. In this method Question is asked
and a free space is given after that question and users
have to write the answer in that free space.

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2. Fixed Format Questionnaires

 In this method an options are given

along each question and users have to
choose a specific option.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 20
Advantages of Questionnaires

 People can complete and return

questionnaires at their convenience.
 Relatively inexpensive way to gather
data from a large number of people.
 Reponses can be tabulated and
analyzed quickly.

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Disadvantages

 Questionnaires may be returned

incomplete.
 Can not analyze and observe the
respondent's body language.

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Design Phase

• In this phase a “blueprint” of a software

is constructing. This “blueprint” depicts a
holistic (complete) view of a software.
• After collecting information’s about
organization we should present that
information’s in some specific way so
that we can easily understand the
meaning of data.

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Conti.

 Therefore Design phase is divided into

sub phases which are as follow:
 Conceptual Design:
This is the graphical representation of
data collected in analysis phase.
It means that here designer construct
specific models (ERD, DFD,STD ect) in
order to represent the of an organization.
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Conti.

 The data model is built using the information’s

documented in requirement phase.
 Remember that conceptual design is
completely independent of implementation
details and target DBMS.
 It means that here it will not be
cleared/discussed that how can we implement
it. It is only graphical representation of data of
organization.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 25
 Logical Database Design

 In this phase of designing the conceptual

data model (design) will be converted
into some specific model which is either
based on relational data model or
hierarchal or network data model.
 Simply we can say that here we choose
any specific data model. Explain it--------
---------------------------------------

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 Physical Database Design
 This is the third phase of designing phase.
 This is the final phase of the database design
process during this phase designers decide
that how the database is to be implemented.
 The last two phases of design phase are
independent from physical consideration of
DBMS but in this phase we have to choose a
specific DBMS.
 Here we describe that how data can be stored,
how data can be retrieved etc.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 27
 Coding

 This is the 4th phase of database

development life cycle.
 It is also called implementation phase.
Here in this phase programmer writes
program in computer languages in order
to develop a database system.
 The database implementation is
achieved through DDL (Data Definition
language) DBMS.
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Qurtuba University Peshawar 28
 Testing
 This is 5th phase of Database Development life
cycle.
 What is Testing?
 Testing means to find out errors in a program
while debugging means to correct error and
then run that program.
 So when we develop a database system after
development we will test it that whether is it
according to user’s requirements or not and is
it working properly etc.

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 29
 Maintenance

 Maintenance means “ when we bring

changes in old software will these
changes can be accommodated easily”.
 If we have brought changes in old
software and it doesn’t affect on it then
we can say that it is highly maintainable
software otherwise not.

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Any Question’s

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Qurtuba University Peshawar 31