OBJECTIVE

 Determine the operating characteristic of different pumps in a contained unit

 Understand the types of pumps in principle and design, and the selection of the
appropriate pump for a particular application for optimal operation.

SUMMARY

The objective of this experiment is to determine the operating characteristic of different pumps in
a contained unit. In addition, this experiment was conducted to understand the types of pumps in
principle and design and the selection of the appropriate pump for a particular application for
optimal operation. The results for this experiment were obtained for pump 1, pump 2 and pump 3
according to different types of characteristics for each of the pump. This experiment is divided
into four parts. First experiment is rotational speed vs volumetric flow rate, which is for a
performance curve for a centrifugal pump. The second experiment is other performance curve for
a centrifugal pump. The third experiment is rotational speed vs output pressure, which is
performance curve for a positive displacement pump. Finally, the last experiment is other
performance curve for a positive displacement pump. For each part of experiment, the respective
graphs were plotted for different types of characteristics. The characteristics curves for each part
of experiment was plotted according the pump 1, pump 2 and pump 3. In the each characteristics
curves for pump 1, pump 2 and pump 3, the relationships between each characteristics have been
discussed and the objectives of this experiment were achieved.
 INTRODUCTION

The Armfield Multi-pump Test Rig has been designed to demonstrate the operating
characteristics (head flow curves and efficiency) of a series of different types of pumps, each
having a broadly similar input power.

The rig can accommodate both rotodynamic and positive displacement pumps, and is
supplied with the most common example of each type as standard (ie a centrifugal pump and
a gear pump). A range of other pump types are available as accessories, (including axial,
turbine, flexible impeller, diaphragm and plunger, plus a second centrifugal pump for
series/parallel demonstrations). Up to four pumps can be accommodated simultaneously
within the rig for use within a single laboratory period, and each can be run without
disconnecting any pipework or connections. Further pumps can also be easily interchanged.

This new system benefits from electronic instrumentation, control and data logging using a
PC (not supplied) and the use of a sensorless vector drive to accurately determine the torque
provided by the drive motors.

As an option, the unit can be fitted with two identical centrifugal pumps to enable simple
series/parallel pump configurations to be demonstrated.
 RESULT

Record the data collected for experiment 1 in the table below.

Table 1 : Rotational Speed and Flow rate for P1

Speed ( RPM ) Flow rate ( % )

2800 55.6

2600 52.8

2400 50.0

2200 46.5

2000 42.5

1800 38.3

1600 34.0

1400 29.4

1200 25.3

1000 20.4

800 16.4

600 12.1
Table1 : Rotational speed and flow rate for P1

Volume of Q was calculated using formula:

𝑞 113.56 ×60 𝑞 113.56 ×60

a) Q = 100 x 1000 b) Q = 100 x 1000
q=flow rate(%) q=flow rate(%)
when q is 55.6 when q is 52.8
55.6 113.56 ×60 52.8 113.56 ×60
Q= 100 x 1000 Q= 100 x 1000
m3 m3
Q= 3.79 Q= 3.60
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑞 113.56 ×60 𝑞 113.56 ×60

c) Q = 100 x 1000 d) Q = 100 x 1000
q=flow rate(%)m3 q=flow rate(%)m3
when q is 50.0 when q is 46.5
50.0 113.56 ×60 46.5 113.56 ×60
Q= 100 x 1000 Q= 100 x 1000
m3 m3
Q= 3.41 Q= 3.17
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑞 113.56 ×60 𝑞 113.56 ×60

e) Q = 100 x 1000 f) Q = 100 x 1000
q=flow rate(%) q=flow rate(%)
when q is 42.5 when q is 38.3
42.5 113.56 ×60 38.3 113.56 ×60
Q= 100 x 1000 Q= 100 x 1000
m3 m3
Q= 2.90 Q= 2.61
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑞 113.56 ×60 𝑞 113.56 ×60

g) Q = 100 x 1000 h) Q = 100 x 1000
q=flow rate(%) q=flow rate(%)
when q is 34.0 when q is 29.4
34.0 113.56 ×60 29.4 113.56 ×60
Q= 100 x 1000 Q= 100 x 1000
m3 m3
Q= 2.32 Q= 2.00
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑞 113.56 ×60 𝑞 113.56 ×60

i) Q = 100 x 1000 j) Q = 100 x 1000
q=flow rate(%) q=flow rate(%)
when q is 25.3 when q is 20.4
25.3 113.56 ×60 20.4 113.56 ×60
Q= 100 x 1000 Q= 100 x 1000
m3 m3
Q= 1.72 Q= 1.39
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑞 113.56 ×60 𝑞 113.56 ×60

k) Q = 100 x 1000 l) Q = 100 x 1000
q=flow rate(%) q=flow rate(%)
when q is 16.4 when q is 12.1
16.4 113.56 ×60 12.1 113.56 ×60
Q= 100 x 1000 Q= 100 x 1000
m3 m3
Q= 1.12 Q= 0.82
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
Record the data collected for experiment 2 in the table below.

Table 2 : Flow rate, Speed, Differential Pressure and Power for P1

Flow rate ( % ) Speed Differential Power

Pressure

50 2792 24.6 0.58

40 2797 40.5 0.53

30 2813 54.3 0.51

20 2834 61.1 0.50

10 2850 65.0 0.46

Table 2 : Flow rate, Speed, Differential Pressure and Power for P1

Volume of Q was calculated using formula:

𝑞 113.56 ×60 𝑞 113.56 ×60

a) Q = 100 x 1000 b) Q = 100 x 1000
q=flow rate(%) q=flow rate(% )
when q is 50 when q is 40
50 113.56 ×60 40 113.56 ×60
Q=100 x 1000 Q=100 x 1000
m3 m3
Q= 3.41 Q= 2.73
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑞 113.56 ×60 𝑞 113.56 ×60

c) Q = 100 x 1000 d) Q = 100 x 1000
q=flow rate(%) q=flow rate(%)
when q is 30 when q is 20
30 113.56 ×60 20 113.56 ×60
Q=100 x 1000 Q=100 x 1000
m3 m3
Q= 2.04 Q= 1.36
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑞 113.56 ×60
e) Q = 100 x 1000
q=flow rate(%)
when q is 10
10 113.56 ×60
Q=100 x 1000
m3
Q= 0.68 ℎ𝑟

PMi is calculated as below:

a) PMi = power (kW)×1000 b) PMi = power (kW)×1000

when Power = 0.58 when Power = 0.53
1000𝑊 1000𝑊
PMi =0.58kW x 1𝑘𝑊 PMi =0.53kW x 1𝑘𝑊
PMi=580W PMi=530W

c) PMi = power (kW)×1000 d) PMi = power (kW)×1000

when Power = 0.51 when Power = 0.50
1000𝑊 1000𝑊
PMi =0.51kW x 1𝑘𝑊 PMi =0.50kW x 1𝑘𝑊
PMi=510W PMi=500W

e) PMi = power (kW)×1000

when Power = 0.46
1000𝑊
PMi =0.46kW x 1𝑘𝑊
PMi=460W
ii) Pump Total Head(H) vs Volume Flow Rate(Q)

Pump Total Head is calculated by using formula as below:

𝐷𝑃 3×10.2×104
H=(Zc2 –Zc1) + (100) x
𝑝𝑤 𝑔

Where:

H=Pump Total Head,m

Zc2=Outlet Distance From Datum (water)= 860mm= 0.86m

Zc1= Inlet Distance From Datum (water)= 180mm= 0.18m

DP= Differential Pressure ,%

𝑘𝑔
𝑝𝑤 = Density water = 1000
𝑚3
𝑚
g = gravity water =9.81
𝑠2

i) Differential Pressure ,% =24.6

When DP= 24.6

𝑁
24.6 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ×10.2×104 × 2 /𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚
H= (0.86m -0.18m) + ×( 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 )
100 1000 3 ×9.81 2
𝑚 𝑠

𝑁
24.6 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ×10.2×104 × 2 /𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚
H=0.68m + ×( 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 1 𝑁.𝑠2
)
100 1000 3 ×9.81 2 × 𝑘𝑔.𝑚
𝑚 𝑠

H= 8.35m

ii) Differential Pressure ,% =40.5

When DP= 40.5

𝑁
40.5 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ×10.2×104 × 2 /𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚
H= (0.86m -0.18m) + ×( 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 )
100 1000 3 ×9.81 2
𝑚 𝑠

𝑁
40.5 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ×10.2×104 × 2 /𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚
H=0.68m + ×( 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 1 𝑁.𝑠2
)
100 1000 3 ×9.81 2 ×
𝑚 𝑠 𝑘𝑔.𝑚

H= 13.31m
iii) Differential Pressure ,% =54.3

When DP= 54.3

𝑁
54.3 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ×10.2×104 × 2 /𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚
H= (0.86m -0.18m) + ×( 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 )
100 1000 3 ×9.81 2
𝑚 𝑠

𝑁
54.3 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ×10.2×104 × 2 /𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚
H=0.68m + ×( 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 1 𝑁.𝑠2
)
100 1000 3 ×9.81 2 ×
𝑚 𝑠 𝑘𝑔.𝑚

H= 17.62m

iv) Differential Pressure ,% =61.1

When DP= 61.1

𝑁
61.1 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ×10.2×104 × 2 /𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚
H= (0.86m -0.18m) + ×( 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 )
100 1000 3 ×9.81 2
𝑚 𝑠

𝑁
61.1 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ×10.2×104 × 2 /𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚
H=0.68m + ×( 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 1 𝑁.𝑠2
)
100 1000 3 ×9.81 2 × 𝑘𝑔.𝑚
𝑚 𝑠

H= 19.74m

v) Differential Pressure ,% =65.0

When DP= 65.0

𝑁
65.0 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ×10.2×104 × 2 /𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚
H= (0.86m -0.18m) + ×( 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 )
100 1000 3 ×9.81 2
𝑚 𝑠

𝑁
65.0 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ×10.2×104 × 2 /𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚
H=0.68m + ×( 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 1 𝑁.𝑠2
)
100 1000 3 ×9.81 2 × 𝑘𝑔.𝑚
𝑚 𝑠

H= 20.96m
iii) Pump Power Output (P0) vs Volume Flow Rate(Q)

Pump Power Output was obtained by calculated using formula as below:

1 ℎ𝑟
P0 = (pwgHQ) ×
3600𝑠

Where:

P0= Pump Power Output ,W

𝑘𝑔
pw= Density Water =1000
𝑚3
𝑚
g= Gravity =9.81
𝑠2

H= Pump Total Head,m

𝑚3
Q= Volume Flowrate ,
ℎ𝑟

i). 𝑚3
When H = 8.35 m , Q = 3.41
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
P0 = ( 1000 𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑠2 × 8.35 m × 3.41 ) × 3600 𝑠
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 1 𝑁𝑠2
P0 = 77. 59 𝑠3
×
𝑘𝑔.𝑚

𝑁.𝑚
P0 = 77.59 𝑠

P0 = 77.59 W

ii) 𝑚3
When H = 13.31 m , Q = 2.73
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
P0 = ( 1000 𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑠2 × 13.31 m × 2.73 ℎ𝑟
) × 3600 𝑠

𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 1 𝑁𝑠2
P0 = 99.02 𝑠3
× 𝑘𝑔.𝑚

𝑁.𝑚
P0 = 99.02 𝑠

P0 = 99.02 W
iii) 𝑚3
When H = 17.62 m , Q = 2.04
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
P0 = ( 1000 𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑠2 × 17.62 m × 2.04 ℎ𝑟
) × 3600 𝑠

𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 1 𝑁𝑠2
P0 = 97.95 𝑠3
× 𝑘𝑔.𝑚

𝑁.𝑚
P0 = 97.95 𝑠

P0 = 97.95 W

iv) 𝑚3
When H = 19.74 m , Q = 1.36
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
P0 = ( 1000 𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑠2 × 19.74 m × 1.36 ℎ𝑟
) × 3600 𝑠

𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 1 𝑁𝑠2
P0 = 73.16 𝑠3
×
𝑘𝑔.𝑚

𝑁.𝑚
P0 = 73.16 𝑠

P0 = 73.16 W

v) 𝑚3
When H = 20.96 m , Q = 0.68
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟
P0 = ( 1000 𝑚3 × 9.81 𝑠2 ×20.96 m × 0.68 ℎ𝑟
) × 3600 𝑠

𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 1 𝑁𝑠2
P0 = 38.84 𝑠3
× 𝑘𝑔.𝑚

𝑁.𝑚
P0 = 38.84 𝑠

P0 = 38.84 W
iv ) Pump Power Input ( 𝑷𝒊 ) Vs Volume Flowrate ( Q )

Pump Power Input, 𝑃𝑖 was calculated by using formula below :-

𝑃𝑖 = ( PMi – P p1min )

𝑃𝑖 = Pump Power Input, W

PMi = Motor Input, W

P p1min = Pump 1 Power at No Load ( 50 Hz ) = 70 W

a) When PMi = 580 b) When PMi = 530

𝑃𝑖 = ( 580 - 70 ) W 𝑃𝑖 = ( 530 - 70 ) W
= 510 W = 460 W

c) When PMi = 510 d) When PMi = 500

𝑃𝑖 = ( 510 - 70 ) W 𝑃𝑖 = ( 500 - 70 ) W
= 440 W = 430 W

e) When PMi = 460

𝑃𝑖 = ( 460 - 70 ) W
= 390 W
v ) Pump Efficiency ( ETA ) Vs Volume Flowrate ( Q )
𝑃
Pump Efficiency was obtained by calculation : - ETA = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
1

i) When P0 = 77.59 W, Pi = 510 W

𝑃
ETA = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
1

77.59 𝑊
ETA = × 100 %
510 𝑊

ETA = 15.21 %

ii) When P0 = 99.02 W, Pi = 460 W

𝑃
ETA = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
1

99.02𝑊
ETA = × 100 %
460 𝑊

ETA = 21.53 %

iii) When P0 = 97.95 W, Pi = 440 W

𝑃
ETA = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
1

97.95 𝑊
ETA = × 100 %
440 𝑊

ETA = 22.26 %

iv) When P0 = 73.16 W, Pi = 430 W

𝑃
ETA = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
1

73.16 𝑊
ETA = × 100 %
430 𝑊

ETA = 17.01 %

v) When P0 = 38.84 W, Pi = 390 W

𝑃
ETA = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
1

38.84 𝑊
ETA = × 100 %
390 𝑊

ETA = 9.96 %
vi ) Overall Efficiency (𝑬𝑻𝑨𝒈𝒓 ) Vs Volume Flowrate ( Q )
𝑃
Overall Efficiency was obtained by calculate using formula at below :- 𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
𝑀𝑖

i) When P0 = 77.59 W , PMi = 580

𝑃
𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
𝑀𝑖

77.59 𝑊
𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = × 100 %
580

𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 13.38 %

ii) When P0 = 99.02 W , PMi = 530

𝑃
𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
𝑀𝑖

99.02 𝑊
𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = × 100 %
530

𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 18.68 %

iii) When P0 = 97.95 W , PMi = 510

𝑃
𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
𝑀𝑖

97.95 𝑊
𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = × 100 %
510

𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 19.21 %

iv) When P0 = 73.16 W , PMi = 500

𝑃
𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
𝑀𝑖

73.16 𝑊
𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = × 100 %
500

𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 14.63 %

v) When P0 = 38.84 W , PMi = 460

𝑃
𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 𝑃 0 × 100 %
𝑀𝑖

38.84 𝑊
𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = × 100 %
460

𝐸𝑇𝐴𝑔𝑟 = 8.44 %
Record the data collected for experiment 3 in the table below

Table 3 : Rotational Speed and Differential Pressure for P3

Speed ( RPM ) Flow rate ( % )

1400 20.0

1300 19.8

1200 19.1

1100 18.3

1000 17.0

900 15.7

800 13.7

700 11.9

600 10.0

500 8.1

400 6.1
Table 3b : Rotational Speed and Flowrate for P3
𝑞
Volume Flow, Q was calculated by using formula :- Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

a) When q = 20.0
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

20.0
Q= × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60
100

𝑚3
Q = 0.341 ℎ𝑟

b) When q = 19.8
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

19.8
Q= × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60
100

𝑚3
Q = 0.337 ℎ𝑟

c) When q = 19.1
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

19.1
Q= × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60
100

𝑚3
Q = 0.325 ℎ𝑟

d) When q = 18.3
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

18.3
Q= × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60
100

𝑚3
Q = 0.312 ℎ𝑟

e) When q = 17.0
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

17.0
Q= × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60
100
 𝑚3
Q = 0.290 ℎ𝑟

f) When q = 15.7
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

15.7
Q= × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60
100

𝑚3
Q = 0.267 ℎ𝑟

g) When q = 13.7
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

13.7
Q= × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60
100

𝑚3
Q = 0.233 ℎ𝑟

h) When q = 11.9
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

11.9
Q= × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60
100

𝑚3
Q = 0.203 ℎ𝑟

i) When q = 10.0
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

10.0
Q= × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60
100

𝑚3
Q = 0.170
ℎ𝑟

j) When q = 8.1
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

8.1
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

𝑚3
Q = 0.138 ℎ𝑟
k) When q = 6.1
𝑞
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

6.1
Q = 100 × 28.39 ÷ 103 × 60

𝑚3
Q = 0.104 ℎ𝑟
Record the data collected for experiment 4 in the table below.

Table 4 : Pressure, Flow rate, Speed and Power for P3

Pressure Flow rate Speed Power

60 22.2 1406 0.63

55 26.0 1414 0.58
50 27.1 1421 0.56
45 28.1 1424 0.53
40 28.7 1431 0.51
35 29.6 1438 0.49
30 30.0 1443 0.47
25 30.6 1449 0.45
20 31.0 1454 0.44
15 31.7 1464 0.42

Motor Volume Pump Pump Pump Pump Overall Volumetric

Power Flow Total Power Power Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency
Input,PMi rate, Q Head,H Output,P0 Input, (ETA) (ETAgr) (ETAV)
W m3/hr m W Pi
W
630 0.38 137.43 129.50 580 22.33 20.56 71.70
580 0.44 126.00 137.48 530 25.94 23.70 82.20
560 0.46 114.57 130.69 510 25.63 23.34 85.52
530 0.48 103.15 122.78 480 25.58 23.17 89.05
510 0.49 91.72 111.45 460 24.23 21.85 90.46
490 0.50 80.30 99.56 440 22.63 20.32 91.85
470 0.51 68.87 87.10 420 20.74 18.53 93.37
450 0.52 57.45 74.08 400 18.52 16.46 94.80
440 0.53 46.02 60.48 390 15.51 13.75 96.29
420 0.54 23.17 31.03 370 8.39 7.39 97.44
i. Motor Input Power (PMi) vs Output Pressure for P3
PMi was calculated as below :

a). PMi=Power(kW) × 1000 b). PMi=Power(kW) × 1000

When power=0.63 When power=0.58
1000𝑊 1000𝑊
PMi=0.63kW × 1𝑘𝑊 PMi=0.58kW × 1𝑘𝑊
PMi=630W PMi=580W

c). PMi=Power(kW) × 1000 d). PMi=Power(kW) × 1000

When power=0.56 When power=0.53
1000𝑊 1000𝑊
PMi=0.56kW × PMi=0.53kW ×
1𝑘𝑊 1𝑘𝑊
PMi=560W PMi=530W
e). PMi=Power(kW) × 1000 f). PMi=Power(kW) × 1000
When power=0.51 When power=0.49
1000𝑊 1000𝑊
PMi=0.51kW × 1𝑘𝑊 PMi=0.49kW × 1𝑘𝑊
PMi=510W PMi=490W
g). PMi=Power(kW) × 1000 h). PMi=Power(kW) × 1000
When power=0.47 When power=0.45
1000𝑊 1000𝑊
PMi=0.47kW × 1𝑘𝑊 PMi=0.45kW × 1𝑘𝑊
PMi=470W PMi=450W
i). PMi=Power(kW) × 1000 j). PMi=Power(kW) × 1000
When power=0.44 When power=0.56
1000𝑊 1000𝑊
PMi=0.44kW × 1𝑘𝑊 PMi=0.42kW × 1𝑘𝑊
PMi=440W PMi=420W

Output Pressure Motor Power Input,PMi

% W
60 630
55 580
50 560
45 530
40 510
35 490
30 470
25 450
20 440
10 420

Table 4.1 : Output Pressure (Pr) , Motor Power Input (PMi) for P3
Volume Flow (Q) vs Output Pressure (Pr) for P3
Volume Flow (Q) was calculated as below :
a). Q= 𝑞 ×28.39÷1000×60 b). Q= 𝑞 ×28.39÷1000×60
100 100
22.2 26.0
Q= 100 ×28.39÷1000×60 Q= 100 ×28.39÷1000×60
Q=0.38m3/hr Q=0.44m3/hr

c). Q= 𝑞 ×28.39÷1000×60 d). Q= 𝑞 ×28.39÷1000×60

100 100
27.1 28.1
Q= 100 ×28.39÷1000×60 Q= 100 ×28.39÷1000×60
Q=0.46m3/hr Q=0.48m3/hr

e). Q= 𝑞 ×28.39÷1000×60 f). 𝑞

Q=100×28.39÷1000×60
100
28.7 29.6
Q= 100 ×28.39÷1000×60 Q= 100 ×28.39÷1000×60
Q=0.49m3/hr Q=0.50m3/hr
𝑞 𝑞
g). Q= ×28.39÷1000×60 h). Q= ×28.39÷1000×60
100 100
30.0 30.6
Q= 100 ×28.39÷1000×60 Q= 100 ×28.39÷1000×60
Q=0.51m3/hr Q=0.52m3/hr
𝑞 𝑞
i). Q=100×28.39÷1000×60 j). Q=100×28.39÷1000×60
31.0 31.7
Q= 100 ×28.39÷1000×60 Q= 100 ×28.39÷1000×60
Q=0.53m3/hr Q=0.54m3/hr

Output Pressure Volume Flow rate, Q

% m3/hr
60 0.38
55 0.44
50 0.46
45 0.48
40 0.49
35 0.50
p 0.51
25 0.52
20 0.53
10 0.54

Table 4.2 : Volume Flow (Q) , Output Pressure (Pr) for P3

ii. Pump Power Output (P0) vs Output Pressure (Pr) for P3
Pump Total Head is calculated by using formula as below :-
𝑃𝑟 20×10.2×104
H= (ZG2-ZG1) + (100) × ( )
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔
Where
H=Pump Total Head‚ m
ZG2=Outlet Distance From Datum(Oil)=380mm=0.38m
ZG1=Inlet Distance From Datum(Oil)=64mm=0.064m
DP=Differential Pressure‚%
kg
poil=Density oil=910
m3
m
g=Gravity=9.81s2

a). Output Pressure, % = 60 b). Output Pressure, % = 55

When Pr=60 When Pr=55

60 55
H = (0.38m-0.064m)+( 100 )× H = (0.38m-0.064m)+( 100 )× (
20× 10.2 × 104 20× 10.2 × 104
(910kg ) 910kg )
×9.81m/s2 ×9.81m/s2
m3 m3
H=137.43m H=126.00m
c). Output Pressure, % = 50 d). Output Pressure, % = 45

When Pr=50 When Pr=45

50 20× 10.2 × 104 45 20× 10.2 × 104
H = (0.38m-0.064m)+( 100 )× ( 910kg 9.81m ) H = (0.38m-0.064m)+( 100 )× ( 910kg 9.81m )
× ×
m3 s2 m3 s2
H=114.57m H=103.15m
e). Output Pressure, % = 40 f). Output Pressure, % = 35

When Pr=40 When Pr=35

40 20× 10.2 × 104 35 20× 10.2 × 104
H = (0.38m-0.064m)+( 100 )× ( 910kg 9.81m ) H = (0.38m-0.064m)+( 100 )× ( 910kg 9.81m )
× ×
m3 s2 m3 s2
H=91.72m H=80.30m
g). Output Pressure, % = 30 h). Output Pressure, % = 25

When Pr=30 When Pr=25

30 20× 10.2 × 104 25 20× 10.2 × 104
H = (0.38m-0.064m)+( 100 )× ( 910kg 9.81m ) H = (0.38m-0.064m)+( 100 )× (910kg )
× ×9.81m/s2
m3 s2 m3
H=68.87m H=57.45m
i). Output Pressure, % = 20 j). Output Pressure, % = 10

When Pr=20 When Pr=10

20 20× 10.2 × 104 10 20× 10.2 × 104
H = (0.38m-0.064m)+( 100 )× ( 910kg 9.81m ) H = (0.38m-0.064m)+( 100 )× ( 910kg 9.81m )
× ×
m3 s2 m3 s2
H=46.02m H=23.17m
Pump Power Output was obtained by calculate using formula as below :-
1ℎ𝑟
Po=(poil gHQ) × 3600𝑠

where
Po=Pump Power Output ‚W
𝑘𝑔
p oil=Density oil=910𝑚3
𝑚
g=Gravity=9.81𝑠2

H=Pump Total Head‚ m

𝑚3
Q=Volume Flowrate‚ ℎ𝑟

1. 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1ℎ𝑟
PO=(910𝑚3 ×9.81𝑠2 × 137.43m× 0.38 ℎ𝑟 ) × 3600𝑠
𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 𝑁.𝑚
PO=129.50 = 129.50 =129.50W
𝑠3 𝑠
2. 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1ℎ𝑟
PO=(910𝑚3 ×9.81𝑠2 × 126.00m× 0.44 ℎ𝑟 ) × 3600𝑠
𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 𝑁.𝑚
PO=137.48 =137.48 =137.48W
𝑠3 𝑠
3. 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1ℎ𝑟
PO=(910𝑚3 ×9.81𝑠2 ×114.57m× 0.46 ℎ𝑟 ) × 3600𝑠
𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 𝑁.𝑚
PO=130.69 = 130.69 =130.69W
𝑠3 𝑠
4. 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1ℎ𝑟
PO=(910𝑚3 ×9.81𝑠2 × 103.15m× 0.48 ℎ𝑟 ) × 3600𝑠
𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 𝑁.𝑚
PO=122.78 = 122.78 =122.78W
𝑠3 𝑠
5. 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1ℎ𝑟
PO=(910𝑚3 ×9.81𝑠2 × 91.72m× 0.49 ℎ𝑟 ) × 3600𝑠
𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 𝑁.𝑚
PO=111.45 =111.45 =111.45W
𝑠3 𝑠
6. 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1ℎ𝑟
PO=(910𝑚3 ×9.81𝑠2 × 80.30m× 0.50 ℎ𝑟 ) × 3600𝑠
𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 𝑁.𝑚
PO=99.56 =99.56 =99.56W
𝑠3 𝑠
7. 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1ℎ𝑟
PO=(910𝑚3 ×9.81𝑠2 × 68.87m× 0.51 ℎ𝑟 ) × 3600𝑠
𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 𝑁.𝑚
PO=87.10 =87.10 =87.10W
𝑠3 𝑠
8. 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1ℎ𝑟
PO=(910𝑚3 ×9.81𝑠2 × 57.45m× 0.52 ℎ𝑟 ) × 3600𝑠
𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 𝑁.𝑚
PO=74.08 =74.08 =74.08W
𝑠3 𝑠
9. 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑚3 1ℎ𝑟
PO=(910𝑚3 ×9.81𝑠2 × 46.02m× 0.53 ℎ𝑟 ) × 3600𝑠
𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 𝑁.𝑚
PO =60.48 =60.48 =60.48W
𝑠3 𝑠
10. PO=(910 ×9.81 × 23.17m× 0.54𝑚3 ) × 1ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑚3 𝑠2 ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠
𝑘𝑔.𝑚2 𝑁.𝑚
PO=31.03 =31.03 =31.03W
𝑠3 𝑠
iii. Pump Power Input (Pi) vs Output Pressure (Pr) for P3
Pi was calculated was below :

Pi = PMi - P3min Pi = PMi - P3min

= PMi - 50W = PMi - 50W

= 630 - 50 = 580 - 50
= 580 W = 530 W

Pi = PMi - P3min Pi = PMi - P3min

= PMi - 50W = PMi - 50W

= 560 - 50 = 530 - 50
= 510 W = 480 W

Pi = PMi - P3min Pi = PMi - P3min

= PMi - 50W = PMi - 50W

= 510 - 50 = 490 - 50
= 460 W = 440 W

Pi = PMi - P3min Pi = PMi - P3min

= PMi - 50W = PMi - 50W

= 470 - 50 = 450 - 50
= 420 W = 400 W

Pi = PMi - P3min Pi = PMi - P3min

= PMi - 50W = PMi - 50W

= 440 - 50 = 420 - 50
= 390 W = 370 W
iv. Pump Efficiency (ETA) vs Output Pressure (Pr) for P3
ETA was calculated was below :

1. 𝑃𝑜 2. 𝑃𝑜
ETA= × 100% ETA= × 100%
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖

When Po=129.50W‚Pi=580W When Po=137.48W‚Pi=530W

129.50𝑊 137.48𝑊
ETA= 580𝑊 × 100% ETA= 530𝑊 × 100%
ETA=22.33% ETA=25.94%

3. 𝑃𝑜 4. 𝑃𝑜
ETA= × 100% ETA= × 100%
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖

When Po=130.69W‚Pi=510W When Po=122.78W‚Pi=480W

130.69𝑊 122.78𝑊
ETA= 510𝑊 × 100% ETA= 480𝑊 × 100%
ETA=25.63% ETA=25.58%

5. 𝑃𝑜 6. 𝑃𝑜
ETA= × 100% ETA= × 100%
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖

When Po=111.45W‚Pi=460W When Po=99.56W‚Pi=440W

111.45𝑊 99.56𝑊
ETA= 460𝑊 × 100% ETA= 440𝑊 × 100%
ETA=24.23% ETA=22.63%

7. 𝑃𝑜 8. 𝑃𝑜
ETA= × 100% ETA= × 100%
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖

When Po=87.10W‚Pi=420W When Po=74.08W‚Pi=400W

87.10𝑊 74.08𝑊
ETA= 420𝑊 × 100% ETA= 400𝑊 × 100%
ETA=20.74% ETA=18.52%

9. 𝑃𝑜 10. 𝑃𝑜
ETA= × 100% ETA= × 100%
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖

When Po=60.48W‚Pi=390W When Po=31.03W‚Pi=370W

60.48𝑊 31.03𝑊
ETA= 390𝑊 × 100% ETA= 370𝑊 × 100%
ETA=15.51% ETA=8.39%
 v. Overall Efficiency (ETAgr) vs Output Pressure (Pr) for P3
ETAgr was calculated as below :

1. 𝑃𝑜 2. 𝑃𝑜
ETAgr= 𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 100% ETAgr= 𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 100%

129.50𝑊 137.48𝑊
ETAgr= × 100% ETAgr= × 100%
630𝑊 580𝑊

ETAgr=20.56% ETAgr=23.70%

3. 𝑃𝑜 4. 𝑃𝑜
ETAgr= 𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 100% ETAgr= 𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 100%

130.69𝑊 122.78𝑊
ETAgr= × 100% ETAgr= × 100%
560𝑊 530𝑊

ETAgr=23.34% ETAgr=23.17%

5. 𝑃𝑜 6. 𝑃𝑜
ETAgr= 𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 100% ETAgr= 𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 100%

111.45𝑊 99.56𝑊
ETAgr= × 100% ETAgr= 490𝑊 × 100%
510𝑊

ETAgr=21.85% ETAgr=20.32%

7. 𝑃𝑜 8. 𝑃𝑜
ETAgr= 𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 100% ETAgr= 𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 100%

87.10𝑊 74.08𝑊
ETAgr= 470𝑊 × 100% ETAgr= 450𝑊 × 100%

ETAgr=18.53% ETAgr=16.46%

9. 𝑃𝑜 10. 𝑃𝑜
ETAgr= 𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 100% ETAgr= 𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 100%

60.48𝑊 31.03𝑊
ETAgr= 440𝑊 × 100% ETAgr= 420𝑊 × 100%

ETAgr=13.75% ETAgr=7.39%
vi. Volumetric Efficiency (ETAv) vs Output Pressure (Pr)for P3
Volumetric Efficiency (ETAV) was calculated as below :

1. 𝑄 2. 𝑄
ETAv = Vi X x N x 60 × 100 ETAv = Vi X x N x 60 × 100

0.38 0.38
= 10−6𝑚3
× 100 = 10−6𝑚3
× 100
6.309× ×1406×60 6.309× ×1414×60
𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑣
=71.70 =82.20

3. 𝑄 4. 𝑄
ETAv = Vi X x N x 60 × 100 ETAv = Vi X x N x 60 × 100

0.38 0.38
= 10−6𝑚3
× 100 = 10−6𝑚3
× 100
6.309× ×1421×60 6.309× ×1424×60
𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑣
=85.52 =89.05

5. 𝑄 6. 𝑄
ETAv = Vi X x N x 60 × 100 ETAv = Vi X x N x 60 × 100

0.38 0.38
= 10−6𝑚3
× 100 = 10−6𝑚3
× 100
6.309× ×1431×60 6.309× ×1438×60
𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑣
=90.46 =91.85

7. 𝑄 8. 𝑄
ETAv = Vi X x N x 60 × 100 ETAv = Vi X x N x 60 × 100

0.38 0.38
= 10−6𝑚3
× 100 = 10−6𝑚3
× 100
6.309× ×1443×60 6.309× ×1449×60
𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑣
=93.37 =94.80

9. 𝑄 10. 𝑄
ETAv = Vi X x N x 60 × 100 ETAv = Vi X x N x 60 × 100

0.38 0.38
= 10−6𝑚3
× 100 = 10−6𝑚3
× 100
6.309× ×1454×60 6.309× ×1464×60
𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑣
=96.29 =97.44
 DISCUSSION

This experiment was about multi pump test rig. The main objective of this experiment is to
determine the operating characteristic of different pumps in a contained unit. Besides that, the
experiment also helps to understand the types of pumps in principle and design, and the
selection of the appropriate pump for a particular application for optimal operation. In
experiment 1, the reading that was recorded in the table shows that when the speed is
decrease the reading of flow rate also decreases. Then, the graph of Rotational Speed (N) vs.
Volume Flow rate (Q) is plotted, a straight line graph is produced. At speed = 2800 rpm, the
volume flow rate is 55.6% and when at the lowest speed = 600 rpm, the flow rate is lower
where its 12.1 %. Based on the theory, it can be said that when the rotational speed is
increased, the volume flow is also increased. The objective is achieved.

In experiment 2, the readings for flow rate, differential pressure, power and speed are
recorded from the speed and output flow rate are maximum. When the output flow rate is
decreased, the table shows that the values differential pressure and speed increase when the
power is decreased. A range of graph is plotted. The graph for Motor Input Power (PMI) vs.
Volume Flow rate (Q)) shows an increasing curve.
The graphs for Pump Power Output (Po) vs. Volume Flow Rate and Pump Power Input (Pi)
vs. Volume Flow Rate (Q) also shows increasing curve, which shows a directly proportional
graph to volumetric flow rate. The Pump Efficiency (ETA) vs. Volume Flow Rate (Q) and
Pump Total Head (H) vs. Volume Flow Rate (Q) graph show a constant decrease.

In experiment 3, the readings for flow rate when there is a decrease in the speed is recorded.
The formula of volumetric flow rate,
𝑞 113.56×60
Q= 100 × 1000

is used to determine the volume flow (Q). From the table, it is known that once the values of
speed decreases, the values of flow rate and volume flow rate are also decreasing. A graph of
Rotational speed (N) vs. Volume Flow Rate (Q) is plotted and it shows a straight line graph
which means that the speed is directly proportionally to the volume flow rate as said by the
theory.

The last section of this experiment is experiment 4. In this experiment, the readings for flow
rate, differential pressure, power and speed are recorded from the speed and output flow rate
are maximum. When the pump head (pressure) is decreased, the table shows that the values
of volume flow rate increased and the power is decreased. Pump Efficiency (ETA) and
Overall Efficiency (ETAgr) decreases when pressure is decreased. Volumetric Efficiency,
ETAV decreases when pressure is increased. A range of graph is plotted based on the
complete table. The graphs for Motor Input Power (PMi) Vs Output Pressure (Pr) and Pump
Power Input (Pi) Vs Output Pressure (Pr) show increasing curves.

Other than that, Pump Power Output (Po) Vs Output Pressure (Pr) gives slightly straight line
graph. The graph of Volume Flow (Q) Vs Output Pressure (Pr) decreases while Pump
Efficiency (ETA) Vs Output Pressure (Pr) and Overall Efficiency (ETAgr) Vs Output
Pressure (Pr) shows an increase. The graph of Volumetric Efficiency (ETAv) Vs Output
Pressure (Pr) gives a constant straight line graph.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The main objective of this experiment is to determine the operating characteristic of different
pumps in a contained unit.. The principles of the pump are different from each other. Pump is
a device use to move fluid such as liquid, gases by physical or mechanical action. The results
show different types of curve and line graphs according to different pumps. The function,
principle and design of each pump vary according to its type. Different pumps hold different
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Characteristics Output Pressure
Characteristics VS Output Pressure for P3 Pmi Q P0 Pi ETA ETAgr ETAv operating
characteristics. From this experiment, it is proven that centrifugal pump, plunger pump and
gear pump has different working principle due to the type of fluid in which the pump is used
to move the fluid. The design of three pumps has a big difference as centrifugal pump and
plunger pump need two motor to run the pump. While the gear pump only needs a motor. In
order to get the accurate result, some recommendation had been suggested ,it is necessary to
do some check up towards the equipment to avoid any misused . Each valve should be
properly open/closed according to the type of pump. Next, the pump should not be operating
when there is no liquid in the pipeline to avoid serious damage to the equipment. Lastly,
make sure that HV2 is not completely closed when P2 is running.
 TUTORIALS

1. Define pump.
A pump can be defined as a mechanical device that adds energy to a fluid to increase
its flow rate and static pressure.

2. What is the difference between dynamic pump and positive displacement pump ?

Dynamics pump Positive displacement pump

Mechanics Imparts velocity to the liquid Captures confined amounts of liquid
resulting in a pressure at the outlet and transfers it from the suction to the
(pressure is created and flow discharge port (flow is created and
results) pressure results)
Performance Flow varies with changing Flow is constant with changing
pressure pressure

3. List down three factors which influence the choice of pump for a particular operation .

i) The quantity of liquid to be handled. This primarily affects the size of pump and
determines whether it is desirable to use a number of pumps in parallel

ii) The nature of power supply. If the pump is to be driven by an electric motor or
internal combustion engine, a high-speed centrifugal or rotary pump will be preferred
as it can be coupled directly to the motor

iii) The head against which the liquid is to be pumped. This will be determined by the
difference in pressure, the vertical height of the downstream reservoirs and by the
frictional losses which occur in the delivery line. The suitability of a centrifugal pump
and the number of stages required will largely be determined by this factor
 REFERENCES

1. White, F.M Fluid Mechanics 4th Ed. McGraw Hill

2. McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C and Harriot Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering 5th
Ed. McGraw Hill
3. Anthony Esposito. Fluid Mechanics with Applications. Prentice Hall International
Inc.
4. Debler, W.R. Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals. Prentice Hall International Inc.