Government

Study Guide Exam #2

Essay Questions
Comparable Worth; Wage are set where men and women get equal pay for job with
similar levels of difficulty

 Skills

 Education

 Knowledge

 Physical Strength

 Safety of Work Environment

Liberals (know 5)

 Idealist- believe in the inherent good nature of mankind

 Adequate defense

 Crime & punishment

 Support Probation and Parole

 Oppose Death Penalty

 Support Gun Control

 Welfare System

 Progressive Income Tax Code

 Activist Government

 Nationalization of Health Care

  Pro-Choice

 Liberal on Immigration

 Support Gay Marriage

Conservative (know 5)

 Realist: believe mankind is a fallen creature. (Good vs. Evil)

 Strong Defense

 Crime & Punishment

 Truth in sentencing, Determinate sentencing, Deserve what you get

 Support Death Penalty

 Oppose Gun Control,

 Support conceal deadly carry

 Support Welfare reform

 Flat Tax & Fair Tax

 Limited Government

 Oppose National Welfare

 Pro-Life

 Conservative on Immigration; Secure Border

 Oppose Gay Marriage

How These Items Help Shape Politics

 Religion

 Statistics

o 96% Believe in God

o 75% Pray Daily

o 71% Belong to Church

o 41% Attend

o 91 m Protestants/16.3 m S. Baptist

o 63 m Catholics

o 5.2 m Jews

o 1+ m Muslim

 Mainline Protestants

o Democratic

o 67 % Catholic
 o 65% Jews

 Evangelical Christians

o Republican

 Region

 South; Primarily Republican

 North; Democratic

 Race

 African American – 90% (D)

 Hispanic / Latino – 67% (D)

 Asian – (R)

 White Americans – Depends on the economy

 Age

 Older (D)

 Younger (R)

 Gender

 Female (D)

 Male (R)

 Income

 Higher (R)

 Lower (D)
  Education

 Higher (R)

 Lower (D)

History of Political Parties

 Hamilton

 Federalist

 Whig Party

o Henry Clay
1800 to 1856

 1832 Whig Party joined the:

o National Republicans to form the Republicans in 1856

 Jefferson

 Anti-Federalist

 Jeffersonian Republicans

o Democratic Republicans

 John Q. Adams

 1828 Split to form:

 National Republicans

1832 joined by the Whigs to later form (1856):

Republican Party

 Andrew Jackson

 1828 formed:

 Democratic Party

If you could revise the KY Crime & KY Juvenile Code how would you revise it?

 Do not be so lenient on criminals by releasing on parole.

Whig Party
1833 to 1856, the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the
Democratic Party.
Henry Clay Leader

1832 National Republicans joined forces with the Whigs

Fizzled out in 1856

1856 became Republican Party

Literacy Test

 “1910 Oklahoma”

 Grandfather Clause Attached

 Voted Prior or descendent of one voted

Gerrymandering

 To manipulate an electoral area, usually by altering its boundaries, in order to

gain an unfair political advantage in an election

Brown Vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 1954

 Made segregation in schools illegal

Thurgood Marshall

 Attorney for Oliver Brown/Brown vs. Board of Education

 1968; First African American appointed to the Supreme Court

John Davis

 Board Attorney in Brown Vs. Board of Education

ERA

 Equal Rights Amendment

 Proposed in 1923, Congress rejected proposal

  Proposed again in 1983, Congress Approved but was rejected by states 3 stated
did not approve so there was not a ¾ majority

1975 Age Discrimination Act

 Hiring (over age 40)

 No forced retirement

1990 Americans with Disabilities Act

 Access; can’t discriminate in hiring, promotion, or pay

 All public facilities must be handicapped accessible.

1944 Smith vs. Allwright

 Struck down white only primary

1965 Voting rights Act

 Made literacy testing illegal

24th Amendment Poll taxes

 1964 Poll Tax Unconstitutional

 1966 Virginia Board of Election passed poll Tax

 Election board Vs. Harper : Struck it down

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

 Gave the “I Have a Dream Speech” in Washington D.C. overlooking the mall at the
foot of the Lincoln Memorial to 250,000 people
Orval Faubus

 Segregationist Gov. of Arkansas in 1957 called up the National Guard to block

integration of Little Rock Central H.S., stood in doorway of school to block blacks
from entering.

1971 Swann Vs. Charlotte – Mecklenburg County Board of Education,

 Forced Bussing

 Racial balance quotas

 Gerrymandering of school districts

 Redraw Boundaries to Achieve Segregation

 Laws applicable within same district

1978 University of California Board of Regents (U of C Med School) Vs. Bakke

 100 White => 16 Minority

 Court decision said quota was not constitutional but said quotas are still legal if:
 They are Specific

 Post-History of Discrimination

 Can still use race

1982 Voting Rights Act

 When districts are re-drawn, and minorities voting power is diluted, the DOJ has
to approve it

Majority / Minority Districts

 State then created 26 majority/minority congressional districts. (majority of

voters belong to a minority or ethnic varieties)

 Doing so gave us:

  38 African American representatives

 17 Hispanic American representatives

 In 8 districts, racial gerrymandering took place, and the Supreme Court said “No”.

1986 Simpson- Mazzolli Act (Amnesty Bill)

 5 m illegal live here

 Must prove you lived here for 5 yrs, in one state for 6 months

o Then can take test for citizenship

 Today there are 12 m here illegally

1974 Lau Vs. Nichols

 Bilingual Ruling
 States school should provide instructions in their language for remedial English

o Arizona & California said only English to be taught

Ideology

 A systematic set of arguments & beliefs used to justify, an existing or desired

social order.
 National Free market democracy is Ideology, breaks down into Liberal or Conservative.

Realigning Elections; there were several throughout history, but two were
the most significant

 1860-1932 Republicans (Related to the Civil war)

 1932-1968 Democrats (Related to the Great Depression)

 Current Trend
  1968-2012

o Republicans won 7/11

o Split Rule between Parties

Dealignment

 Do not strictly vote straight party

Candidate Centered Campaigns

 Politicians run on their own campaign not on party platform.

Three type of minor Parties

 Single Issue Parties; ex. (National Right to Life)

 Ideological Parties; ex. (Communist)

 Factional; ex. (1912: Bull Moose Party) “know this part”

 Involving Teddy Roosevelt

 Caused a split in the Republican Party

Three characteristics of American Party System

 2 Party System

 Decentralization of Party Authority

 Lack of Ideological Differences

1917 Buchanan Vs. Warley

 Court struck down local discriminatory housing ordinance saying was not
constitutional.

1948 Shelley Vs. Kraemer

  Restrictive covenant unconstitutional.

 Clauses in deeds to land that prohibited owners from selling their property to
blacks and other minorities

1886 Yick Wo Vs. Hopkins

 Court ruled that legal Alien Americans have same right to earn a living as citizens have.

1981 Rostker Vs. Goldberg

 Was a decision of the United States Supreme Court holding that the practice of requiring only
men to register for the draft was constitutional.

Sexual Harassment

 1986 Meritor Savings Bank Vs. Vinson

 Abusive and or hostile environment

 Reasonable person

 Deliberate Indifference

Native Americans
 1924 US Citizens; Congress passed Law

 1968 Indian Bill of Rights

Same Constitutional rights all other citizens have

 Don’t have much political clout

 50% still live on reservations

 They are wards of the state

 1st Native American in Congress

 Sen. Bill Nighthorse Campbell

Hispanic Latino Americans
 The largest and fastest growing minority group.

 44 million / 14% of population

 1.6 m in business

 25 House Seats

 3 US Senators

Asian Americans
 The most upwardly mobile group

 Highest education

 Highest business ownership

 Highest household income

 7 House Seats

 2 Senators

1995 Adarand Vs. Pena

 Struck Down because not specific

 No post history of discrimination

  1977 Public Works Employment Act

 10% $ => Minority owned firms

Electoral College
 Decided by State

 538 total

 270 votes needed to win Presidency

Equal Protection Clause

 1868

 14th Amendment

 People born in U.S. or 3 nautical miles off the coast, become naturalized citizens after 5 year and
take test.