Makalah B Inggris 2010
Makalah B Inggris 2010
Makalah B Inggris 2010
Class 4C
NURSING ACADEMY
STIKES BINA SEHAT PPNI MOJOKERTO
2017/2018
Address Jabon Street Km 6 Mojokerto Telp/Fax. (0321)3902032
www.stikes.ppni.ac.id
PREFACE
We thanks God for Almighty God because of His mercy and grace, we as
the author of the paper entitled (English Journal Paper” which this paper as one
of the task of English Course so with the completion of this paper, we as the
authors do not forget to say thank you as much – to the many:
1. Allah SWT as given way ease and everything to us, so that we can finish
this paper smoothly.
2. Mr. Mustofa, as an English Lecturer
3. Friends, who participated in helping to finish this paper.
Finally we realized that this paper is far from perfect. So, the suggestions and
constructive criticism, we hope so much.
Mojokerto, 2017
8th Group’s
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LIST
Preface..............................................................................................................i
List....................................................................................................................ii
MAIN I : JOURNAL........................................................................................1
MAIN II : SUMMARY....................................................................................25
REFERENCES 36
2
MAIN I
JOURNAL
1.1 ENGLISH
1.1.1 Title
Contributing Factors in Increasing Health Care Associated Infection
(Hai’s) in Phlebitis Cases by Siwi Ikaristi Maria Theresia 1, Yulia
Wardani 2
1.1.2 Abstract
Backgrounds: One significant problem in hospital is Health Care
Associated Infection (HAI’s) and it gives many effects on patients
health status.
Purpose: This study was aimed to examine the incidence rate of
phlebitis, the procedures of IV insertion and the factors that
influence the phlebitis case in-patient department at the hospital.
Methods: The main method used in this study is descriptive
explorative. Started by giving training education for 15 nursing staff,
medical doctor and pharmacists. Then they were obseved in doing the
procedures of IV incertion, care and documentation by Using Visual
Infusion Phlebitis ( VIP) scale then followed by case studies to have
clear results in describing the contribution factors which influence the
phlebitis incidents.
Result: 35 subjects in the experimental group and 35 subjects in
the control group completed The result represents that 7 from 72
patients (9,7%) were suffer from phlebitis, 25 patients (34,7%) with
IV insertion were not monitored well, 5% nurses did not do the hand
washing, 78% did not use the skin perlak for preventing blood to the
bed linen. The mode of desinfection direction were 44% circular, 55 %
from distal to proximal part, and 11% did not do the desinfectant.
100% the nurses did not documentate the IV monitoring such as the
1
swelling, redness, the size of IV canule and any other skin symptoms of
phlebitis. Some medication, insertion side of IV canule on the
metacarpal area and flushing procedures were also determinant factor
that lead to phlebitis cases.
Conclusion: This study conclude that the treatment, care and
monitoring IV insertion is a significant and important procedures to
prevent phlebitis and automatically becomes an important aspect in
preventing Health Care Associated Infection (HAI’s) rate in hospital.
1.1.3 Background
Globally, the high prevalence of DM is a common problem. In
Indonesia, diagnosis of DM was reported to be 133 million adults. In
addition, it was estimated that 194 million adults would be diagnosed
with DM by 2030, with14.7 % in urban and 7.2 % in rural areas
(Indonesian Endocrinologist Society [PERKENI], 2011). The high
proportion of patients remains due to poor glycemic control (Karter et
al., 2005).
Health Care Associated Infection (HAI’s) is a wide problem and it’s
becomes a main issue in many hospitals because Health Care
Associated Infection will give many effects on patients health status.
Nosocomical infections, now a days called as Health Care
Associated Infection (HAI’s) can find easily around hospital such
as; Infection in primary area (blood stream infection), Phlebitis,
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Ventilator Associated Pnemonia (VAP),
Infection in operation / surgical area. Those venues for infection cases
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are becomes awareness area for many health care services in increasing
patient safety quality. Uslusoy and Mete ( 2008) said that phlebitis can
lead to many health problems such us pain, more financial burden
for diagnostic test, treatment, prolonged hospitalizaton, increasing
patient stress and increase burden for nursing staff. Clark (2010)
also emphasized that Health Care Associated Infection through
phlebitis will affect length of stay, cost and satisfaction of patients.
Phlebitis is one kind of Health Care Associated Infection. Most
phlebitis are happened on patients who use intravenous insertion. The
capability of nurses as health workers in practical, who insert
intravenous line, give drug therapy administration and monitoring
phlebitis incident every day become important part in order to
prevent phlebitis as Health Care Associated Infection and
automatically to fillup the principles of patient safety. Their
knowledge and skills about treatment, care and prevention of
phlebitis must be increased in order to take control for Health Care
Associated Infection.
One venue for infection nosocomial infection accidence is
intravenous insertion. The microorganisme can be spreaded out
through the hand of health services (mostly nurses), droplet or air
borne infection. Murniati (2011), added that it can be happened through
others patients contaminations, the medical instrumentals,
chemical and biological matters. Smeltzer (2013) was also very agree
that phlebitis is a kind of Health Care Associated Infection. Around two
million patients who are suffering from phlebitis at hospital every year.
The cost of this matter is almost $ 4,5 billion a year and lead to the
morbidity cases more than 19.000 cases a year.
A small private hospital in Yogyakarta (Type D), with 50 bed
capacities was a place that the preliminary study through an
observation was done by the researchers. There was no accurate
phlebitis data incident reported every year. Nursing manager used to
3
ask the nursing staff about how many phlebitis cases in the morning
shift; unfortunately her staff cannot answer the question exactly. The
chief nurse / manager assumes that phlebitis incident is about 40 % at
the hospital, because every day were found 2- 3 cases phlebitis among
patients who used intravenous lines. This condition made an interested
to advance nursing practical related to control infections.
Furthermore, in order to develop the assessment about knowledge
and skills of nurses at this hospital, the researchers indicated the
need to develop the assignment by interviewing nurses and doing
observation. The observation was done on how to do the Standarized
Operating Procedure (SOP) for inserting peripheral infusion and how to
monitor phlebitis every day and documentation by nurses. It was
believed that this procedures become a basic to reflect the nurse’s
knowledge and skills in preventing nosocomial infection.
After doing an observation during 5 days the hospital has not revised
/ up dated SOP for inserting intravenous. In the old SOP, it was
stated that everybody would use gloves only for a certain
circumstances such as in dealing with major surgical and invasive
procedures. It doen’t mentioned and behaved that IV insertion and
phlebitis care and treatement are also need to be aware with universal
precaution including hand washing and use of gloves.
Besides, other health care workers such as physicians and
pharmacists are important persons also who have main role in
phlebitis incident. Physicians have responsible in proper drug therapy
because drugs bring side effect to become chemical phlebitis. The
pharmacists have responsible to supply adequate equipments for
inserting intravenous lines such as gloves, intravenous cannula, and
fluids and drug therapy. In this case, the collaboration among nurses,
physicians and pharmacist to prevent phlebitis incident should be
done in order to improve quality of care to patients.
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The infection control standard that may prevent the Health Care
Associated Infection (HAI’s) through the phlebitis treatment, care
and prevention was not clearly done. Many patients from emergency
department who using IV insertion were not monitored and cared until
they were hospitalized in ward and some of them surprisingly did not
monitored until they were homed. This condition lead to stimuly
phlebitis and if it not cared can lead to Health Care Associated
Infection that causes mortality and morbidity rate. The invation of
microorganisme through IV insertion which lead to phlebitis cases
can be spreaded out through the hand of health care services;
mostly nurses, droplet or air borne infection, others patients
contamination, the medical instrumentals, chemical and biological
matter and any other vectors.
1.1.4 Objective
This study is aimed to: (1) Examine the incidence rate of phlebitis in
the hospital, (2) Observe the procedures of IV insertion from
emergency room until inpartient deparment, (3) Explore the factors
that influence the phlebitis case in-patient department at the hospital.
1.1.5 Methods
This study were quantitative – qualitative design,.....................were
started by pra experimental study through giving training education
for 15 participants. The target participants in reducing phlebitis at
this hospital was for nursing staff; although as pharmacist and
physician were important part in order to make coordination for
reducing phlebitis cases by supplying material for inserting IV and
giving drug therapy for patients.
The target audiences in this project were nursing staff and
pharmacists which include 15 participants in phlebitis training. The
nurses are from emergency room, maternity and pediatric room and
medical surgical room. Attending the training was a mandatory from
nursing manager. She has a desire that the participants will continue to
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be role models for other nurses in order to do the prevention of
phlebitis. The audiences were the representative for each room. They
were the chiefs of rooms and their staffs. They will have a power to
influence and support the other nurses. According to Monojlovich,
power is important to influence an individual or a group. But
without empowering there was nothing to act. Therefore, empowering
of participants to be the role models will be effective in order to take
control of infection especially to reduce phlebitis cases.The training
courses were contented by phlebitis treatment, care and prevention
than continued by training skill for two months in reading and
monitoring phlebitis scale. Those participants were the head and
staffs from emergency room, maternity room and pediatric room and
medical surgical room. Two farmacists and one medical doctor were
also participated in this study.
After this first phase, then 18 nurses were monitored in doing
the procedures of IV incertion, care and documentation. Then the last
phase was two case studies were done in examinating and evaluating
the behavior of nurses on how to treat, care and monitor phlebitis scale.
The reasearch were done in a private hospital, type D in
Yogyakarta with 50 bed capisities and 25 nurses. The first phase
was happened in the end of 2012 and then followed by
observation in year of 2013 and 2014. Then two case studies
were happened on April 2015.
The measurements on this study were Visual Infusion Phlebitis
(VIP) scale by INS ( Infusion Nurses Society, 2011). This composed 0
– 5 score valid and realible measure.
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Table 1. VISUAL INFUSION PHLEBITIS SCORE Recommended by Infusion
Nurses Society (2011)
Appearance Score Stages
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until inside the ward, 30 patients (41,7%) were observed but it done
only in a moment (unperiodically).
After this observation then the reseracher examined the procedures
during IV chateter insertion on 18 nurses as participants. The
observation were done for three months, between January until
March 2014. In term of preparation phase all the participants said that
the nurses explained the procedures to the patients very well. In case the
patients were child, the nurses explaiened to the parents or the
elder. 16 partisipants (88%) monitored the IV dressing, observed the
blood in the IV line, swelling and pain in the IV insertion area. 94 %
were intents with privacy when doing the procedures, positioning
the body inline with the bed, 95% nurses do the hand washing before
doing the procedures and 78% did not use the skin perlak for
preventing blood to the bed linen. The mode of desinfection direction
were 44% circuler, 55% from distal to proximal part, and 11% did
not do the desinfectant. In term of monitoring and documentation
100% the nurses did not documentate the IV monitoring such as the
swelling, redness, the size of IV canule and any other skin symptom of
phlebitis.
The last phase of the studi was done by doing indepth interview and
observation to eight nurses who care of two patients with Stroke
Hemorrhagic in medical surgical ward. These patients experienced
the phlebitis on second and third days. Some factors that stimuly
of the phlebitis symptoms were (1) Chemical agent such us
Manitol infusion and some medication (Tranexamide acid, Hystamine
H-2 antagonis receptors, Citidine diphospate-choline) that administered
to the patients can lead to the phlebitis symptoms, (2) The insertion side
of IV canule on the metacarpal area were area that phlebitis can occured
easily because this area has very sensitive and fragile venous, and
(3) The flushing procedures were also determinant factor that lead to
phlebitis cases.
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1.1.7 Discussion
The results indicated that 9,7% patients were suffering from
phlebitis which can contributed to the Health Care Associated
Infection (HAI’s) development at the hospital. The Infusion Nursing
Standards (INS) and Center for Disease control and Prevention (CDC)
recommended that Phlebitis rate should less than 5% for a hospital
(Powel, at al. 2008). Those 9,7% phlebitis accidences can be occured
because of the openess venue for infection nosocomial infection
accidence through the invasion of the microorganisme through the
hand of nurses, droplet or air borne infection. Murniati (2011), added
that it can be happened through others patients contaminations,
the medical instrumentals, chemical and biological matters. The
researcher also assumed that the standardize for inserting peripheral
infusion protocol to prevent phlebitis incident was not done well in
the ward. According to CDC (2011) wearing clean gloves is a
mandatory as aseptic technique. Besides, using transparent dressings
can reduce risk for thrombophlebitis. Furthermore, the use of
antibiotic ointment and cream is not recommended on inserting sites
because of their potential to promote fungal infection and antimicrobial
resistance. That recommendation was from CDC and it can be used as a
basic for guidance on operation standardized procedure. Although, the
phlebitis incidents can be caused also such as inadequate hand washing,
wrong way to insert vena catheter into vein and drugs and fluids.
Meanwhile, 4,7% patients were not observed for developing
phlebitis since the IV insertion were done in the emergency room until
inside the ward and 30 41,7% patients were observed but it done only
in a moment (unperiodically). This conditions leads to increase the
phlebitis incidences and it increased cost for treatment of the phlebitis.
The INS in 2011 recommended using Visual Infusion Phlebitis (VIP)
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scale by Jackson in 1998. The VIP scale which includes 0 – 5 score
is valid and reliable measure for determining when an intravenous
catheter should be removed (Higginson, 2011). Phlebitis scale
monitoring must be done in every shift of nurses for everyday.
According to CDC (2011) phlebitis can be reduced by replacing
cannula after 72-96 hours. Hence, documentation and monitoring are
necessary to know the date of insertion peripheral intravenous.
Furthermore, the proper for inserting IV cannula becomes important
part for reducing phlebitis incident. 4% nurses were intents with
privacy when doing the procedures, positioning the body inline with
the bed, 5% nurses did not use the gloves and do the hand washing
before and after doing the IV insertion procedures. This conditions can
be happened because of the toxix time and time pressure to handle
patients at emergency room. In another side the number of nurses at
emergency room were also minimal. In fact CDC (2011) already
recommended that if nurses have no time for water based hand
washing, it encourrages to use alcohol based-hand rub (ABHR) before
inserting vein catheter to perform hand hygiene and preventing health
care associated infections. This ideas was supported by Maywald
(2009) who said that ABHRs is effective for decontaminating hand
in health care setting by using about 60 – 90% of alcohol content.
Unfortunately, the data was significantly showed that 100% the nurses
did not documentate the IV monitoring such as the swelling, redness,
the size of IV canule and any other skin symptom of phlebitis.
According to Cheevakasemsook, et al. (2006) nursing documentation
has important function to ensure the continuity of care. There were
three complexities in nursing documentation including disruption,
incompleteness and inappropriate charting. Some factors that
influenced documentation were limited nurses’ competence,
motivation and confidence, ineffective nursing procedure and
inadequate nursing audit, supervision and staff development. He
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last results from the case study showed that the patients got phlebitis
on second and third days. Some factors of the phlebitis were all patients
got Mannitol infusion that has high osmolality and was the insertion of
intravenous lines on metacarpal area. Besides, nurses did not give
flushing with NaCl 0.9% after giving intravenous injections.
Phlebitis is a term of nosocomial infection. According to Higginson
(2011) phlebitis is caused by inflammation of vein at cannula access
site. It can be caused by mechanical, chemical and infectious cause.
Mechanical phlebitis related to the selection of the cannula to the
vein because it can make friction and inflammation if the size of
cannula does not match with the vein. Chemical phlebitis is caused by
drugs, fluid being infused through the cannula; pH and osmolarity
of drug and fluid are become factor of chemical. Besides, infective
phlebitis is caused by the introduction of bacteria into the vein. Some
factors are poor skin cleansing before cannula insertion, poor
practice during drug administration. Health Care Associated Infection
will affect length of stay, cost and satisfaction of patients (Clark,
2010). Hence, nurses have responsibility to reduce the infection
nosocomial. Reducing phlebitis cases is one of term for reducing Health
Care Associated Infection. By knowing some types and etiology
of phlebitis, nurses have major roles to prevent the phlebitis cases.
According to Gorski (2007) INS recommended for avoiding
peripheral vein irritation, drugs infusions should have PH no less than 5
and more than 9 and osmolarity should has no more than 600 mOsm/L.
PH and osmolarily can cause chemical phlebitis. The mannitol infusion
has 1098 600 mOsm/L, besides the insertion of intravenous lines at
metacarpal. As recommended by Cleary (2011) site selection shall be
initiate distal area of upper area, although for some cases to avoid
phlebitis case large are is the better such as cephalic or basilica vein.
Meanwhile, nurses did not give flushing with NaCl 0.9% after giving
intravenous injections can increase phlebitis incidence. Eghbali-
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Babadi, Ghadiriyan. & Hosseini (2015) recommended to use saline
lock to reduce incidence phlebitis.
Forming a team for infection control who has responsible to take
control Health Care Associated Infection would become important part
in order to encourage nursing staff to prevent phlebitis incident. It is
supported by Silva, et al. (2010) who described the importance of
IV team and standardizing the IV catheter brought significant gains for
patients, nursing professional and the institution to reduce the infection
cases, increasing comfort patients and increasing the safety of
practitioners. The team has responsibility to provide quality
management of care that is important to make decision and review
process. The protocol is very important as guide for nursing staff
work in inserting peripheral infusion.
1.1.8 Conclusion
Phlebitis incident is a serious problem at a hospital that it should be
handled because phlebitis brings effect in length of stay, financial and
satisfaction of patients. Nursing staffs have responsible to prevent and
reduce phlebitis incident. Knowledge and skill, behaviors and
awareness of nurses are basic for infection control especially for
reducing phlebitis incident and can aoutomatically decreasing Health
Care Associated Infection cases.
1.2 INDONESIAN
1.2.1 Judul
Faktor Berkontribusi dalam Peningkatan Perawatan Kesehatan Infeksi
(Hai's) pada Kasus Flebitis oleh Siwi Ikaristi Maria Theresia , Yulia
Wardani
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1.2.2 Abstrak
Latar Belakang: Salah satu masalah yang signifikan di rumah sakit
adalah Health Care Associated Infection (HAI's) dan memberi banyak
efek pada status kesehatan pasien.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kejadian
flebitis, prosedur penyisipan IV dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
kasus flebitis pada pasien rawat inap di rumah sakit.
Metode: Metode utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah
deskriptif eksploratif. Dimulai dengan memberikan pendidikan
pelatihan untuk 15 staf perawat, dokter dan apoteker. Kemudian mereka
terobsesi dalam melakukan prosedur inkertion, perawatan dan
dokumentasi IV dengan menggunakan skala Visual Infusion Phlebitis
(VIP) kemudian dilanjutkan dengan studi kasus untuk mendapatkan
hasil yang jelas dalam menjelaskan faktor kontribusi yang
mempengaruhi kejadian flebitis.
Hasil: 35 subyek pada kelompok eksperimen dan 35 subyek pada
kelompok kontrol selesai. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa 7 dari 72
pasien (9,7%) menderita flebitis, 25 pasien (34,7%) dengan insersi IV
tidak diobservasi dengan baik. , 5% perawat tidak mencuci tangan, 78%
tidak menggunakan perlak kulit karena mencegah darah ke sprei.
Modus desinfeksi arah 44% melingkar, 55% dari bagian distal ke
proksimal, dan 11% tidak melakukan desinfektan. 100% perawat tidak
mendokumentasikan pemantauan IV seperti pembengkakan,
kemerahan, ukuran kanula IV dan gejala flebitis pada kulit lainnya.
Beberapa pengobatan, sisi penyisipan kanula IV pada area metakarpal
dan prosedur pembilasan juga merupakan faktor penentu yang
menyebabkan kasus flebitis.
Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perawatan,
perawatan dan pemantauan penyisipan IV adalah prosedur penting dan
penting untuk mencegah flebitis dan secara otomatis menjadi aspek
penting dalam mencegah tingkat kesehatan (Associate Infection / HAI)
di rumah sakit.
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Kata kunci: flebitis, prosedur penyisipan IV, Infeksi Perawatan
Kesehatan (HAI's)
1,2 Akademi Perawat Panti Rapih, Yogyakarta, Jln Kaliurang Km 14
PO Box.40 PKM, Yogyakarta, 55584, Alamat Email:
siwi_theresia@yahoo.co.id
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Flebitis adalah salah satu jenis Health Care Associated Infection.
Kebanyakan flebitis terjadi pada pasien yang menggunakan penyisipan
intravena. Kemampuan perawat sebagai petugas kesehatan praktis, yang
memasukkan jalur intravena, memberi terapi obat dan memantau
kejadian flebitis setiap hari menjadi bagian penting untuk mencegah
flebitis sebagai Infeksi Kesehatan dan secara otomatis mengisi asas
keselamatan pasien. Pengetahuan dan keterampilan mereka tentang
perawatan, perawatan dan pencegahan flebitis harus ditingkatkan agar
dapat mengendalikan Infeksi Kesehatan.
Satu tempat untuk infeksi infeksi nosokomial adalah penyisipan
intravena. Mikroorganisme dapat disebarkan melalui tangan layanan
kesehatan (kebanyakan perawat), tetesan atau infeksi yang ditularkan
melalui udara. Murniati (2011), menambahkan bahwa hal itu bisa
terjadi melalui kontaminasi orang lain, instrumental medis, kimia dan
biologi. Smeltzer (2013) juga sangat setuju bahwa flebitis adalah
sejenis Health Care Associated Infection. Sekitar dua juta pasien yang
menderita flebitis di rumah sakit setiap tahun. Biaya untuk hal ini
hampir $ 4,5 miliar per tahun dan menyebabkan kasus morbiditas lebih
dari 19.000 kasus per tahun.
Sebuah rumah sakit swasta kecil di Yogyakarta (Tipe D), dengan
kapasitas 50 tempat tidur merupakan tempat studi pendahuluan melalui
pengamatan yang dilakukan oleh para peneliti. Tidak ada insiden data
flebitis yang akurat yang dilaporkan setiap tahun. Manajer keperawatan
biasa bertanya kepada staf perawat tentang berapa banyak kasus flebitis
pada shift pagi hari; Sayangnya stafnya tidak bisa menjawab pertanyaan
dengan tepat. Kepala perawat / manajer mengasumsikan bahwa
kejadian flebitis adalah sekitar 40% di rumah sakit, karena setiap hari
ditemukan 2 - 3 kasus flebitis di antara pasien yang menggunakan
saluran intravena. Kondisi ini membuat tertarik untuk memajukan
praktik keperawatan yang berkaitan dengan pengendalian infeksi.
Selanjutnya, untuk mengembangkan penilaian tentang pengetahuan dan
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keterampilan perawat di rumah sakit ini, para peneliti mengindikasikan
adanya kebutuhan untuk mengembangkan tugas dengan mewawancarai
perawat dan melakukan observasi. Pengamatan dilakukan tentang
bagaimana melakukan Prosedur Operasi Standarized (SOP) untuk
memasukkan infus perifer dan bagaimana memantau flebitis setiap hari
dan dokumentasi oleh perawat. Diyakini bahwa prosedur ini menjadi
dasar untuk mencerminkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan perawat
dalam mencegah infeksi nosokomial.
Setelah melakukan pengamatan selama 5 hari rumah sakit belum
melakukan revisi / up tanggal SOP untuk memasukkan intravena.
Dalam SOP lama, dinyatakan bahwa setiap orang hanya menggunakan
sarung tangan untuk keadaan tertentu seperti dalam menangani prosedur
bedah dan invasif. Ini tidak disebutkan dan berperilaku bahwa
perawatan dan penanganan penyisipan dan perawatan flebitis juga perlu
diwaspadai dengan kewaspadaan universal termasuk mencuci tangan
dan menggunakan sarung tangan.
Selain itu, petugas kesehatan lainnya seperti dokter dan apoteker
juga orang penting yang memiliki peran utama dalam kejadian flebitis.
Dokter bertanggung jawab dalam terapi obat yang tepat karena obat
membawa efek samping menjadi flebitis kimia. Apoteker bertanggung
jawab untuk memasok peralatan yang memadai untuk memasukkan
jalur intravena seperti sarung tangan, cannula intravena, dan cairan dan
terapi obat. Dalam hal ini, kolaborasi antara perawat, dokter dan
apoteker untuk mencegah kejadian flebitis harus dilakukan dalam
rangka meningkatkan kualitas asuhan kepada pasien.
Standar pengendalian infeksi yang dapat mencegah Infeksi
Perawatan Kesehatan (HAI's) melalui pengobatan, perawatan dan
pencegahan flebitis tidak dilakukan dengan jelas. Banyak pasien dari
departemen gawat darurat yang menggunakan penyisipan IV tidak
dipantau dan dirawat sampai mereka dirawat di bangsal di rumah dan
beberapa di antaranya secara mengejutkan tidak dipantau sampai
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mereka tinggal. Kondisi ini menyebabkan radang selaput radang dan
jika tidak dirawat dapat menyebabkan Infeksi Kesehatan Terkait yang
menyebabkan angka kematian dan morbiditas. Penyerahan
mikroorganisme melalui penyisipan IV yang menyebabkan kasus
flebitis dapat disebarkan melalui layanan perawatan kesehatan;
kebanyakan perawat, tetesan atau infeksi yang ditularkan melalui udara,
kontaminasi pasien lain, instrumental medis, bahan kimia dan biologis
dan vektor lainnya.
1.2.4 Objektif
1.2.5 Metode
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mereka. Mereka akan memiliki kekuatan untuk mempengaruhi dan
mendukung perawat lainnya. Menurut Monojlovich, kekuatan penting
untuk mempengaruhi individu atau kelompok. Tapi tanpa
memberdayakan tidak ada yang bisa dilakukan. Oleh karena itu,
pemberdayaan peserta menjadi panutan akan efektif dalam rangka
pengendalian infeksi terutama untuk mengurangi kasus flebitis. Kursus
pelatihan ini dikemas dengan perawatan, perawatan dan pencegahan
flebitis daripada dilanjutkan dengan keterampilan melatih selama dua
bulan dalam membaca dan memantau. skala flebitis Peserta tersebut
adalah kepala dan staf dari ruang gawat darurat, ruang bersalin dan
ruang anak-anak dan ruang bedah medis. Dua ahli farmakologi dan satu
dokter medis juga berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini.
Setelah fase pertama ini, kemudian 18 perawat dipantau dalam
melakukan prosedur inkertion, perawatan dan dokumentasi IV.
Kemudian tahap terakhir adalah dua studi kasus yang dilakukan dalam
memeriksa dan mengevaluasi perilaku perawat tentang cara merawat,
merawat dan memantau skala flebitis.
Penelitian dilakukan di rumah sakit swasta, tipe D di Yogyakarta
dengan 50 tempat tidur dan 25 perawat. Tahap pertama terjadi pada
akhir tahun 2012 lalu dilanjutkan dengan observasi pada tahun 2013
dan 2014. Kemudian dua studi kasus tersebut terjadi pada bulan April
2015.
Pengukuran pada penelitian ini adalah skor Visual Infusion Phlebitis
(VIP) oleh INS (Infusion Nurses Society, 2011). Ini terdiri 0 - 5 skor
yang valid dan dapat diandalkan.
Metode statistik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah statistik
unvariate, distribusi frekuensi untuk menggambarkan tingkat kejadian
flebitis. Kemudian analisis isi juga digunakan untuk mengolah tanggal
kualitatif dalam studi kasus. Metode statistik yang digunakan dalam
penelitian ini adalah statistik unvariate, distribusi frekuensi untuk
18
menggambarkan tingkat kejadian flebitis. Kemudian analisis isi juga
digunakan untuk memproses tanggal kualitatif dalam studi kasus.
1.2.6 Hasil
19
pasien Stroke Hemorrhagic di bangsal bedah medis. Pasien ini
mengalami flebitis pada hari kedua dan ketiga. Beberapa faktor yang
merangsang gejala flebitis adalah (1) Agen kimia seperti infus Manitol
dan beberapa obat (asam Tranexamide, reseptor antagonis Histamin H-
2, Citidine diphospate-choline) yang diberikan kepada pasien dapat
menyebabkan gejala flebitis, 2) Sisi penyisipan kanula IV di daerah
metakarpal adalah daerah yang flebitis dapat terjadi dengan mudah
karena area ini memiliki vena yang sangat sensitif dan rapuh, dan (3)
Prosedur pembilasan juga merupakan faktor penentu yang
menyebabkan kasus flebitis.
1.2.7 Diskusi
20
itu dari CDC dan bisa dijadikan pedoman dasar dalam prosedur operasi
standar. Meski, insiden flebitis bisa terjadi juga karena mencuci tangan
yang tidak adekuat, cara yang salah untuk memasukkan kateter vena ke
pembuluh darah dan obat-obatan dan cairan.
Sementara itu, 4,7% pasien tidak diamati untuk mengembangkan
flebitis karena penyisipan IV dilakukan di ruang gawat darurat sampai
di dalam bangsal dan 30 41,7% pasien diamati tetapi dilakukan hanya
dalam sebentar (tidak berpengalaman). Kondisi ini menyebabkan
peningkatan kejadian flebitis dan meningkatkan biaya pengobatan
flebitis. INS pada tahun 2011 merekomendasikan penggunaan skala
Infiltasi Visual Infusion (VIP) oleh Jackson pada tahun 1998. Skala VIP
yang mencakup skor 0-5 adalah pengukuran yang valid dan dapat
diandalkan untuk menentukan kapan kateter intravena harus dilepas
(Higginson, 2011). Pemantauan skala pirofilitis harus dilakukan pada
setiap shift perawat setiap hari. Menurut CDC (2011) flebitis dapat
dikurangi dengan mengganti kanula setelah 72-96 jam. Oleh karena itu,
dokumentasi dan pemantauan diperlukan untuk mengetahui tanggal
penyisipan periferal intravena.
Selanjutnya, pemasangan IV menjadi bagian penting untuk
mengurangi kejadian flebitis. Perawat 4% bermaksud dengan privasi
saat melakukan prosedur, memposisikan tubuh sejajar dengan tempat
tidur, 5% perawat tidak menggunakan sarung tangan dan mencuci
tangan sebelum dan sesudah melakukan prosedur penyisipan IV.
Kondisi ini bisa terjadi karena tekanan waktu dan waktu toxix untuk
menangani pasien di ruang gawat darurat. Di sisi lain jumlah perawat di
ruang gawat darurat juga minim. Sebenarnya CDC (2011) sudah
merekomendasikan bahwa jika perawat tidak memiliki waktu untuk
mencuci tangan berbasis air, ini mendorong penggunaan alkohol
berbasis tangan (ABHR) sebelum memasukkan kateter vena untuk
melakukan kebersihan tangan dan mencegah infeksi terkait perawatan
kesehatan. Gagasan ini didukung oleh Maywald (2009) yang
21
mengatakan bahwa ABHRs efektif untuk melakukan dekontaminasi di
perawatan kesehatan dengan menggunakan sekitar 60 - 90% kandungan
alkohol. Sayangnya, data tersebut secara signifikan menunjukkan
bahwa 100% perawat tidak mendokumentasikan pemantauan IV seperti
pembengkakan, kemerahan, ukuran kanula IV dan gejala flebitis kulit
lainnya. Menurut Cheevakasemsook, dkk. (2006) dokumentasi
keperawatan memiliki fungsi penting untuk menjamin kelangsungan
perawatan. Ada tiga kompleksitas dalam dokumentasi keperawatan
termasuk gangguan, ketidaklengkapan dan catatan yang tidak tepat.
Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi dokumentasi adalah terbatasnya
kompetensi, motivasi dan kepercayaan perawat, prosedur keperawatan
yang tidak efektif dan audit keperawatan, supervisi dan pengembangan
staf yang tidak memadai. Hasil terakhir dari studi kasus menunjukkan
bahwa pasien mengalami flebitis pada hari kedua dan ketiga. Beberapa
faktor flebitis adalah semua pasien mendapat infus Mannitol yang
memiliki osmolalitas tinggi dan merupakan penyisipan garis intravena
pada area metakarpal. Selain itu, perawat tidak memberikan pembilasan
dengan NaCl 0,9% setelah memberikan suntikan intravena.
Selain itu, perawat tidak memberikan pembilasan dengan NaCl 0,9%
setelah memberikan suntikan intravena.
Flebitis adalah istilah infeksi nosokomial. Menurut Higginson (2011)
flebitis disebabkan oleh pembengkakan pembuluh darah pada lokasi
akses cannula. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh penyebab mekanis,
kimiawi dan infeksius. Flebitis mekanis berhubungan dengan pemilihan
cannula ke vena karena bisa membuat gesekan dan pembengkakan jika
ukuran kanula tidak sesuai dengan vena. Flebitis kimia disebabkan oleh
obat-obatan, cairan yang diinfuskan melalui kanula; pH dan osmolaritas
obat dan cairan menjadi faktor kimia. Selain itu, flebitis infektif
disebabkan oleh pengenalan bakteri ke pembuluh darah. Beberapa
faktor adalah pembersihan kulit yang buruk sebelum penyisipan
cannula, praktik yang buruk selama pemberian obat. Infeksi Kesehatan
22
Terkait akan mempengaruhi lama tinggal, biaya dan kepuasan pasien
(Clark, 2010). Makanya, perawat memiliki tanggung jawab untuk
mengurangi infeksi nosokomial. Mengurangi kasus flebitis adalah salah
satu istilah untuk mengurangi Infeksi Kesehatan Terkait. Dengan
mengetahui beberapa jenis dan etiologi flebitis, perawat memiliki peran
penting untuk mencegah kasus flebitis.
Menurut Gorski (2007) INS merekomendasikan untuk menghindari
iritasi pada perifer, infus obat harus memiliki PH tidak kurang dari 5
dan lebih dari 9 dan osmolaritas seharusnya tidak lebih dari 600
mOsm /L. PH dan osmolarily dapat menyebabkan flebitis kimia. Infus
mannitol memiliki 1098 600 mOsm / L, disamping penyisipan saluran
intravena pada metakarpal. Seperti yang direkomendasikan oleh Cleary
(2011) pemilihan lokasi harus dilakukan daerah distal bagian atas,
walaupun untuk beberapa kasus untuk menghindari kasus flebitis besar
adalah lebih baik seperti vena sefalika atau basilika. Sementara itu,
perawat tidak memberikan pembilasan dengan NaCl 0,9% setelah
pemberian suntikan intravena dapat meningkatkan kejadian flebitis.
Eghbali-Babadi, Ghadiriyan. & Hosseini (2015) dianjurkan untuk
menggunakan kunci garam untuk mengurangi flebitis kejadian.
Membentuk tim untuk pengendalian infeksi yang bertanggung jawab
untuk mengambil kendali Health Care Associated Infection akan
menjadi bagian penting dalam rangka mendorong petugas keperawatan
untuk mencegah kejadian flebitis. Hal ini didukung oleh Silva, dkk.
(2010) yang menggambarkan pentingnya tim IV dan standarisasi kateter
IV membawa keuntungan yang signifikan bagi pasien, profesional
keperawatan dan institusi untuk mengurangi kasus infeksi,
meningkatkan kenyamanan pasien dan meningkatkan keselamatan
praktisi. Tim memiliki tanggung jawab untuk memberikan manajemen
mutu perawatan yang penting untuk membuat keputusan dan proses
peninjauan. Protokol ini sangat penting sebagai panduan bagi staf
perawat dalam memasukkan infus perifer.
23
1.2.8 Kesimpulan
24
MAIN II
SUMMARY
2.1 ENGLISH
The first stage of the study of the incidence of phlebitis, it was found that
7 of 72 patients (9.7%) suffered from phlebitis due to not being observed in
IV insertion were performed in the emergency room to the wards of 25
patients 34.7%, and 30 patients (41 , 7%) was observed but performed only
briefly.
In terms of monitoring and documentation 100% of the nurses did not
document IV monitoring such as swelling, redness, IV cannula size and
other skin phlebitis symptoms.
After this observation, the researcher examined the IV installation
procedure on 18 nurses as a participant. Observations were made for three
months, between January and March 2014. In terms of preparation stage all
the participants said that the nurse explained the procedure to the patient
very well.
The last phase of the study was conducted by interviewing 8 nurses.
Some of the factors that stimulate the symptoms of phlebitis are (1)
Chemical agents such as infusion of Mannitol and some drugs (Tranexamide
acid, Histamine H-2 receptor, Citidine diphospate-choline) given to patients
can cause phlebitis symptoms, 2) Inserting side of the cannula IV in the
metacarpal region is an area where phlebitis can occur easily because this
area has a very sensitive and fragile vein, and (3) rinsing procedure is also a
determining factor that causes cases of phlebitis.
The incidence of phlebitis can also occur, due to inadequate hand
washing, the wrong way to insert venous catheters into blood vessels and
drugs and fluids.
According to CDC (2011) phlebitis can be reduced by replacing the
cannula after 72-96 hours. Therefore, documentation and monitoring is
necessary to determine the intravenous peripheral insertion date.
25
While in documenting nursing there are three complexity that is
including disturbance, incompleteness and not accurate record. Some of the
factors that affect documentation are the limited competence, motivation
and trust of nurses, ineffective nursing procedures and nursing audits,
inadequate supervision and staff development
So in this study, it can be concluded that care, care and monitoring of IV
insertion is an important and important procedure to prevent phlebitis and
automatically become an important aspect in preventing the hospital's (HAI)
level of hospitalization.
2.2 INDONESIAN
Tahap pertama dari hasil penelitian kejadian flebitis, ditemukan bahwa 7
dari 72 pasien (9,7%) menderita flebitis dikarenakan tidak diamati dalam
penyisipan IV dilakukan di ruang gawat darurat sampai di dalam bangsal
sebanyak 25 pasien 34,7%, dan 30 pasien (41,7%) diamati tetapi dilakukan
hanya dalam sebentar.
Dalam hal pemantauan dan dokumentasi 100% perawat tidak
mendokumentasikan pemantauan IV seperti pembengkakan, kemerahan,
ukuran kanula IV dan gejala flebitis kulit lainnya.
Setelah pengamatan ini, peneliti memeriksa prosedur pemasangan IV
pada 18 perawat sebagai peserta. Pengamatan dilakukan selama tiga bulan,
antara Januari sampai Maret 2014. Dalam hal tahap persiapan semua peserta
mengatakan bahwa perawat menjelaskan prosedur kepada pasien dengan
sangat baik.
Tahap terakhir studi dilakukan dengan melakukan wawancara terhadap 8
perawat. Beberapa faktor yang merangsang gejala flebitis adalah (1) Agen
kimia seperti infus Manitol dan beberapa obat (asam Tranexamide, reseptor
antagonis Histamin H-2, Citidine diphospate-choline) yang diberikan
kepada pasien dapat menyebabkan gejala flebitis, 2) Sisi penyisipan kanula
IV di daerah metakarpal adalah daerah yang flebitis dapat terjadi dengan
mudah karena area ini memiliki vena yang sangat sensitif dan rapuh, dan (3)
Prosedur pembilasan juga merupakan faktor penentu yang menyebabkan
kasus flebitis.
26
Insiden flebitis juga bisa terjadi, karena mencuci tangan yang tidak
adekuat, cara yang salah untuk memasukkan kateter vena ke pembuluh
darah dan obat-obatan dan cairan.
Menurut CDC (2011) flebitis dapat dikurangi dengan mengganti kanula
setelah 72-96 jam. Oleh karena itu, dokumentasi dan pemantauan diperlukan
untuk mengetahui tanggal penyisipan periferal intravena.
Sedangkan dalam pendokumentasian keperawatan terdapat tiga
kompleksitas yaitu termasuk gangguan, ketidaklengkapan dan catatan yang
tidak tepat. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi dokumentasi adalah
terbatasnya kompetensi, motivasi dan kepercayaan perawat, prosedur
keperawatan yang tidak efektif dan audit keperawatan, supervisi dan
pengembangan staf yang tidak memadai
Sehingga dalam penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perawatan,
perawatan dan pemantauan penyisipan IV adalah prosedur penting dan
penting untuk mencegah flebitis dan secara otomatis menjadi aspek penting
dalam mencegah tingkat kesehatan (Associate Infection / HAI) di rumah
sakit.
27
MAIN III
DIFFICULT WORD
1. Aimed 1. Ditujukan
2. Phlebitis 2. Flebitis
3. Insertion 3. Penyisipan
4. Influence 4. Influenza
5. Obseved 5. Pengamatan
6. Represents 6. Mewakili
7. IV canule 7. Intra vena kanul
8. Flushing 8. Menyiram
9. Globally 9. Mendunia
10. Prevalence 10. Prevalensi
11. Remains 11. Tetap
12. Proportion 12. Proporsi
13. Awareness 13. Kesadaran
14. Venues 14. Tempat
15. Nowadays 15. Saat ini
16. Burden 16. Beban
17. Prolonged hospitalizaton 17. Perawatan yang berkepanjangan
18. Emphasized 18. Ditekankan
19. Satisfaction 19. Kepuasan
20. Capability 20. Kemampuan
21. Droplet 21. Tetesan
22. Air borne infection 22. Infeksi yang ditularkan melalui
udara
23. Preliminary 23. Pendahuluan
24. Exactly 24. Tepatnya
25. Chief nurse 25. Kepala perawat
26. Among 26. Diantara
27. Furthermore 27. Selanjutnya
28. Inserting 28. Memasukkan
29. Peripheral 29. Peripheral
30. Reflect 30. Renungkan
31. Knowledge 31. Pengetahuan
32. Preventing 32. Pencegahan
33. Revised 33. Revisi
34. Intravenous 34. Intravena
35. Nosocomial 35. Infeksi silang
36. Gloves 36. Sarung tangan
37. Certain 37. Tertentu
28
38. Circumstances 38. Keadaan
39. Surgical 39. Pembedahan
40. Invasive 40. Invasif
41. Insertion 41. Penyisipan
42. Precaution 42. Perhatian
43. Physicians 43. Dokter
44. Pharmacists 44. Farmasi
45. Important 45. Penting
46. Proper 46. Tepat
47. Drug 47. Obat
48. Supply 48. Menyediakan
49. Adequate 49. Adekuat
50. Equipments 50. Perlengkapan
51. Cannula 51. Cannula
52. Among 52. Di antara
53. Prevent 53. Cegah
54. Clearly 54. Jelas
55. Surprisingly 55. Anehnya
56. Dmortality 56. Kematian
57. Morbidity 57. Morbiditas
58. Invation 58. Invasi
59. Microorganisme 59. Mikroorganisme
60. Spreaded 60. Disebarkan
61. Mostly 61. Sebagian besar
62. Borne 62. Borne
63. Instrumentals 63. Instruksional
64. Chemical 64. Kimia
65. Biological 65. Biologis
66. Matter 66. Materi
67. Vectors 67. Vektor
68. Incidence 68. Insiden
69. Inpartient 69. Rawat inap
70. Quantitative 70. Kuantitatif
71. Qualitative 71. Kualitatif
72. Experimental 72. Percobaan
73. Reducing 73. Mengurangi
74. Audiences 74. Audiens
75. Maternity 75. Bersalin
76. Pediatric room 76. Ruang anak
77. Medical surgical room 77. Ruang pembedahan
78. Attending 78. Menghadiri
79. Mandatory 79. Wajib
80. Desire 80. Keinginan
81. Representative 81. Perwakilan
29
82. Empowering 82. Memberdayakan
83. Especially 83. Terutama
84. Courses 84. Kursus
85. Contented 85. Berisi
86. Examinating 86. Pemeriksaan
87. Evaluating 87. Mengevaluasi
88. Measurements 88. Pengukuran
89. Appears 89. Muncul
90. Redness 90. Kemerahan
91. Erythema 91. Eritema
92. Swelling 92. Bengkak
93. Resite 93. Resite
94. Induration 94. Indurasi
95. Evident 95. Terbukti
96. Extensive 96. Ekstensif
97. Thrombophlebitis 97. Tromboflebitis
98. Including 98. Termasuk
99. Disruption 99. Terganggunya
100. Complexities 100. Kompleksitas
101. Inappropriate 101. Tidak pantas
102. Competence 102. Kompetensi
103. Ineffective 103. Tidak efektif
104. Inadequate 104. Tidak memadai
105. Development 105. Membangun
106. Case 106. Kasus
107. Insertion 107. Penyisipan
108. Intravenous lines 108. Garis intravena
109. Besides 109. Selain itu
110. Flushing 110. Disiram
111. According to 111. Menurut
112. Caused 112. Menyebabkan
113. Inflammation 113. Inflamasi
114. Access 114. Akses
115. Related to 115. Terkait dengan
116. Selection 116. Seleksi
117. Friction 117. Gesekan
118. Through 118. Melalui
119. Become 119. Jadilah
120. Caused 120. Disebabkan
121. Introduction 121. Pembukaan
122. Poor 122. Miskin
123. Insertion 123. Penyisipan
124. During 124. Selama
125. Affect 125. Mempengaruhi
30
126. Length 126. Panjang
127. Stay 127. Menetap
128. Cost 128. Harga
129. Satisfaction 129. Kepuasan
130. Responsibility 130. Tanggapan
131. Reduce 131. Mengurangi
132. Knowing 132. Mengetahui
133. Roles 133. Peran
134. To prevent 134. Untuk mencegah
135. According to 135. Menurut
136. Avoiding 136. Menghindari
137. Peripheral 137. Perangkat
138. As recommended by 138. Seperti yang direkomendasikan
oleh
139. Be initiate 139. Akan memulai
140. Although 140. Meskipun
141. To avoid 141. Untuk menghindari
142. Meanwhile 142. Sementara itu
143. Increase 143. Meningkat
144. Forming 144. Pembentukan
145. Responsible 145. Bertanggung jawab
146. To encourage 146. Untuk mendorong
147. Prevent 147. Mencegah
148. Importance 148. Pentingnya
149. Standardizing 149. Standarisasi
150. Brought 150. Dibawa
151. Significant 151. Signifikan
152. Gains 152. Keuntungan
153. Institution 153. Institus
154. Comfort 154. Nyaman
155. Safety 155. Keamanan
156. Practitioners 156. Praktisi
157. To provide 157. Untuk menyediakan
158. Decision 158. Keputusan
159. Protocol 159. Protokol
160. Be handled 160. Ditangani
161. Awareness 161. Kesadaran
162. Behaviors 162. Perilaku
163. Especially 163. Terutama
164. Statistical 164. Statistik
165. Unvariate 165. Tidak beraneka ragam
166. Represent 166. Mewakili
167. Unperiodlically 167. Tidak praktis
168. Examined 168. Diperiksa
31
169. Explained 169. Menjelaskan
170. Swelling 170. Bengkak
171. Preventing 171. Mencegah
172. Direction 172. Arah
173. Proximal 173. Proksimal
174. Redness 174. Kemerahan
175. Symptomps 175. Symptomps
176. Phase 176. Fase
177. Indepth 177. Indepth
178. Occured 178. Terjadi
179. Fragile 179. Rapuh
180. Venous 180. Venous
181. Flushing 181. Siram
182. Determinant 182. Determinan
183. Lead 183. Memimpin
184. Suffering 184. Menderita
185. Development 185. Pembangunan
186. Accidences 186. Kecelakaan
187. Assumed 187 diasumsikan
188. Peripheral 188. Perangkat
189. Furthermore 189. Selanjutnya
190. Ointment 190. Salep
191. Inadequate 191. Tidak memadai
192. Guaidance 192. Panduan
193. Menawhile 193. Sementara itu
194. Peripheral 194. Perangkat
195. Important 195. Penting
196. Positioning 196. Posisi
197. Inline 197. Inline
198. Gloves 198. Sarung tangan
199. Toxic 199. Beracun
200. Encourages 200. Mendorong
201. Preventing 201. Mencegah
202. Associate 202. Rekan
203. Unfornutalelly 203. Tanpa disengaja
32
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