The document discusses fault tree analysis as a technique for reliability and risk assessment of electric systems. It provides examples of constructing fault trees for a fire detection system in a substation and a power system where a circuit breaker fails to isolate a faulty section. Key points include:
1. Fault tree analysis involves starting with a specified failure event and constructing a tree that identifies the combinations of failures that could lead to that event.
2. Construction involves defining the problem, building the tree, identifying critical combinations of failures, and qualitative and quantitative analysis.
3. Symbols are used to represent different component failures, logical connections, and intermediate events.
4. An example fault tree is provided for a fire detection system
The document discusses fault tree analysis as a technique for reliability and risk assessment of electric systems. It provides examples of constructing fault trees for a fire detection system in a substation and a power system where a circuit breaker fails to isolate a faulty section. Key points include:
1. Fault tree analysis involves starting with a specified failure event and constructing a tree that identifies the combinations of failures that could lead to that event.
2. Construction involves defining the problem, building the tree, identifying critical combinations of failures, and qualitative and quantitative analysis.
3. Symbols are used to represent different component failures, logical connections, and intermediate events.
4. An example fault tree is provided for a fire detection system
The document discusses fault tree analysis as a technique for reliability and risk assessment of electric systems. It provides examples of constructing fault trees for a fire detection system in a substation and a power system where a circuit breaker fails to isolate a faulty section. Key points include:
1. Fault tree analysis involves starting with a specified failure event and constructing a tree that identifies the combinations of failures that could lead to that event.
2. Construction involves defining the problem, building the tree, identifying critical combinations of failures, and qualitative and quantitative analysis.
3. Symbols are used to represent different component failures, logical connections, and intermediate events.
4. An example fault tree is provided for a fire detection system
The document discusses fault tree analysis as a technique for reliability and risk assessment of electric systems. It provides examples of constructing fault trees for a fire detection system in a substation and a power system where a circuit breaker fails to isolate a faulty section. Key points include:
1. Fault tree analysis involves starting with a specified failure event and constructing a tree that identifies the combinations of failures that could lead to that event.
2. Construction involves defining the problem, building the tree, identifying critical combinations of failures, and qualitative and quantitative analysis.
3. Symbols are used to represent different component failures, logical connections, and intermediate events.
4. An example fault tree is provided for a fire detection system
Course Coordinator Dr. Makarand Sudhakar Ballal Fault Tree Analysis 1. The fault tree technique was introduced in 1962 at Bell Telephone Laboratories 2. Boeing Company improved it by computer programs 3. Today it is one of the most commonly used techniques for risk and reliability studies. A fault tree analysis may be qualitative, quantitative, or both, depending on the objectives of the analysis. Possible results from the analysis may be
1 A listing of the possible combinations of environmental
factors, human errors, normal events, and component failures that may result in a critical event in the system.
2 The probability that the critical event will occur during
a specified time interval. Fault Tree Construction Fault tree analysis is a deductive technique where we start with a specified system failure or an accident. The system failure, or accident, is called the TOP event of the fault tree. A fault tree analysis is normally carried out in five steps: 1. Definition of the problem and the boundary conditions. 2 . Construction of the fault tree. 3. Identification of minimal cut and/or path sets. 4. Qualitative analysis of the fault tree. 5. Quantitative analysis of the fault tree. Fault Tree Symbols Fault Tree Symbols Fault Tree Symbols Rules for Fault Tree Construction
1. Describe the fault events. Each of the basic events
should be carefully described (what, where, when) in a “comment rectangle.” 2 . Evaluate the fault events. The fault events may be different types, like Technical failures, human errors, or environmental stresses. Each event should be carefully evaluated. Technical failures may be divided in three groups: primary failures due to natural aging, secondary failures due to excessive stresses and command faults due to improper control signal. Relationship between some simple reliability block diagrams and fault trees Relationship between some simple reliability block diagrams and fault trees Relationship between some simple reliability block diagrams and fault trees Example: Fire Detector System is used in substation. The fire detector system shown in figure is divided into two parts, heat detection and smoke detection. In addition, there is an alarm button that can be operated manually.
1.heat detection. 2.smoke detection. 3. there is an alarm button that can be operated manually. Fire Detector System is used in substation.
VU : Voting Unit MS : Manual Switch OP : Operator PS : Pressure Switch SR : Start Relay FP : Fuse Plug Heat Detection In the production room there is a closed, pneumatic pipe circuit with four identical fuse plugs, FP1, FP2, FP3, and FP4. These plugs let air out of the circuit if they are exposed to temperatures higher than 72°C. The pneumatic system has a pressure of 3 bars and is connected to a pressure switch (pressostat) PS. If one or more of the plugs are activated, the switch will be activated and give an electrical signal to the start relay for the alarm and shutdown system. In order to have an electrical signal, the direct current (DC) source must be intact. Smoke Detection The smoke detection system consists of three optical smoke detectors, SDl, SD2, and SD3; all are independent and have their own batteries. These detectors are very sensitive and can give warning of fire at an early stage. In order to avoid false alarms, the three smoke detectors are connected via a logical 2-out-of-3 voting unit, VU. This means that at least two detectors must give fire signal before the fire alarm is activated. If at least two of the three detectors are activated, the 2-out-of-3 voting unit will give an electric signal to the start relay, SR, for the alarm and shutdown system. Again the DC voltage source must be intact to obtain an electrical signal. Manual Activation Together with the pneumatic pipe circuit with the four fuse plugs, there is also a manual switch, MS, that can be turned to relieve the pressure in the pipe circuit. If the operator, OP, who should be continually present, notices a fire, he can activate this switch. When the switch is activated, the pressure in the pipe circuit is relieved and the pressure switch, PS, is activated and gives an electric signal to the start relay, SR. Again the DC source must be intact. The Start Relay When the start relay, SR, receives an electrical signal from the detection systems, it is activated and gives a signal to 1 Shut down the process.
2 Activate the alarm and the fire extinguishers.
Assume now that a fire starts. The fire detector system should detect and give warning about the fire. Let the TOP event be: “No signals from the start relay SR The Fault Tree
A The Fault Tree
B C D The Fault Tree
E The Fault Tree
D The Fault Tree
T A possible fault tree for this TOP event is presented in Fig Remark: Observe that a fault tree does not show the causes of all failures or accidents in a system. It only illustrates the causes of a specified failure or accident, the TOP event. The fault tree will usually also be dependent on the analyst. Two different analysts will, in most cases, construct slightly different fault trees. Example: In a power system shown in Fig below, the circuit breaker fails to isolate the faulty section. Assume the probable conditions and construct the Fault Tree for this power system. Also develop program in P-Sim.
Distance Relays Backup Relays Differential Relays supervisory Relays The probable conditions are: 1. Master Trip Relay 86 fails to trip 2. Primary Protection Fails 3. Backup Protection Fails 4. Remote Switch Fails 5. Local Switch Fails 6. No DC supply available 7. Trip coil defective 8. Mechanical switch fail 9. CT circuit problem 10. PT circuit Problem
This is Assignment 1 Date of Submission 8 March 2018 Thursday Assignment 2 is based on various diagnostic tools for predictive maintenance 1. Tan delta 2. BDV and PPM 3. SFRA 4. PI 5. Earth Resistance 6. Leakage Currents 7. CB Timings 8. DC Resistance 9. Specific Gravity battery cell 10. General Maintenance Date of Submission 8 March 2018 Thursday
