COMPACT MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR

WLAN APPLICATION

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

S.ABIRAMI 952013106005

S.BAVITHRA 952013106011

S.KEERTHIKA 952013106021

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

P.S.R.RENGASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN,

SIVAKASI-626 140

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2017

15
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “COMPACT DUAL BAND

MICROSTIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION” is
the bonafidework of “S.ABIRAMI(952013106005), S.BAVITHRA(952013106011),
S.KEERTHIKA(952013106021)”who carried out the research under my supervision.
Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not
form part of and other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or
award was conformed on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. P. SureshPandiarajanM.E.,Ph.D., Ms. P.RengalakshmiM.E.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Associate Professor, Assistant Professor,
Electronics & Communication Electronics & Communication
Engineering Engineering
P.S.R. Rengasamy College of P.S.R. Rengasamy College of
Engineering for women, Engineering for women,
Sivakasi-626 140 Sivakasi-626 140

Submitted for project viva-voce to be held on____________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

16
 ABSTRACT

A compact Dual-Band patch antenna is proposed for Wireless Local Area

Network application such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi which covering 2.4GHz and

5.2GHz. The proposed antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with a relative

permittivity and tangent loss are 4.4 and 0.02 respectively and probe feed

technique is used for network feeding. Due to etching of U-slot in the ground

layer, the dual band property is obtained. Here the compact antenna is achieved

by combination of shorting pin and Defected Ground Structure (DGS).The

radiation properties such as return loss, radiation pattern, Bandwidth and gain of

proposed antenna are evaluated by using High Frequency Structural Simulator

(HFSS) software.

17
 ACKNOWLDEGEMENT

First of all I thank Lord Almighty for his grace and countless blessings in
making this work a great success.

I am very grateful to my beloved parents and friends who afforded the

necessary help for me at the right time for making my project a grand success.

I sincerely thank Mr.R.Solaisamy, our respected Correspondent,

Mrs.S.Vigneshwari ArunkumarB.Tech., our honorable director and
Dr.K.Ramasamy M.E., Ph.D., our respected Principal for providing ample
facilities and necessary infrastructure made available during the course of
the project.

I wish to express my thanks and sincere gratitude to our associative

professor and head of the department, Dr.P.SureshPandiarajan M.E.,Ph.D.,
for his valuable advice and guidance to complete this work successfully and
also for his enthusiastic encouragement.

With deep sense of gratitude, I would like to thank our project coordinator
Mrs.B.DhanamM.E., for her encouragement and help throughout this project.

I am most grateful to my internal guide, Ms. P.RengalakshmiM.E., who

guided me and encouraged me by giving constructive criticisms during the
entire work. Her vision and wisdom helped me to realize the importance of this
work. She let me develop my potential at my own pace, and shepherded me in
her special way.

Also I thank all the teaching and non-teaching faculties of all department of
P. S. R. Rengasamy College of Engineering for Women for their every support.

18
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO NO
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
1 INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 OVERVIEW 5
1.2 WLAN 5
1.3 APPLICATION OF WLAN 6
1.3.1 Bluetooth 6
1.3.2 Wi-Fi 6
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 7
3 PATCH ANTENNA 15
3.1 INTRODUCTION 15
3.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 17
3.3 FEEDING TECHNIQUES 18
3.3.1 Micro strip Line Feed 18
3.3.2 Coaxial Feed 19
3.3.3 Aperture Coupled Feed 20
3.3.4 Proximity Coupled Feed 21
3.4 EXISTING SYSTEM 22
3.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM 23

4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 24

4.1 HIGH FREQUENCY STRUCTURAL

24
S SIMULATOR

19
 4.2 HFSS CORE TECHNOLOGY 25
4.2.1 Advanced Material Types 25
4.2.2 Higher Boundary Conditions 26
4.2.3 HFSS Interface 26
4.3 HFSS APPLICATIONS 27
4.3.1 Microwave and Radio Frequency
27
A Applications
4.3.2 Antenna Systems 28
4.3.3 High Speed Digital/Single Integrity
28
A Applications
5 PROPOSED WORK 29
5.1 PROPOSED ANTENNA 29
5.2 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA 29
5.3 DUAL BAND ANTENNA DESIGN 31
5.3.1 Substrate and Patch Design 32
5.3.2 Feeding Technique 33
5.3.3 Defected Ground Structure 33
5.3.4 Design of Shorting Pin 34
5.3.5 Air Box Design 35
5.4 PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN 36
6 RESULTS 38
6.1 DUAL BAND ANTENNA DESIGN 38
6.1.1 Substrate and patch design 38
6.1.2 Feeding 38
6.1.3 Defected ground Structure 39
6.1.4 Shorting pin 40
6.1.5 Air box 41
6.1.6 Proposed antenna design 41

20
 6.2 PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA 42
6.1.1 Radiation Pattern 43
6.1.2 Directivity 44
6.1.3 Return loss 45
6.1.4 Efficiency 46
6.1.5 Gain 46
6.1.6 Polarization 47
6.1.7 VSWR 48
6.1.8 Impedance Bandwidth 49
7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 50
8 REFERENCES 51

21
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE NAME PAGE

NO NO
3.1 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA 17
3.2 VARIOUS SHAPE OF PATCH 17
3.3 MICROSTRIP LINE FEEDING 19
3.4 CO-AXIAL FEEDING 20
3.5 APERTURE-COUPLED FEED 20
3.6 PROXIMITY COUPLED FEED 21
4.1 HFSS 3D-MODELER WINDOWS 27
5.1 MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA 30
5.2 SUBSTRATE AND PATCH 33
5.2 CO-AXIAL FEEDING TECHNIQUE IN 33
PROPOSED SYSTEM
5.3 DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE IN 34
PROPOSED ANTENNA
5.4 SHORTING PININ MICRO STRIP PATCH 43
ANTENNA
5.5 AIR BOX IN PROPOSED SYSTEM 35
5.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED ANTENNA 37
6.1 SUBSTRATE AND PATCH 38
6.2 CO-AXIAL FEEDING TECHNIQUE IN 38
PROPOSED SYSTEM
6.3 DEFECTEDGROUND STRUCTUREIN 39
PROPOSED ANTENNA
6.4 SHORTING PININ MICRO STRIP PATCH
ANTENNA 40
6.5 AIR BOX IN PROPOSED SYSTEM 40

22
6.6 SIDE VIEW OF PROPOSED ANTENNA 41
6.7 TOP VIEW OF PROPOSED ANTENNA 41
6.8 BOTTOM VIEW OF PROPOSED SYSTEM 42
6.6 DIRECTIVITY 46
6.7 RETURN LOSS 46
6.8 ROTATION OF A PLANE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC 47
WAVE AND ITS POLARIZATION ELLIPSE AT
Z= 0 AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
6.9 VSWR 49
6.10 BAND WIDTH 49

23
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE NO

3.1 COMPARISION BETWEEN VARIOUS 22
FEEDING TECHNIQUES
7.1 DIMENSIONS OF U- SLOT 39
7.2 DIMENSIONS OF PROPOSED 42
ANTENNA

24
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HFSS HIGH FREQUENCY STRUCTURAL SIMULATOR
VHF VERY HIGH FREQUENCY
UHF ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY
ESA ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNA
DGS DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE
VSWR VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO
RL RETURN LOSS
FR4 FLAME RETARDANT

25
 CHAPETR 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

An antenna is defined by Webster‟s dictionary as “a usually metallic device

(as a rod or wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves.” The IEEE Standard
Definitions of terms for antennas defines the antenna or aerial as “a means for
radiating or receiving radio waves”. Antennas are a very important component
of communication systems. By definition, an antenna is the device used to
transform an RF signal, traveling on a conductor, into an electromagnetic wave
in free space. Antennas demonstrate a property known as reciprocity, which
means that an antenna will maintain the same characteristics regardless if it is
transmitting or receiving. Most antennas are resonant devices, which operate
efficiently over a relatively narrow frequency band. An antenna must be tuned
to the same frequency band of the radio system to which it is connected,
otherwise the reception and the transmission will be impaired. When a signal is
fed into an antenna, the antenna will emit radiation distributed in space in a
certain way. Thus antenna plays an important role in all the wireless system.

1.2 WLAN

A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a wireless computer network that

links two or more devices using a wireless distribution method (often spread-
spectrum or OFDM radio) within a limited area such as a home, school,
computer laboratory, or office building. This gives users the ability to move
around within a local coverage area and yet still be connected to the network. A
WLAN can also provide a connection to the wider Internet.

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are the same as the traditional LAN
but they have a wireless interface. With the introduction of small portable

26
devices such as PDAs (personal digital assistants), the WLAN technology is
becoming very popular. WLANs provide high speed data communication in
small areas such as a building or an office. It allows users to move around in a
confined area while they are still connected to the network. Examples of
wireless LAN that are available today are NCR's wireless LAN and Motorola's
ALTAIR.

The technical standards for Wireless Local Area Networks developed by the
IEEE Project 802.11

Wireless LANs can contain many different kinds of devices including

 Mobile phones
 Lap top and tablet computers.
 Internet audio systems.
 Game consoles.
 Internet-enabled home appliances.

1.3 APPLICATION OF WLAN

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are the major application of WLAN.

1.3.1 Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over
short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from
2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area
networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was
originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data
cables. Replacement of previous wired RS-232 serial communications in test
equipment, GPS receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic

27
control devices. It can connect up to seven devices, overcoming problems that
older technologies had when attempting to connect to each other.

Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG),

which has more than 30,000 member companies in the areas of
telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer
electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer
maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the
specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the
trademarks. A manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as
a Bluetooth device.

To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret

certain Bluetooth profiles, which are definitions of possible applications and
specify general behaviors that Bluetooth-enabled devices use to communicate
with other Bluetooth devices. This was one of the earliest applications to
become popular. These profiles include settings to parameterize and to control
the communication from start. Adherence to profiles saves the time for
transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link becomes
effective.

Application of blue-tooth

 Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and

a hands free headset. This was one of the earliest applications to become
popular.

 Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a

Bluetooth compatible car stereo system.
 Wireless streaming of audio to headphones with or without
communication capabilities.

28
  Wireless streaming of data collected by Bluetooth-enabled fitness devices
to phone or PC.
 Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little
bandwidth is required.
 Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most
common being the mouse, keyboard and printer.
 Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders
between devices with OBEX.
 Replacement of previous wired RS-232 serial communications in test
equipment, GPS receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and
traffic control devices.

1.3.2 Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices
based on the IEEE 802.11 standards.

Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the
term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully
complete interoperability certification testing. Devices that can use Wi-Fi
technology include personal computers, video-game consoles, smart phones,
digital cameras, tablet computers, digital audio players and modern printers.

Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN

network and a wireless access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a
range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot
coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or
as large as many square kilometers achieved by using multiple overlapping
access points. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 GHZ (12 cm) UHF and 5
gigahertz (6 cm) SHF ISM radio bands. Having no physical connections, it is
more vulnerable to attack than wired connections, such as Ethernet.

29
 Wi-Fi is a term for certain types of wireless local area networks (WLAN)
that use specifications in the 802.11 family for example, Wi-Fi Direct, a peer-
to-peer specification that allows devices certified for Wi-Fi Direct to exchange
data without an internet connection or a wireless router.

Products that pass Wi-Fi Alliance tests for interoperability, security and
application-specific protocols are labeled "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED," a registered
trademark of the Alliance.

Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses

radio waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections. A
common misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless fidelity,"
however this is not the case. Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked phrase that means
IEEE 802.11x.

Wi-Fi is defined as an abbreviation for wireless fidelity, meaning you can

access or connect to a network using radio waves, without needing to use wires.

An example of Wi-Fi is when you go to Starbucks and can join on their

network to get on the Internet without having to connect your computer to any
wires.

A Wi-Fi network uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit information

across a LAN, the reach of which can be extended by a Wi-Fi range extender.

A computer utilizes a wireless adapter to translate data transmitted by

radio waves. These waves are different from those emitted by, for example, FM
radios, for which frequency is measured in megahertz (MHz). Wi-Fi's signals
are transmitted in frequencies of between 2.5 and 5 gigahertz (GHz).

This signal is then transmitted from the adapter through a router, after
which it is sent to the internet.

30
Uses

To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer has to be equipped with

a wireless network interface controller. The combination of computer and
interface controller is called a station. For all stations that share a single radio
frequency communication channel, transmissions on this channel are received
by all stations within range. These waves are different from those emitted by,
for example, FM radios, for which frequency is measured in megahertz (MHz).
The transmission is not guaranteed to be delivered and is therefore a best-effort
delivery mechanism. A carrier wave is used to transmit the data. The data is
organized in packets on an Ethernet link, referred to as "Ethernet frames". These
are the uses of Wi- Fi.

31
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1. T.F.A. Nayna, A.K.M. Baki, F. Ahmed, “Comparative Study of

Rectangular and Circular Patch Antennas in X Band”, IEEE International
Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information & Communication
Technology (ICEEICT), 2014.
The ultra-wide band (UWB) radio systems will become one of the most
important communication systems in the future since the demanding of the high
data rate between the base station/mobile station and the mobile stations. In this
letter, an UWB annual ring antenna fed by a microstrip line is proposed.
Traditional ring antennas have a quite narrow bandwidth. This performance
satisfies the requirement of the UWB antenna. It is noted that without the metal
plane B, the bandwidth will reduce to 6.9 GHz. Parameters determining the
antenna characteristics are studied. The metal plane behaves as a parasitic
resonator to increase the bandwidth. Another parameter affecting the bandwidth
is the inner radius of the ring when the outer radius is fixed for simplifying the
design. As the inner radius increased, the return loss becomes smaller and hence
the bandwidth decreases gradually. Here, the best inner radius of 3.5 mm has
been used. The feed-line affects the return loss much and a finite metal plane is
added to improve the bandwidth. The maximum gain is 5 dB at 7 GHz. Its
radiation patterns are very stable within its operating bandwidth.
Advantages: Radiation covering the upper UWB frequency range (7 – 10 GHz).
Disadvantages: Only use for upper UWB range.
2.2. M. Samsuzzaman, M.T. Islam, “Inverted S-Shaped Compact Antenna
for X-Band Applications”, The IEEE Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014,
Article Id: 604375, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014.
A wideband microstrip-coplanar stripline-fed circularly polarized spiral
antenna is presented. An electromagnetic coupled wideband blunt from

32
microstrip line to coplanar stripline is developed to feed the spiral antenna.
Compared with linearly polarized (LP) antenna, circularly polarized (CP)
antenna has shown many advantages such as: no need for precise alignment
between transmit and receive antennas, and better immunity over multipath
fading environment. Although the spiral antenna itself is a very wideband
component, it is the blunt that degrades the bandwidth of the whole antenna.
The blunt proposed in is good only for low-frequency applications. In this
paper, an electromagnetic coupled blunt from microstrip to CPS is used for
higher-frequency application. The back-to-back blunt has a measured return loss
of better than 10 dB and an insertion loss of less than 3 dB from 4.4 to 12 GHz.
The polarization of the antenna is controlled by the arm length. For very low
frequency, as the arm length is small compared to the wavelength, the antenna is
linearly polarized.
Advantages: The proposed design consistsgood radiation efficiency.
Disadvantages: The antenna size to be large.
2.3.R. Fotedar , P. Garia , R. Saini, A. Vidyarthi, R Gowri "Performance
Analysis of Microstrip Antennas Using Different Shapes of Patch at 2.4
GHz", IEEE International Conference on Advances in Computing
&Communcation Engineering (ICACCE), May 2015.
A novel design is described for a circularly polarized square slot antenna
(CPSSA). Circular polarization (CP) operations can be attained using a
lightening-shaped feedline protruded from the signal line of the feeding
coplanar waveguide (CPW). For the purpose of more flexibly deploying a
transmitter and a receiver without causing a severe polarization mismatch
between them, circular polarization (CP) is getting more and more popular in
wireless communications. On the other hand, a communication standard with a
higher data-rate capability tends to survive or even prevail over others. The high
data-rate capability has to be supported by antennas having a large operating
bandwidth. In view of these perspectives, the need for broadband CP antennas is

33
inevitable. A CPW-fed square slot antenna has been proposed for CP
operations. Since this design aimed to support UWB technology, which operates
between 3.1–10.6 GHz, the antenna that has the greatest usable bandwidth in
that region best suits operation in the UWB range. The spiral antenna with
asymmetrical etching holes more effectively uses the UWB frequency range,
and therefore it should be preferred over the antenna without etching holes in
future UWB technology. The lightening-shaped feedline protruded from the
CPW and the pair of inverted-L grounded strips both contribute to generation of
CP radiation. The vertical and horizontal tuning stubs have effectively widened
the impedance band apart from slightly broadening the 3-dB AR band.
Advantages: Efficient bandwidth utilization
Disadvantages: Difficult fabrication operation
2.4.P.J. Soh, M.K.A. Rahim, A. Asrokin, M.Z.A.A. Aziz, "Comparative
radiation performance of different feeding techniques for a microstrip
patch antenna", IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied
Electromagnetics (APACE), 2008.

UWB range with a 2:1 VSWR everywhere except at 3.33–3.95 GHz with a 3:1
VSWR and a radiation bandwidth exceeding the UWB range. As derived from
the theory of small reflections, the reflection coefficient of the tapered parallel-
strip line predicted the minimum frequency of operation of the antenna correctly
since the UWB band from the micro strip to parallel-strip line and the spiral
both operate effectively below the frequency limit of the designed tapered
parallel-strip line. Since this design aimed to support UWB technology, which
operates between 3.1–10.6 GHz, the antenna that has the greatest usable
bandwidth in that region best suits operation in the UWB range. The spiral
antenna with asymmetrical etching holes more effectively uses the UWB
frequency range, and therefore it should be preferred over the antenna without
etching holes in future UWB technology.

34
Advantage: Wearable applications, including circular polarization, low-profile
planar form factor, and wide frequency band characteristics.
Disadvantage: Designing the feed due to the high impedance, the need for a
blunt, and the obstructive nature of the perpendicular feed connection which
prevents its usage towards wearable applications.
2.5.Y.X. Guo, K.M. Luk, K.F. Lee, "U-slot circular patch antennas with
Lprobe feeding", IEEE Electronics Letters, vol. 35, 2015, pp. 1694-1695
It consists of two arms on both sides of substrate and with reasonable
offset distance between each other. The working principle has been
demonstrated by its simulated and measured performance. Results show that
this quasi-spiral antenna can realize circular polarization with good impedance
matching, which is a promising candidate for upper UWB system applications.
The surface current distributions are used to analyse the physical effect of the
slot generating the band notch characteristics. This antenna has ultra wide-band
performance in the frequency band of 8.18 GHz (2.96 to 11.14 GHz) for
magnitude of S11 10 dB with excellent WiMAX and WLAN rejection
bands.By carefully choosing the offset feeding point and adopting an impedance
transformer, the developed quasi-spiral antenna can be directly fed by a
microstrip tapered line. The measured 10-dB return loss bandwidth and 3-dB
axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth are 72.4% (5.15 to 11 GHz) and 44.3% (6.37 to 10
GHz), respectively. The measured antenna gain is about 3 dBi. Moreover, it can
realize almost Omni-directional radiation covering the upper UWB frequency
range (7 – 10 GHz).
Advantage: Spiral antenna is inherently suited for the abovementioned
applications because of its ability to produce very wideband and almost
perfectly circularly-polarized radiation with high efficiency and its frequency-
independent characteristic.
Disadvantage: Time delay occurs.

35
2.6.A. Weily, N. Nikolic, "Stacked patch antenna with perpendicular feed
substrate", IEEE Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC), 2011
AsiaPacific, pp. 1838-1841
In this paper a printed hexagonal slot (aperture) antenna with a hexagonal
stub is proposed for UWB applications. The patch (stub) is fed by a CPW line
such that only a single-layer metallization substrate is required for this antenna.
Two types of band- notched structures extended from the prototype design are
provided and verified. The surface current distributions are used to analyse the
physical effect of the slot generating the band notch characteristics. This
antenna has ultra wide-band performance in the frequency band of 8.18 GHz
(2.96 to 11.14 GHz) for magnitude of S11 10 dB with excellent WiMAX
and WLAN rejection bands.
Advantage: The antenna can be simply extended to the advanced band notch
design without changing the dimensions of the exciting stub as well as slot of
the prototype antenna. The computation time is less for optimization of process.
Disadvantage: High bandwidth.
2.7V. Saidulu, K.S. Rao, K. Kumarswamy, P.V.D. SomasekharRao,
"Comparison Analysis of Rectangular and Circular Patch Microstrip
Antennas with Dielectric Superstrates",IEEE International Journal of
Microwaves Applications, vol. 2, September-October 2013, pp 125-134.
A UWB patch antenna is proposed to increase its bandwidth for dual
frequency operations. The antenna is designed on 40×40 mm printed circuit
board. The antenna layout is simple and straightforward, so fabrication is easy.
VSWR (2:1), gain 3.81 and 4.25 dB, bandwidth 11.2 and 10.3% are obtained at
two resonant frequencies 8.39 and 9.7 GHz, respectively. The radiation
efficiency of the antenna is 83.5%. These attractive radiation patterns, efficiency
with improved bandwidth and higher gain make the proposed antenna
compatible for using UWB applications.
Advantage: Computational complexity is low.

36
Disadvantage: Micro strip patch antenna is narrow bandwidth, low efficiency
and small size antenna size is very large, a micro strip-fed line dual-band co-
planar antenna has been reported. Although the antenna is compact in size,
azimuth (H-plane) patterns do not keep Omni-directional. Large cross-
polarization levels are also noticed in both E and H plane patterns. In addition,
the antenna resonant modes get on more parameters like slot, width length etc.
This may conduct to design difficulties.
2.8.D. Bhardwaj, K. Sharma, D. Bhatnagar, S. Sancheti, "Broadband
parasitically coupled concentric semi-circular elliptically ring antenna
surrounding and elliptical patch with air gap", IEEE Applied
Electromagnetics Conference (AEMC), 2014.
The proposed C-shaped DR is excited by a simple stripe line connected to
a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding line. The C-shaped DRA is circularly
polarized with 19% axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. It is found that the CP
bandwidth can be expanded by using a narrow short circuit strip. The final
design achieves CP with 50% AR bandwidth. The proposed circularly polarized
DRA (CPDRA) with good radiation characteristics offers an impedance
bandwidth of 58% between 3.45 and 6.26 GHz for VSWR ≤ 2. The surface
current distributions are used to analyse the physical effect of the slot generating
the band notch characteristics. This antenna has ultra wide-band performance in
the frequency band of 8.18 GHz (2.96 to 11.14 GHz) for magnitude of S11
10 dB with excellent WiMAX and WLAN rejection bands.The proposed
DRA is fabricated and tested.
Advantage:
The multipath effect could be reduced especially near the receiver. In addition,
CP antennas are less sensitive to the transmitter and receiver orientations than
linearly polarized antennas.
Disadvantage:Time delay occurs.

37
2.9. H.F. AbuTarboush, R. Nilavalan, S.W. Cheung, K.M. Nasr, T. Peter,
D. Budimir, H. Al-Raweshidy, "A Reconfigurable Wideband and
Multiband Antenna Using Dual-Patch Elements for Compact Wireless
Devices", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 60, 2014,
pp. 36-43.
In this paper, a new tapered CPW-fed isosceles trapezoid disk printed
mono- pole UWB antenna is proposed. A prototype antenna was fabricated and
measured. It demonstrates that the com- pact design can achieve an ultra-wide
bandwidth, the operation bandwidth being 2.7 - 9.3 GHz, covering WLAN
operating band, with satisfactory radiation pat- terns and 9.6 dB peak gain.
Coplanar waveguide feed structure consists of the feed-forward signal band and
the feed-forward signal with both sides of the slit. The magnitude of antenna
was 40.0 mm × 50.0 mm × 1.6 mm, of which the material was FR4 with relative
permittivity of 4.4.
Advantage: Low complexity.
Disadvantage: Multi-patches and lumped element loading will make the
structure of the antenna complicated; resonant frequency tuning range is subject
to certain restrictions.
2.10.S.K. Menon, B. Lethakumary, C.K. Aanandan, K. Vasudevan, P.
Mohanan, "A novel EBG structured ground plane for microstrip
antennas", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
Symposium, 2012
A second iteration of Koch fractal antenna has been proposed for ultra-
wideband applications. The iteration of Koch fractal antenna helps to achieve
wide impedance bandwidth.
Very good agreement between simulated and measured results is obtained
new configuration of wideband circularly polarized DRA with a single feed is
presented. By choosing the C-shaped resonator fed by a simple stripe line
connected to the CPW feed-line, 19% AR bandwidth is achieved. For further

38
improvement of CP bandwidth, a narrow short grounded strip is introduced and
connected to the ground plane in the right hand side of the dielectric resonator.
A prototype antenna was fabricated and measured. It demonstrates that the com-
pact design can achieve an ultra-wide bandwidth, the operation bandwidth being
2.7 - 9.3 GHz It is observed from antenna performance that the proposed
antenna achieved a ultra-wideband ranging from 3.52-10.24 GHz with the
bandwidth is 6.72 GHz. As the result, there is 54.15% increment of bandwidth
after doing first iteration of proposed antenna. For second iteration, the
bandwidth performs 69.5% increased. This antenna can be applied for many
applications such as wireless communication.
Advantage : High throughput.
Disadvantage : High computational complexity.

39
 CHAPTER 3

PATCH ANTENNA

3.1 INTRODUCTION
In high-performance aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, and missile
applications, where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of installation, and
aerodynamic profiles are constraint low-profile antennas may be required.
Presently there are many other government and commercial applications, such
as mobile radio and wireless communications that have similar specifications.
To meet these requirements, micro strip antennas can be used.
In addition, by adding loads between the patch and the ground plane, such
as pins and diodes, adaptive elements with variable resonant frequency,
impedance, polarization, and pattern can be designed. Major operational
disadvantages of micro strip antennas are their low efficiency, low power, high
Q (sometimes in excess of 100), poor polarization purity, poor scan
performance, spurious feed radiation and very narrow frequency bandwidth,
which is typically only a fraction of a percent or at most a few percent. In some
applications, such as in government security systems, narrow bandwidths are
desirable.
The surface waves travel within the substrate and they are scattered at
bends and surface discontinuities, such as the truncation of the dielectric and
ground plane, and degrade the antenna pattern and polarization characteristics.
Surface waves can be eliminated, while maintaining large bandwidths, by using
cavities. Stacking, as well as other methods, of micro strip elements can also be
used to increase the bandwidth. In addition, micro strip antennas also exhibit
large electromagnetic signatures at certain frequencies outside the operating
bands are rather large physically at VHF and possibly UHF frequencies, and in
large arrays there is a trade-off between bandwidth.

40
 In its most basic form, a Micro strip patch antenna consists of a
radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane
on the other side as shown in Figure
3.1.

Figure 3.1: Micro strip patch antenna.

In order to simplify analysis and performance prediction, the patch is

generally square, rectangular, circular, triangular and elliptical or some other
common shape as

Figure 3.2: Various shape of patch.

41
 Micro strip patch antennas radiate primarily because of the fringing
fields between the patch edge and the ground plane. For good antenna
performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is
desirable since this provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth and better
radiation. However, such a configuration leads to a larger antenna size. In
order to design a compact Micro strip patch antenna, higher dielectric
constants must be used which are less efficient and result in narrower
bandwidth. Hence a compromise must be reached between antenna
dimensions and antenna performance.

3.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Micro strip patch antennas are increasing in popularity for use in wireless
applications due to their low-profile structure. Therefore they are extremely
compatible for embedded antennas in handheld wireless devices such as
cellular phones pagers etc... The telemetry communication antennas on
missiles need to be thin and conformal and are often Micro strip patch
antennas. Another area where they have been used successfully is in Satellite
communication. Some of the advantages are,

 Light weight and low volume.

 Low profile planar configuration which can be easily made conformal to

host surface.

 Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities.

 Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.

 Can be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits (MICs).

 Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.

 Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.

 Ease of manufacturing.

xlii
  Micro strip patch antennas are efficient radiators.

Micro strip patch antennas suffer from a number of disadvantages as

compared to conventional antennas. Some of their major disadvantages are

 Narrow bandwidth.

 Low efficiency

 Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions.

 Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot antennas.

 Low power handling capacity.

 Surface wave excitation.

3.3 FEEDING TECHNIQUES

Micro strip patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods. The four
most popular feed techniques are used as the micro strip line, coaxial probe
(both contacting schemes), aperture coupling and proximity coupling (both
non-contacting schemes).

3.3.1 Micro strip Line Feed

In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to
the edge of the micro strip patch as shown in Figure 3.3. The conducting strip is
smaller in width as compared to the patch and this kind of feed arrangement has
the advantage that the feed can be etched on the same substrate to provide a
planar structure.

However as the thickness of the dielectric substrate being used, increases,

surface waves and spurious feed radiation also increases, which hampers the
bandwidth of the antenna. The feed radiation also leads to undesired cross
polarized radiation.

xliii
 Figure 3.3: Micro strip Line Feed

The purpose of the inset cut in the patch is to match the impedance of
the feed line to the patch without the need for any additional matching element.
This is achieved by properly controlling the inset position. Hence this is an
easy feeding scheme, since it provides ease of fabrication and simplicity in
modeling as well as impedance matching.

However the disadvantage of this method is that as substrate thickness

increases, surface wave and spurious feed radiation increases which limit the
band width.

3.3.2 Coaxial Feed

The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for
feeding Micro strip patch antennas. As seen from Figure 3.4, the inner
conductor of the coaxial connector extends through the dielectric and is
soldered to the radiating patch, while the outer conductor is connected to the
ground plane.

The main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can
be placed at any desired location inside the patch in order to match with its
input impedance. This feed method is easy to fabricate and has low spurious
radiation.

xliv
 Figure 3.4: Probe fed Rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna

However, its major disadvantage is that it provides narrow bandwidth

and is difficult to model since a hole has to be drilled in the substrate and the
connector protrudes outside the ground plane, thus not making it completely
planar for thick substrates.

3.3.3 Aperture Coupled Feed

In this type of feed technique, the radiating patch and the microstrip
feed line are separated by the ground plane as shown in Figure 3.5. Coupling
between the patch and the feed line is made through a slot or an aperture in the
ground plane. The coupling aperture is usually centered under the patch,
leading to lower cross- polarization due to symmetry of the configuration.

Figure 3.5: Aperture-coupled feed

xlv
 The amount of coupling from the feed line to the patch is determined by
the shape, size and location of the aperture. Since the ground plane separates
the patch and the feed line, spurious radiation is minimized. The major
disadvantage of this feed technique is that it is difficult to fabricate due to
multiple layers, which also increases the antenna thickness. This feeding
scheme also provides narrow bandwidth.

3.3.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

This type of feed technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling
scheme. As shown in Figure 3.6, two dielectric substrates are used such that the
feed line is between the two substrates and the radiating patch is on top of the
upper substrate. This scheme also provides choices between two different
dielectric media, one for the patch and one for the feed line to optimize the
individual performances.

Figure3.6: Proximity Coupled Feed

The main advantage of this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious
feed radiation and provides very high bandwidth, due to overall increase in the
thickness of the micro strip patch antenna. This scheme also provides choices
between two different dielectric media, one for the patch and one for the feed
line to optimize the individual performances.

xlvi
Table 3.1 Comparison for various feeding technique

Characteristics Micro strip Coaxial Feed Aperture Proximity

Line feed Coupled Feed Coupled Feed
Spurious Feed More More Less Minimum
Radiation
Reliability Better Poor due to Good Good
soldering
Ease of Easy Soldering and Alignment Alignment
fabrication drilling needed required required
Impedance Easy Easy Easy Easy
matching
Bandwidth 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5%

3.4 EXISTING SYSTEM

In this existing work to design the dual band highly miniaturized
antenna.To implement the substrate Rogers RO4350 with dielectric constant
3.48. The antenna is miniaturized using a shorting post and defected ground
structure.The patch size is 8.8mm by 10mm which means74%miniaturization
ratio is achieved at 2.4 GHz. The dual-band property is achieved by etching a
U-slot in the ground as a part of the proposed DGS. This creates a space
limiting problem and increases the device size which invariably results in
increased manufacturing cost.Conventional patch antenna when operates at
large frequency has a large size, small bandwidth and poor gain compared to the
other antennas.

Disadvantages:

• The antenna size is large compared to the proposed dimension.

• Manufacturing cost is high.

• Bandwidth and gain is too small.

xlvii
3.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM

In proposed work the highly miniaturized dual band patch antenna is

designed. The antenna uses FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 because
of its low cost. The dual band property of proposed antenna is achieved by slot
as U- slot in ground plane. Such technique is called as defected ground
structure. To achieve maximum return loss by using shorting pin technique. The
miniaturization of antenna is obtained by defected ground structure and shorting
pin technique. The electric field is applied to the antenna by using co-axial
feeding method. Because co- axial feeding provide high gain and its probe
placed anywhere in the ground plane. The design and evaluation of proposed
antenna is done by HFSS (High Frequency Structural Simulator) software.

Advantages:

• Antenna size is reduced

• Bandwidth is increased.

• Easy to implement.

xlviii
 CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

4.1 HIGH FREQUENCY STRUCTURAL SIMULATOR

HFSS is a short form for High Frequency Structure Simulator. It is a
high performance full wave electromagnetic field simulator for 3D volumetric
passive device modeling. It puts together simulation, visualization, solid
modeling, and automation in a setting that makes easy learning and where
solutions to 3D electromagnetic (EM) problems are swiftly and correctly
achieved. HFSS build use of the well known Microsoft Windows graphical user
interface and employs the Finite Element Method (FEM). FEM is a numerical
technique for estimating the solution of partial differential equations and
integral equations, adaptive meshing, and brilliant graphics to furnish users
matchless performance and accomplished insight to all their 3D EM problems.
 Antennas and Mobile Communication: Patches, dipoles, horns, conformal
cellphone antennas, helix, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), Infinite
Arrays, RadarCross Section (RCS), Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS).
 Waveguide: Filters, resonators, couplers.
 Filters: Cavity filters, micro strip, dielectric package modeling and flip
chip.
 PCB Board Model: Power and ground planes, mesh grid grounds,
backplanes.
 EMC/EMI: Shield enclosures, coupling, near far or field radiation,
similarly spiral inductors, transformers, coax, back planes, transition
connectors.
Ansoft HFSS has developed over a time of years through input as of
numerous users and industries. In industry, Ansoft HFSS is the tool of
preference for high productivity research, improvement, and virtual prototyping.

xlix
 HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic
structures from ANSYS. The acronym originally stood for high frequency
structural simulator. It is one of several commercial tools used for antenna
design, and the design of complex RF electronic circuit elements including
filters, transmission lines, and packaging. HFSS offers multiple state-of the-art
solver technologies for high-frequency electromagnetic field simulation.
Powerful solvers based on the proven finite element method, the well-
established integral equation method, or combined hybrid techniques deliver the
most advanced computational methods available in an easy to use design
environment.
4.2 HFSS CORE TECHNOLOGY
HFSS is an engineering design tool is its automated key method where
users are merely mandatory to specify geometry, material assets and the
required output. HFSS will subsequently automatically generate a suitable,
efficient and accurate mesh used for solving the problem with the verified finite
element method, in design flow lesson engineering expenses, alleviate risk and
shrinks time to market place.
4.2.1 Advanced material types
High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) has advance level of material
typeswhich are listed as below.
 Frequency dependent materials
 Nonlinear materials
 Anisotropic materials
4.2.2 Higher Boundary Conditions
HFSS has advanced boundary conditions which are very important in
designing especially in RF designing. Some prominent boundary conditions are
listed below.
 Radiation and Perfectly Matched layers Symmetry

l
  Finite conductivity
 Infinite planes, RLC
 Layered Impedance
 Master/slave unit Cells
4.2.3 HFSS interface
The main HFSS interface is shown in Figure 4.1, which illustrates the
main components of the graphics user interface. They are summarized as
follows:
 3D Modeler window: This is the area where you create the model
geometry. This window consists of the model view area (or grid) and the
history tree. The history tree documents the actions that have been taken
in the model view area, and provides an alternative way to select objects
in the model view area.
 Project manager with project tree: The project manager window displays
details about all open HFSS projects. Each project ultimately includes a
geometric model, its boundary conditions and material assignments, and
field solution and post processing information.
 Properties window: The properties window consists of two tabs. The
command tab displays information about an action selected in the history
tree that was performed to either create an object or modify an object.
The attribute tab displays informationabout the material and display
properties of a selected object.
 Progress window: This window is used when a simulation is running to
monitor the solution's progress.
 Message manager: This window displays messages associated with a
project's development (such as error messages about the design's setup.

li
 Figure 5.1 HFSS 3D-modeler windows
4.3 HFSS APPLICATIONS
Exploitation of HFSS ranges from microwave and RF apparatus and
antennas to high speed integrated chip (IC) and packages. Its capability to
deliver incomparable accuracy, capacity, speed, certifying compact engineering
time and amplified productivity make HFFS top choice for extensive range of
appliances. Some applications are like RF and microwave, antenna system,
Printed Circuit Board (PCB).
4.3.1 Microwave and Radio Frequency (RF) Applications
The potential of on condition that matchless functioning, capacity and
accurateness in results encouraged engineers to use HFSS for designing high
frequency components being used in communications systems, radar systems,
cellular phones, computers and satellites for example follows :
 Passive components for instance couplers, multiplexers, filters, ferrite
circulators.
 Antennas such as horns, dipoles, patches, spirals, and reflector antennas,
multiband
antennas, e.g. for wireless communication device.
 Phased-array antennas.
 Antenna feed networks.
 Advanced electromagnetic structures like frequency selective surfaces
(FSS)

lii
  Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures and meta-materials.
 Shielding to reduce electromagnetic.
 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements.
4.3.2 Antenna systems
Antennas are significant components of each and every communication
system. HFSS offers beyond compare performance for analysingarbitrary 3D
radiating elements such planar antennas for example patches, dipoles, horns and
spirals, waveguide, arrays and radar cross section (RCS) .HFSS presents an
advantage to facilitate it automatically calculates definite important parameters
like gain (G), directivity (D), near and far field radiation pattern, efficiency and
input impedance. Additionally, it is able to link field data between multiple
HFSS models to confine the total behavior of the antenna system from
transmitter to receiver together with the active RF front end through dynamic co
simulation with software application.
4.3.3 High Speed Digital/Single Integrity Applications
HFSS automation for precision, capacity and performance lets engineers
tostraightforwardly design and guesstimate signal integrity and electromagnetic
interference in connectors, transmission lines and via on printed circuit boards
(PCBs) and high speed components worn in computer servers and storage
devices, multimedia PCs, entertainment systems and telecom systems.
 On chip passive components for example spiral inductors and critical
interconnects.
 Highly developed IC packages, plus ball grid array (BGA) packages,
Multichip modules (MCM), low temperature co fired ceramic (LTCC)
devices, and RF system in package (SIP).
 Decisive parts of printed circuit boards (PCBs) like lands, transmission
lines, gridded power and ground planes.

liii
 CHAPTER 5

PROPOSED WORK

5.1 PROPOSED ANTENNA

In proposed work the highly miniaturized dual band patch antenna is

designed. The antenna uses FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 because
of its low cost. The dual band property of proposed antenna is achieved by slot
as U- slot in ground plane. Such technique is called as defected ground
structure. To achieve maximum return loss, shorting pin technique is used. The
miniaturization of antenna is obtained by defected ground structure and shorting
pin technique. The electric field is applied to the antenna by using co-axial
feeding method. Because co-axial feeding provides high gain and its probe are
placed anywhere in the ground plane. The design and evaluation of proposed
antenna is done using HFSS (High Frequency Structural Stimulator) software.

5.2 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

Micro strip patch antennas are becoming increasingly useful because they
can be printed directly onto a circuit board. Micro strip antennas are becoming
very wide spread within the mobile phone market. Patch antennas are low cost,
have a low profile and are easily fabricated.

Generally patch antenna consists of three layers.

 Patch – top layer

 Substrate – middle layer
 Ground – bottom layer

The substrate is sandwiched between the ground and patch and its forms
patch antenna‟s dielectric medium.

liv
 Figure 5.1 Micro strip patch antenna

The thickness of the ground plane or of the micro strip is not critically
important. Typically the height h is much smaller than the wavelength of
operation, but should not be much smaller than 0.025 of a wavelength (1/40th of
a wavelength) or the antenna efficiency will be degraded. The advantages of
patch antenna are,

 Light weight and low volume.

 Low profile planar configuration which can be easily made conformal to

host surface.

 Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities.

Applications:

 Micro strip patch antennas are also used in the fields of RFID, mobile
communications and health care.
 Some communication based application of patch antenna are radio
altimeters, command and control system and satellite communication.
 In global positioning satellite (GPS) systems, circularly polarized
microstrip antenna is used. They are very compact in size and quite
expensive due to their positioning.
 In telemedicine application, microstrip antenna operate at 2.45 GHz.
Wearable microstrip antennae are suitable for wireless body area

lv
 network. An antenna having gain of 6.7 dB and front-to-back ratio of
11.7 dB, and resonating at 2.45 GHz is suitable for telemedicine
applications.
 The IEEE 802.16 standard is known as Wi-Max (worldwide
interoperability for microwave access). It can reach up to 48km (30-mile)
radius with data rate of 70 Mbps. Microstrip antennae can resonate at
more than one frequency. Therefore these can be used in Wi-Max-based
communication equipment.
 In Mobile communication, Mobile communication requires small, low-
cost, low-profile antennae. In some mobile handsets, semiconductor-
based diodes or detectors are used as antennae.
 In Medical application, In the treatment of malignant tumors, microwave
energy is said to be the most effective way of inducing hyperthermia. The
radiator to be used for this purpose should be light-weight, easy to handle
and rugged. Only a patch radiator fulfills these requirements.

5.3 DUAL-BAND ANTENNA DESIGN

A patch antenna (also known as a rectangular microstrip antenna) is a

type of radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat
surface. It consists of a flat rectangular sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over
a larger sheet of metal called a ground plane. They operate on two bands or
frequencies, which are rather like radio stations, and can either work one at a
time or simultaneously depending on the capabilities of the individual device.
The two most common frequencies that are used in dual band antennas are 2.4
GHz (802.11g/N) and 5.1 GHz (802.11a/N).

Dual band in patch antenna is obtained by various techniques. In our

proposed antenna, the dual band property is obtained by slot in ground plane.
The number of slot increases with the operating frequency of patch antenna. In

lvi
proposed antenna, U-slot is used because of the gain of antenna. It improves
radiation efficiency of antenna.

5GHZ networks have a shorter range but much high max throughput
compared to 2.4GHZ networks. When your phone is connected to a Wi-
Fi network, it will prefer that connection for accessing the internet because: Wi-
Fi routers are generally connected to ADSL/Fiber/etc., which is generally faster
than 3G/4G broadband.

It consists of a flat rectangular sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over a

larger sheet of metal called a ground plane. The dual band antenna can be
designed in HFSS software that is shown in step by step procedure.

5.3.1 Substrate and Patch Design

The substrate of the antenna plays a very important role in achieving the
desired antenna parameters. There are many substrates used for designing the
antenna. If dielectric substrate is used, then the antenna length decreases with
decreases in dielectric constant.

Various substrates are available for microstrip patch antenna. In proposed

antenna FR4 substrate is used. FR-4 is mostly used to keep the price down
where loss is unimportant. Making RF on FR-4 can be done, but it is easier and
more stable to make it on i.e. Rogers substrate which is ceramic and not an
epoxy treated glass fiber substrate as FR-4 is. Rogers is more expensive but it
varies very little from your design and therefore making it more stable than the
FR-4. This is very important when the frequency is increased to some GHz,
because the ceramic surface is more plane and not so bendable as FR-4.

The Figure 5.2 shown as the block diagram of simple substrate and patch
of micro strip patch antenna.

lvii
 Figure 5.2 Substrate and patch

5.3.2 Feeding Technique

The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for
feeding Microstrip patch antennas. The inner conductor of the coaxial
connector extends through the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating patch,
while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane.

Figure 5.3 Co-axial feeding technique in proposed system.

The main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be
placed at any desired location inside the patch in order to match with its input
impedance. This feed method is easy to fabricate and has low spurious
radiation.

5.3.3 Defected Ground Structure

An application of the DGS to suppress higher harmonics and thus to

improve radiation efficiency of the planar antenna is demonstrated. Moreover

lviii
this also shows the significant role for size miniaturization of the radiating
element of the patch antenna.

Defected ground structure is obtained by U – slot cut in ground plane. In

proposed antenna, defected ground structure is done by U-slot and it also
minimizes the size of the proposed antenna.

Figure 5.4: Defected ground structure in proposed antenna.

5.3.4 Design of Shorting Pin

In shorting pin technique, that is made that connect the ground plane and
patch. i.e)., the electric distribution in passed through between ground plane to
patch. Due to this technique the miniaturization of antenna is obtained.

Figure 5.5: Shorting pin in micro strip patch antenna.

lix
 Due to this shorting pin technique the return loss of proposed antenna is
improved. The variation of radius of shorting pin affects the resonance
frequency.

5.3.5 Air box Design

In proposed antenna, uses air box as cylinder can be used. If HFSS that
adaptive analysis converged, it means that the algorithm achieved the maximum
allowed error during the mesh refinement process at the solution frequency. If
antenna is doing a sweep, this may not mean that proposed antenna S-
parameters in the whole range are convergent, so probably the sure thing to do
is try also on a few solution frequencies and compare.

The solution frequency is definitely to be above the center of the

simulated frequency range. The only way to know for sure if the software gives
convergent results is to increase the accuracy of calculation and check with the
previous results.

If the antenna doesn‟t change, antenna has converged and the air box can
be confident about them. Spacing the radiation boundary about a quarter of a
wavelength out is probably enough. If the model starts getting too proposed
antenna can use symmetry boundaries to reduce the size to a more manageable
level.

Figure 5.6: Air box in proposed system.

lx
5.4 PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN

The proposed antenna can be constructed by using FR4 substrate. It has

dual band property, due to the slot in ground plane as U-slot. The compact size
of proposed antenna can be obtained by shorting pin technique. This is nothing
but via hole between patch and ground plane. The proposed antenna uses probe
fed method because its feature.

The dimension of antenna as 14 14mm and thickness of substrate is

0.76mm that can be calculated by following formulae,

 Patch Width: (5.1)

 Effective dielectric constant: (5.2)

 Effective Length: (5.3)

 Line Extension: (5.4)

 Patch Length: (5.5)

 Ground plane Width: (5.6)

 Ground plane Length: (5.7)

 Position of feed point: , (5.8)

Where,

lxi
c = Free space velocity, ΔL= Line extension, =Effective length,

εeff = Effective permittivity, f0 =Resonant frequency, h=Height of patch antenna.

The dimensions of antenna have been calculated by using the above

formulas. The general top view of antenna is shown in Figure 5.7. The
parameters of the proposed antenna are evaluated by simulation of antenna in
HFSS software. Such parameter as gain, return loss, directivity, VSWR,
radiation pattern and impedance bandwidth.

Figure 5.7: Block diagram of proposed antenna.

Where, L is the length of substrate. The value of L is 14mm.W is the

width of substrate and its value as 14mm. Lp and Wp are the length and width
of patch in proposed antenna respectively.

If any changes in Wp, it does not affects performance of antenna at a

same time changes in Lp then the performance of antenna is changed. The
thickness of antenna increases then the bandwidth of antenna increases.

lxii
 If the dimensions of U-slot varied, it affects the resonance frequency of
proposed antenna. The changes in dimension of antenna affect the VSWR of
proposed antenna. The VSWR value increases then the reflection of antenna
increases which decreases antenna parameter.

lxiii
 CHAPTER 6

RESULTS

6.1 DUAL BAND ANTENNA DESIGN

6.1.1 Substrate and Patch Design

Figure 6.1: Substrate and patch

In proposed work, the antenna substrate is FR4 material. The substrate

thickness is 0.76mm. The width and length of the substrate are 14mm and
14mm respectively. The width and length of the patch are 13mm and 10mm
respectively.

6.1.2 Feeding

Figure 6.2: Co-axial feeding technique in proposed system.

lxiv
 In proposed work, the antenna uses co- axial feeding technique that also
called as probe feed technique. In Co- axial feeding method consists of two
probes named as inner outer probe. The radiuses of inner and outer probe are
0.5mm and 0.7mm respectively.

6.1.3 Defected Ground Structure

Figure 6.3: Defected ground structure

In proposed work, the defected ground structure is obtained by using U-

slot in ground plane. The dimensions of U-slot is given in table 6.1

Parameter Value(mm)

L1 2.6

L2 7

L3 5

L4 1.4

Table 6.1 dimension of U-slot

lxv
6.1.4 Shorting pin

Figure 6.4: Shorting pin in micro strip patch antenna.

In proposed work, the shorting pin technique is used to minimize the

antenna size. The radius of shorting pin hole is 0.4mm. The center position of
shorting pin is (9.2, 9.4 and 0).

6.1.5 Air box

lxvi
 Figure 6.5: Air box in proposed system

The air box in HFSS is the radiating box. The proposed antenna is
enclosed by the air box. There are uses air box as cylinder shape. The radius of
cylinder is 13mm and the height of cylinder is 20mm.

6.1.6 Proposed antenna

The proposed antenna has been designed in HFSS. The top, side and
bottom view of proposed antenna is shown in Figure 6.6, 6.7 and 6.8.

Figure 6.6: Side View of proposed antenna.

lxvii
 Figure 6.7: Top view of proposed antenna.

Figure 6.8: Bottom view of proposed system

The dimensions of proposed antenna is given in table 6.2

Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)

L 14 W1 0.8

W 14 W2 0.6

Lp 11 W3 0.5

lxviii
 Wp 8.5 A 10.35

L1 7 T 0.76

L2 2.6

L3 5

Table 6.2 Dimensions of proposed antenna

6.2 PARAMETERS OF ANTENNA

The most fundamental antenna parameters are:

 Radiation pattern
 Directivity
 Return loss
 VSWR
 Band width
 Efficiency
 Gain
 Polarization
 Impedance bandwidth
All of the parameters mentioned above are necessary to fully
characterize an antenna, and to establish whether the antenna is optimized for its
purpose.

6.2.1 Radiation pattern

An antenna radiation pattern is defined in the IEEE Standard Definitions

of terms as a mathematical function or a graphical representation of the
radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates. In most
cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the far field region and is
represented as a function of the directional coordinates.

lxix
 The far-field radiation pattern may be represented graphically as a plot of
one of a number of related variables, including the field strength at a constant
radius, the power per unit solid angle and the directive gain. The plotted
quantity may be shown a linear scale, or dB. This is often known as a polar
diagram.

Figure 6.9: Radiation pattern.

Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity, field

strength, directivity, phase or polarization. Primarily, when measuring the
radiation pattern, the property of most interest is the energy radiated relative to
the antennas position.

This is usually measured using spherical co-ordinates. The antenna

under test is placed at the origin and is rotated through = 0-360° and = 0° -
180° while the power is measured in the far-field. As shown in Fig.1.3 the x-z
plane is considered the elevation plane. This is normally aligned with the
electric field vector and is called the E-plane.

lxx
6.2.2 Directivity

The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna
to the radiation intensity averaged over all the directions. The average radiation
intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna divided by 4 .

If the direction is not specified, the direction of the maximum

radiation intensity is implied. Essentially, this means that the directivity of an
antenna is the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction over that of an
isotropic source. This can be written as:

D= (6.3)

D = 4 U/Prad (6.2)

Where,

U = radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)

= radiation intensity of an isotropic source (W/unit solid angle)

Prad = total radiated power (W)

As an isotropic radiator cannot be realized practically, the most

comparable antenna is a short dipole, which has a directivity of 1.5. Any other
antenna will have a higher directivity than 1.5, which means their patterns are
more focused in a particular direction.

lxxi
 XY Plot 5 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT
0.00
Curve Info
dB(DirTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
-2.50 Freq='2.6GHz' Phi='0deg'

-5.00

-7.50
dB(DirTotal)

-10.00

-12.50

-15.00

-17.50

-20.00
0.00 125.00 250.00 375.00
Theta [deg]

Figure 6.10: Directivity

6.2.3 Return loss

The return loss measurement describes the ratio of the power in the
reflected wave to the power in the incident wave in units of decibels. The
standard output for the return loss is a positive value, so a large return loss value
actually means that the power in the reflected wave is small compared to the
power in the incident wave and indicates a better impedance match.

Return Loss = -20 Log (6.3)

Figure 6.11: Return loss

lxxii
 In general return loss at -10dB is good for antenna. In proposed antenna, the
return loss of -21.2dB and -17.4dB was achieved at 2.34GHz and 5.23GHz
respectively.

6.2.4 Efficiency

Like other microwave components, antennas can suffer from losses. The
total antenna efficiency takes into account the losses at the input terminals, and
within the structure of the antenna itself.

The mismatch or reflection efficiency ( ) is directly related to the return

loss and can be defined as:

= 1- (6.4)

The radiation efficiency ( ) is a measure of how much power is lost in the

antenna due conductor and dielectric losses. These losses reduce the radiation in
any given direction and can be expressed as

(6.5)

6.2.5 Gain

The ratio of the intensity in a given direction, to the radiation intensity

that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiated iso-
tropically, the radiation intensity corresponding to the isotropically radiated
power is equal to the power accepted by the antenna divided by 4 . This can be
expressed as;

(6.6)

lxxiii
 Unless specified, it is assumed that the antenna is receiving a signal in the
direction of maximum gain. It is also common for the gain to be expressed in
decibels and referenced to an isotropic source (G = 1), as shown;

(6.7)

6.2.6 Polarization

The property of an electromagnetic wave describing the time-varying

direction and relative magnitude of the electric-field vector; specifically, the
Fig. traced as a function of time by the extremity of the vector at a fixed
location in space, and the sense in which it is traced, as observed along the
direction of propagation.

Polarization is the curve traced by the tip of the electric field vector
viewed in the direction of propagation. The polarization of the wave may be
linear, circular, or elliptical. The instantaneous electric field of a plane wave
travelling in the negative z direction may be written as:

E (z, t) = E x (z, t) xˆ + E y (z, t) yˆ (6.8)

The instantaneous components are related to their complex counterparts by:

Ex (z, t) = Eycos ( t + βz + x) (6.9)

Ey (z, t) =Ex cos ( tβz+ y) (6.10)

Where Ex and Ey are the maximum

magnitudes and xand yare the phase angles of the x
and y components respectively, is the angular
frequency and βis the propagation constant.

The term „impedance bandwidth‟ is used to

Figure 6.12: Rotation of a plane
describe the bandwidth over which the antenna has acceptable losses due to
electromagnetic wave
lxxiv
mismatch. The impedance bandwidth can be measured by the characterization
of both the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and Return Loss (RL) at the
frequency band of interest.

Both VSWR and RL are dependent on the reflection coefficient ( is

defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected voltage wave ( )
normalized to the amplitude of the incident voltage wave ( ) at a load. Γ can
also be defined by using other field or circuit quantities and is defined by the
following equation.

Reflection Coefficient = (6.11)

VSWR = (6.12)

Return Loss = -20 Log (6.13)

The maximum acceptable mismatch for an antenna is normally 10% of

the incident signal. For the reflection coefficient, this equates to Γ= 0.3162. For
the impedance bandwidth 1< VSWR< 2, and for Return Loss its value must be
greater than 10 dB or S11 < -10 dB.

6.2.7 VSWR

The VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) measurement describes the

voltage standing wave pattern that is present in the transmission line due to the
phase addition and subtraction of the incident and reflected waves. The ratio is
defined by the maximum standing wave amplitude versus the minimum
standing wave amplitude.

VSWR = (6.14)

lxxv
 XY Plot 2 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT
60.00
Curve Inf o
dB(VSWRt(Circle3_T1))
Setup1 : Sw eep

50.00

40.00
dB(VSWRt(Circle3_T1))

Name X Y
30.00 m10 2.3200 1.4293
m11 5.2200 2.1980

20.00

10.00

m10 m11

0.00
2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Freq [GHz]
4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Figure
6.13: VSWR

The VSWR is nothing but voltage standing wave ratio the used to
determine the standing waves in propagation in antenna. The proposed antenna
has VSWR as 1.6 and 2.1 at 2.34GHZ and 5.24GHZ respectively.

6.2.8 Bandwidth

The bandwidth of an antenna refers to the range of frequencies over

which the antenna can operate correctly. The antenna bandwidth is the number
of HZ for which the antenna will exhibit an SWR less than 2:1.The bandwidth
can also be described in terms of percentage of the center frequency of the band.

Band width= f2 - f1 (6.15)

Figure 6.14: Band Width

The proposed antenna has band width as 50MHZ in 2.38GHZ and

98MHZ in 5.34GHZ at - 10dB.

lxxvi
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
7.1 CONCLUSION
Here a compact dual band patch antenna is proposed, it is suitable for
Wireless Local Area Network. The antenna is designed to resonate at two bands
2.4GHz and 5.2GHz. The dual band property is obtained by etching U slot in
the ground plane as part of the Defected Ground Structure and the rectangular
slot to increases the current path and matching the antenna at desired frequency.
The size reduction of an antenna is achieved by a shorting pin. Here Electrically
Small Antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with 14×14×0.76mm3.Return
losses of an antenna are -21dB and -17dB at 2.34GHz and 5.23GHz
respectively. A good radiation pattern over the operating band has been
obtained.

7.2 FUTURE WORK

In the project, the designed antenna is operates at two bands 2.4GHz and
5.8GHz, it is the operating frequency of blue tooth and Wi-Fi. In future, the
antenna operating frequency is changed to triple bands such as 2.4GHz, 5.2GHz
and 5.8GHz for various applications in which 5.8GHz is the operating
frequency of Wi-Max. Further the performance of antenna such as gain,
efficiency, VSWR and return loss can be improved.

lxxvii
 CHAPTER 8
REFERANCES
[1] Ahamad A.Salih and Mohammad S.Sharawi , “Compact microstrip patch
antenna for wireless applications, ” IEEE Antennas and Wireless
propagation,2015.

[2] Zhibin Zeng, Yindi Yao, and Yiqi Zhuang “A Wideband Common-
Mode Suppression Filter With Compact-Defected Ground Structure Pattern”.
Journal IEEE,2015.

[3] Xiu Yin Zhang, Wen Duan, and Yong-Mei Pan “High-Gain filtering
Patch Antenna without Extra Circuit”. Journal IEEE,2015.

[4] M. Taouzari, J. El Aoufi, A. Mouhsen, H. Nasraoui and O. El Mrabat,

“900 MHz and 2.45 GHz Compact Dual-Band Circularly-Polarized Patch
Antenna for RFID Application, ” Conference on Microwave Techniques
(COMITE), pp. 1–4, 2015.

[5] S. K. Singh, P. Consul and K. K. Sharma, “Dual band gap coupled

microstrip antenna using L-slot DGS for wireless applications, ” International
Conference on computing, communication and automation (ICCCA), pp. 1381–
1384, 2015.

[6] M. Nandel, Sagar, R. Goel, "Optimal and New Design of T-Shaped Tri
band Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Networks", IEEE
Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), 2014, pp.
92-96.

lxxviii
[7] D. Kumar, M. Sharma, S. Bansal, "Novel Design of Key-Shaped Fractal
Antenna for UWB Applications", IEEE Computational IIntelligence and
Communication Networks (CICN), 2014, pp. 87-91.

[8] D. Kumar, M. Sharma, S. Bansal, "Modified Ring Shaped Sierpinski

Triangle Fractal Antenna for C-Band and X-Band Applications", IEEE
Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), 2014, pp.
78-82.

[9] A. Saghir, S. M. Abbas, M. U. Afzal, T. Tauqeer and M. H. Tariq,

“Compact Dual Band Microstrip Antenna Design Using Slits, ” International
Conference on computer, control and communication (IC4), pp. 1–4, 2013.

[10] Wing Chi Mok, Sai Hoi Wong, Kwai Man Luk, and Kai Fong Lee
“Single-Layer Single-Patch Dual-Band and Triple-Band Patch Antennas”.
Journals & magazine IEEE ,2013

[11] Wing Chi Mok , Sai Hoi Wong, Kwai Man Luk , and Kai Fong Lee ,”
Single layer single patch Dual band and Triple band patch antennas” , IEEE
transactions on antenna and propagation,vol,61,No.8,2013.

[12] Yazid Yusuf1, Haitao Cheng2, Xun Gong “Co-designed substrate-

integrated waveguide filters with patch antennas”. Journals IEEE,2013.

[13] M. Samsuzzaman, M. T. Islam, M. R. I. Faruque and W. Hueyshin, “Dual

wideband N Shaped Patch Antenna loaded with shorting pin for Wireless
Applications, ” International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering
(ICAEE), pp. 273–276, 2013.

[14] W. C. Liu and W. R. Chen, “CPW-fed compact meandered patch antenna

for dual-band operation, ” Electronics Letters, vol. 40, issue 18, pp. 1094–1095,
September 2013.

lxxix
[15] S. Nagar, U. Nagar and R. S. Meena, “CPW - Fed dual band patch
antenna for mobile applications, ” 5th International Conference on
Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), pp. 1–5,
2013.

[16] S. Gupta, S.S. Dhillon, P. Khera, A. Marwaha, "Dual Band U-Slotted

Microstrip Patch Antenna for C Band and X Band Radar Applications", IEEE
Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), 2013, pp.
41-45.

[17] H.Wong, K.Luk, C.H.Chan,Q.Xue,K.K. So and H.W.Lai, “Small

antennas in Wireless communications ,” proceedings of the IEEE , on July
2012.

[18] K. F. Lee1 , K. M. Lu, K. M. Ma, and S. L. S. Yang1 “On the Use of U-

Slots in the Design of Dual-and Triple-Band Patch Antennas”. Journals &
magazine IEEE ,2011.

[19] G. Liu, D. Wang, F. Jin and S. Chang, “Compact Broad Dual-Band

Antenna Using A Shorted Patch with A Thick Air Substrate for Wireless Body
Area Network Application, ” International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna,
Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications (MAPE),
pp. 18–21, 2011.

[20] Jiang Huiling, H. Arai, "Optimization of circular polarized patch antenna

with cross-shaped slit", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
Symposium, 2011, pp. 418-421.

[21] H.F. AbuTarboush, R. Nilavalan, S.W. Cheung, K.M. Nasr, T. Peter, D.

Budimir, H. Al-Raweshidy, "A Reconfigurable Wideband and Multiband
Antenna Using Dual-Patch Elements for Compact Wireless Devices", IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 60, 2011, pp. 36-43.

lxxx
[22] S.K. Menon, B. Lethakumary, C.K. Aanandan, K. Vasudevan, P.
Mohanan, "A novel EBG structured ground plane for microstrip antennas",
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2011.

[23] J. L. Volakis, C. C. Chen, and K. Fujimoto, Small antennas:

miniaturization techniques & applications, McGraw Hill, 2010, pp.1– 16.

[24] Matthew Weaver and Duane Wessels, Make projects: Small Form Factor
PCs, O'REILLY, 2010, pp.1–4.

[25] Bin Li , Member , IEEE , and Kwok Wa Leung , senior Member , IEEE,
“Dielectric-Covered Dual-Slot Antenna for Dual band Application” , IEEE
transactions on antenna and propagation,vol,55,No.6,2010.

lxxxi