CETG 111:
Engineering
Graphics
Natural World vs Designed World
AS DESIRED BY: [GOD]
AS DESIRED BY: MAN
Designed World, e.g. Majestic Five
3
A DISTINCTION IS OFTEN MADE
BETWEEN:
1. How SCIENCE responds to the World, and
2. How ENGINEERING responds to the same
World
SCIENCE VS. ENGINEERING
Deals with the natural world. Deals with how humans
modify, change, alter, or
control the natural world.
Is concerned with what exists Is concerned with what can
in the natural world (i.e.: or should be made, or
Biology, Chemistry, Physics, developed from natural world
Astronomy, Geology, etc.) materials and substances to
satisfy human needs and
wants
Edited slide from an unknown source
THE PROCESS OF: SCIENCE VS. ENGINEERING
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD THE ENGINEERING
seeks out the meaning METHOD alters and
of the natural world changes the natural
through: world through
Enquiry Invention,
Discovering Innovation,
Exploring Practical Problem
Solving
DESIGN
Edited slide from an unknown source
:
The thinking required for most science courses,
hence the concept of ENGINEERING-SCIENCE
is required for project-based design courses
Katz, R., Integrating analysis and design in mechanical engineering education.
Procedia CIRP, 36, 23-28 (2015).
Analytical Thinking
Students develop correct solutions to a well-
defined problem in a specific knowledge domain
using the language of mathematics.
Analytical thinking may be described as a
converging process that leads to a single correct
answer.
Katz, R., Integrating analysis and design in mechanical engineering education.
Procedia CIRP, 36, 23-28 (2015).
Analytical Thinking
A 1.2 m long link is in equilibrium under the system of forces
depicted in Figure T2-03. Sketch an appropriate polygon of the
force system and compute the resultant forces, N and Q.
Design Thinking
Student must weigh several plausible concepts,
select the one that best satisfies the customer’s
requirements, and
then describe it in detail using multilingual tools including
physics, mathematics, graphics, and verbal and written
representation.
Design thinking is thus a diverging-converging process in
which more than one concept may be found suitable
Katz, R., Integrating analysis and design in mechanical engineering education.
Procedia CIRP, 36, 23-28 (2015).
Design Thinking
A system to transport 60 people everyday from
Gaborone to Francistown.
PARAMETER ANALYTICAL THINKING IN DESIGN THINKING IN DESIGN COURSES
ANALYTICAL COURSES
LANGUAGE Multilingual: physics, mathematics, graphical
representations, verbal and written statements
DATA Precisely stated Customer’s requirements are given and the data may
be precisely stated, known, estimated or measured
SOLUTIONS Only one is expected Several are possible; all of them should meet the
requirements
SKILLS REQUIRED Mainly analytical Ability to synthesize, but advanced analytical skills
make an outstanding designer
THINKING Converging Diverging-converging
CREATIVITY Somewhat limited Limitless; several design concepts are expected
MODELING Perfect, using symbolic Imperfect, using realistic representation
representation
ERROR Penalized Learning from errors is accepted
TRIAL-AND-ERROR Discouraged Encouraged
APPROACH
WORK STYLE Individual Team work
MAIN GOAL Educate young researchers Educate engineers for design and manufacturing jobs
for academic careers
SCIENTIFIC METHOD VS
ENGINEERING DESIGN IDENTIFY A PROBLEM,
NEED OR OPPORTUNITY
ASK A QUESTION PROCESS
DO RESEARCH
DO RESEARCH
DEVELOP POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS
FORM A HYPOTHESIS
EVALUATE AND SELECT
BEST SOLUTION
EXPERIMENT
BUILD A PROTOTYPE
ANALYZE DATA
TEST AND EVALUATE
REPORT RESULTS COMMUNICATE THE
SOLUTION
COMMUNICATION IN IDENTIFY A PROBLEM,
NEED OR OPPORTUNITY
ENGINEERING DESIGN
DO RESEARCH
DEVELOP POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS
EVALUATE AND SELECT
BEST SOLUTION
BUILD A PROTOTYPE
TEST AND EVALUATE
COMMUNICATE THE
SOLUTION
How should we communicate?
Nature of Design in Craftsmanship
The making of artefacts was not preceded by a
process of conception or designing.
The maker was responsible for, and had control
over the entire processes of product development
with planning and production all rolled into one, in
personnel and in process.
Craftsmanship
Pictures Courtesy of
jon@jonsbushcraft.com
Man-and-Change: Towards Modernity
Man Changed and As Man Changed, like many
things with which man came to be associated,
Design Changed Too.
Remember the maxim: “The only thing that doesn’t
change, is change itself.”
Man-and-Change: Towards Modernity…..
Engineering and innovation became more
accelerative compared to its steady state progress
during craftsmanship.
Hence new trends emerged, e.g.:
• Commoditization
• Automation
• Mass production
• Globalisation
• Modularisation
Engineering Graphics Emerged
Engineering Graphics, the use of visual images in
engineering to solve problems, convey design
intent and represent ideas.
More specifically, it is about the use of geometry,
sketching, symbols and annotations instead of
common language to document and communicate
engineering information. Engineering drawings,
later engineering graphics
Because of Engineering Graphics Emerged
Man Started Sharing Work
Engineering Graphics Form(s)
Modelling
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Engineering Graphics Form(s)….
Sketching and sketches
Design goes through a reasoning process that is itself
enhanced by sketching, calculations, modelling, among
others, partly illustrated below.
(sketch by L. Leswadula)
Engineering Graphics Form(s)….
CAD & CADD
Once the Selected Concept has been refined, it is modeled
in CAD to better conceptualise components configurations
Engineering Graphics Form(s)….
Moving Towards the Actual Machine
Engineering Graphics Form(s)….
Detailing the Machine
To enable production in a machine shop, working drawings
are prepared and detailed
Engineering Graphics Form(s)….
Working Drawings
Engineering Graphics Form(s)….
Another
Nuts Feed
Version or Solution
Hopper
Geared
Cracker
Motor
Separator/Cleaning
System Motor
Sieve
Engineering Graphics Form(s)….
Styles from some engineering disciplines
Mechanical Drafter
Technical Illustrator
Patent Drawings
• Form an integral part of a patent
application
• Must show every feature of the
invention
Structural Drafter
Industrial Process Pipe Drafter
Electronic Drafter
Civil Drafter
Engineering Graphics Form(s)….
Components of engineering graphics
Engineering graphics therefore has the following
main components?
• Graphics
• Bill of Materials/Quantities
• Annotations
• Notes
• Etc.
2. Annotations
1. Bill of Materials/Quantities
3. Notes
Engineering Graphics ….
Components of engineering graphics
Thus sketches, annotations and notes go together
in design communication.
The two are mutually dependent as sketches
convey thoughts that cannot be put in words and
the converse is true.
A System Described in Words
A special tool is in the shape of a 140 × 80 × 10 mm
rectangular solid. One end rises from zero thickness
to the maximum thickness of 10 mm in a length of 40
mm to form a sharp edge. The opposite end is
semicircular. A 20 mm diameter hole is positioned so
the center of the hole is 40 mm from the semicircular
end and 40 mm from either side of the tool.
SHOW THE SYSTEM DESCRIBED
Engineering Graphics ….
How much of design is engineering graphics?
Bertoline, G.R. and Wiebe, E.N., in “Fundamentals of Graphics Communication”,
2004, observe that
2. RESULTS
Describing Systems in Graphics
1. Nonconforming Sketches
In this category are sketches which contain too many mistakes to be accepted as true
mappings of the textual information given. This would include invalid objects and
what in solid modelling is referred to as nonsense objects.
2. Conforming Sketches
Notwithstanding differences of scale, neatness and style, the samples shown in
Figure 3 were assessed as conforming.
3. Deviating Sketches
From A: the sharp edge terminates into a sharp point like a spear
From B: whereby the sharp edge is symmetrical or starts from the middle of the basic
rectangular shape. Two sketches took this form.
From C: whereby the sharp edge is located across the width of the rectangular basic shape as
opposed to its length. One sketch took this form.
From D: whereby the sketches contain few mistakes. For instance, the 20mm hole may be
wrongly-located or the semi-circular end omitted as illustrated.
Students’ Answers
3. Results: Students performance as
per their skill levels
4. Results: Level of Ambiguity
• As noted in Table 1, a total of 29 sketches did not conform to the
Model Answer, out of which 12 were of the Axe-Head form
mentioned under Section 3.5 above. This means that 39 different
interpretations of the same text information were made in this
study.
4. Results: What Else was Observed?
• Sketch primitives: Most students used primitives to represent the main
features (e.g. semicircle, sharp edge or rectangle). Amateur students were
especially able to put their knowledge to good use, combining 3-D primitives
to give accurate graphical representations. Novices tended to combine
primitives in an archaic way including resorting to textual descriptions.
NOVICES
AMATEURS
5. Results: What Else was Observed?
• Pictorial representations:
• It was further observed that in all the sketching done, pictorial
representations were used. This was so even without having
asked the students to do it. It thus appears that pictorial
representation is a preferred way of drawing by both amateurs
and novices.
