Faculty of Engineering
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Department

MR352 – Marine Power Plants

Third Year

Prepared By:
Dr. Mohamed Morsy El-Gohary
Eng. Hossam Ahmed El-Sherif
 Course Contents

Page
Subject
No.
1. Requirements for marine power plants 1
2. Selection of marine power plants 1
3. Gas turbines 2
4. Steam cycles 10
5. COGAS 27
6. Waste heat recovery systems 30
7. Ship piping systems 33
8. Electric generation 37
9. Renewable energy 47

References
1. Introduction to marine engineering 2nd ed., Taylor, 1996
2. Design of propulsion and electric power generation systems, IMarEST, 2002
3. The jet engine, Rolls-Royce, 1996
4. Steam turbines theory and design, P. Shlyakhin
5. Mechanical Engineers data handbook, James Carvill, 1993
6. Marine auxiliary machinery 7th ed., H D McGeorge, 1995
 Marine power plants

Requirements for marine power plants

1. To be approved by classification societies

2. Have as minimum as possible volume and weight
3. Have low fuel consumption
4. Easy maintenance and repair
5. Have to work at heavy duty levels for long periods

Selection of marine power plants

1. Good reliability
2. Good maintainability
3. Weight and volume
4. Type of fuel and fuel consumption
5. Cost
6. Vibration and noise
7. Level of experience for personnel

Types of marine power plants

1. Diesel engine driven

2. Gas turbine driven
3. Steam turbine driven
4. Combined power plants (ex. COGAS)

 
Marine power plants  1
 
 
 Ga
as turb
bines

Introductio
on

Thee gas turbine eng gine is essentially

e y a heatt engine using airr as a
working fluid to pro ovide po ower. To achieve e this, th
he air pa assing
ough the engine has
thro h to be accelera ated; this means th hat the ve
elocity
or kinetic energy of the air iss increassed. To obtain
o thiss increas
se, the
essure en
pre nergy is first of all increassed, follo
owed by the addittion of
heaat energyy, before
e final coonversion n back to o kinetic Energy in the
form
m of a rotating sha
aft.

orking cy
Wo ycle

Thee working g cycle of

o the gas turbinee engine is similarr to that of the
fou
ur-stroke piston engine.
e Howeverr, in the
e gas tu urbine engine,
com
mbustion occurs at a con nstant prressure, whereass in the piston
enggine it occcurs at a constantt volume..

 
Marrine power plants  2
 
 
Ga
as turbine
e compo
onents

1- Compresssor

In gas
g turbinnes, the compress
c sion of aiir is effeccted by on
ne of two
o basic
typ
pes of com
mpressorr; centrifu
ugal or axxial. Both types are e driven by the
turb
bine and are direcct coupled
d to the turbine sh haft.

Ce
entrifugal compressorr

Axia
al compresssor

 
Marrine power plants  3
 
 
2- Combusttion cham
mber

Thee combu ustion ch hamber hash the difficult task of burning large
quaantities oof fuel, supplied through h the fue el spray nozzles s, and
rele
easing thhe heat ini such a manne er that the air is expanded and
accceleratedd to give a smootth stream m of unifo ormly hea ated gas at all
connditions required
r by the tuurbine. The amou unt of fue
el added to the
air will deppend upo on the te emperature rise required.
r Howeveer, the
maaximum te emperatu ure is limited to witthin the range
r of 8
850 to 17
700 °C
by the mate erials from
m which the turbine blades and nozzzles are made.m

Thrree typess of comb

bustion ch
hamber exist:
e

Multip
ple tube combustio
c on chamb
ber

 
Marrine power plants  4
 
 
 Tubo--annular combusti
c ion cham
mber

Annullar combu
ustion chamber

 
Marrine power plants  5
 
 
3- Turbine

e turbine
The e has th he task of provviding thee powerr to drivve the
com
mpressorr, accesssories andd shaft power
p forr a prope
eller or ro
otor. It
doe
es this byy extracting energ
gy from the
t hot gases rele eased froom the
com
mbustion system and exp panding them to a lower pressure and
tem
mperaturee.

 
Marrine power plants  6
 
 
Performance and heat balance calculations

T-S diagram for Brayton cycle P-V diagram for Brayton cycle

1-2 Compression (in the compressor)

2-3 Heat addition (in the combustion chamber)

3-5 Expansion (in the compressor turbine)

5-4 Expansion (in the power turbine)

 
Marine power plants  7
 
 
 (compressor turbine + power turbine)

Example

A gas turbine unit has a pressure ratio of 10:1 and a maximum

temperature of 700°C. The isentropic efficiencies of the compressor
and turbine are 0.82 and 0.85 respectively. Calculate the power
output of an electric generator geared to the turbine when the air
enters the compressor at 15°C at the rate of 15 kg/sec. Take
Cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K and γ = 1.4 for the compression process, and take
Cp=1.11 kJ/kg.K and γ = 1.333 for the expansion process. Neglect
the fuel mass.

Solution

.
15 273 . 556

0.82 614.8

 
Marine power plants  8
 
 
 .
.
547.16
0.85 611
.

15 1.11 973 611 1.005 614.8 288

1100 kW

 
Marine power plants  9
 
 
 Steam cycles

The steam cycle used is the simplest steam cycle of practical value;
the Rankine cycle with dry saturated steam supplied by a boiler to
one or more turbine, which exhausts to a condenser where the
condensed steam is pumped back into the boiler.

Simple Rankine cycle

 
 

 
Marine power plants  10
 
 
 3600
/

3600
/

Reheat Rankine cycle

 
Marine power plants  11
 
 
Regenerative Rankine cycle

 
Marine power plants  12
 
 
  

Feed heater heat balance

Î You are required to draw the TS diagram and cycle schematic

diagram for reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle.

 
Marine power plants  13
 
 
Example

In a reheat regenerative steam plant, the net power is 80 MW. Steam

enters the HP turbine at 80 bar and 550°C, after expansion to 6 bar,
some of the steam goes to a feed water heater and the rest is
reheated to 350°C after which it expands to 0.07 bar.
Calculate:
- Rate of steam flow to high pressure turbine
- Fraction of steam extracted to the feed heater
- SHC
- SSC
- Cycle efficiency
- Rate of fuel consumption if the boiler efficiency is 95% and fuel
calorific value is 40000 kJ/kg (neglect pump work)

Solution

 
 

 
Marine power plants  14
 
 
  
 
From steam tables or chart:

1 2 3 4 5 6
h 3521 2809 3165 2344 163.4 670.6

1 0.1917

1 58.15 /

3600
2.617 /

3600
7459 /

48.26%

. . 4.362 /

 
Marine power plants  15
 
 
Steam cycle components

1- Boiler

A boiler is used to heat feed water in order to produce steam. The

energy released by the burning fuel in the boiler furnace is stored in
the steam produced. All boilers have a furnace or combustion
chamber where fuel is burnt to release its energy. Air is supplied to
the boiler furnace to enable combustion of the fuel to take place.

Where the main machinery is steam powered, one or more large

watertube boilers will be fitted to produce steam at very high
temperatures and pressures. On a diesel main machinery vessel, a
smaller (usually firetube type) boiler will be fitted to provide steam for
the various ship services. Even within the two basic design types,
watertube and firetube, a variety of designs and variations exist.

Two basically different types of boiler exist, namely the watertube and
the firetube. In the watertube the feed water is passed through the
tubes and the hot gases pass over them. In the firetube boiler the hot
gases pass through the tubes and the feed water surrounds them.

Fire tube boiler

 
Marine power plants  16
 
 
 Water tube boiler

Boiler definitions

-
H = steam enthalpy
h = water enthalpy
L = 583.9 kcal/kg at 100°C (latent heat)

-
.

 
Marine power plants  17
 
 
 -

-
CV = fuel calorific value

2- Steam turbines

The steam turbine is a device for obtaining mechanical work from the
energy stored in steam. Steam enters the turbine with high energy
content and leaves after giving up most of it. The high-pressure
steam from the boiler is expanded in nozzles to create a high-velocity
jet of steam. The nozzle acts to convert heat energy in the steam into
kinetic energy. This jet is directed into blades mounted on the
periphery of a wheel or disc. The shaping of the blades causes a
change in direction and hence velocity of the steam jet.

The steam from the first set of blades then passes to another set of
nozzles and then blades and so on along the rotor shaft until it is
finally exhausted. Each set comprising nozzle and blades is called a
stage.
 
Marine power plants  18
 
 
There are two main types of turbine, the 'impulse' and the 'reaction'.
The names refer to the type of force which acts on the blades to turn
the turbine wheel.

Impulse turbine
The impulse arrangement is made up of a ring of nozzles followed by
a ring of blades. The high-pressure, high-energy steam is expanded
in the nozzle to a lower-pressure, high-velocity jet of steam. This jet
of steam is directed into the impulse blades and leaves in a different
direction. The changing direction and therefore velocity produces an
impulsive force which mainly acts in the direction of rotation of the
turbine blades. There is only a very small end thrust on the turbine
shaft.

Reaction turbine
The reaction arrangement is made up of a ring of fixed blades
attached to the casing, and a row of similar blades mounted on the
rotor, i.e. moving blades. The blades are mounted and shaped to
produce a narrowing passage which, like a nozzle, increases the
steam velocity. This increase in velocity over the blade produces a
reaction force which has components in the direction of blade rotation
and also along the turbine axis. There is also a change in velocity of
the steam as a result of a change in direction and an impulsive force
is also produced with this type of blading. The more correct term for
this blade arrangement is 'impulse-reaction'.
 
Marine power plants  19
 
 
Compounding

Compounding is the splitting up, into two or more stages, of the

steam pressure or velocity change through a turbine.
Pressure compounding of an impulse turbine is the use of a number
of stages of nozzle and blade to reduce progressively the steam
pressure. This results in lower or more acceptable steam flow speeds
and better turbine efficiency.

Velocity compounding of an impulse turbine is the use of a single

nozzle with an arrangement of several moving blades on a single
disc. Between the moving blades are fitted guide blades which are
connected to the turbine casing. This arrangement produces a short

 
Marine power plants  20
 
 
lightweight turbine with a poorer efficiency which would be acceptable
in, for example, an astern turbine.

Named turbine types

A number of famous names are associated with certain turbine types.

Parsons. A reaction turbine where steam expansion takes place in

the fixed and moving blades. A stage is made up of one of each
blade type. Half of the stage heat drop occurs in each blade type,
therefore providing 50% reaction per stage.

Curtis. An impulse turbine with more than one row of blades to each
row of nozzles, i.e. velocity compounded.

De Laval, A high-speed impulse turbine which has only one row of

nozzles and one row of blades.

Rateau. An impulse turbine with several stages, each stage being a

row of nozzles and a row of blades, i.e. pressure compounded.

 
Marine power plants  21
 
 
Turbine blade calculations

 
Marine power plants  22
 
 
b = blade velocity = u
ai = absolute inlet velocity
ae = absolute exit velocity
ri = relative inlet velocity
re = relative exit velocity
βi = inlet angle
βe = exit angle

re = K ri (K = blade velocity coefficient K ≤ 1)

f = driving force on wheel = fi - fe

power output = mωb

 
Marine power plants  23
 
 
3- Condenser

The condenser is a heat exchanger which removes the latent heat

from exhaust steam so that it condenses and can be pumped back
into the boiler. This condensing should be achieved with the minimum
of under-cooling, i.e. reduction of condensate temperature below the
steam temperature. A condenser is also arranged so that gases and
vapors from the condensing steam are removed.

An auxiliary condenser is shown in next figure. The circular cross-

section shell is provided with end covers which are arranged for a
two-pass flow of sea water. Sacrificial corrosion plates are provided in
the water boxes. The steam enters centrally at the top and divides
into two paths passing through ports in the casing below the steam
inlet hood. Sea water passing through the banks of tubes provides
the cooling surface for condensing the steam. The central diaphragm
plate supports the tubes and a number of stay rods in turn support
the diaphragm plate. The condensate is collected in a sump tank
below the tube banks. Air suction is provided on the condenser shell
for the withdrawal of gases and vapors released by the condensing
steam.

 
Marine power plants  24
 
 
Main condensers associated with steam turbine propulsion machinery
are of the regenerative type. In this arrangement some of the steam
bypasses the tubes and enters the condensate sump as steam. The
condensate is thus reheated to the same temperature as the steam,
which increases the efficiency of the condenser.

Condenser calculations

 
Marine power plants  25
 
 
 ∆

h2 = enthalpy of steam before condenser

h3 = enthalpy of saturated water after condenser
(V = water speed inside the tubes = 2 ~ 3 m/s)
Z = number of tubes
d = tube diameter
Tout = water temperature after condenser
Tin = water temperature before condenser (20°C)
Tout – Tin = 10 ~ 15°C
A = lateral area of tubes =
l = tube length
U = heat transfer coefficient = 3000 W/m2K
ΔTmean = logarithmic mean temperature difference
∆ ∆
∆
∆
∆

 
Marine power plants  26
 
 
 Combined Gas and Steam plant
COGAS

Example

In a combined cycle power plant the air is supplied at a rate of 2000

ton/hr and at temperature of 20°C. The pressure ratio is 7:1. The
temperature of gases before the gas turbine is 1000°C. Efficiency for
compressor is 80% and for turbine 85%. The calorific value of oil
used is 45 MJ/kg.
The temperature of gas used for steam generation is increased to
1200°C by burning the fuel in the exhaust coming out from the gas
turbine. The condition of steam generated in the boiler is 50 bar and
500°C. The condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. The temperature of gas
going to stack is 200°C. Find the following:
1. Total power generated from the plant
2. Overall efficiency of the plant
3. Mass of fuel used per hour
4. Specific fuel consumption
Take Cpair=1 kJ/kg.K , Cpgas=1.1 kJ/kg.K, γair=1.4, γgas=1.33

Solution

 
Marine power plants  27
 
 
Compressor
.
7 .

20 273 1

237.9°

237.9 20
0.8
20

292.4°

151310

Turbine
.
1273 7 .

512.5°

1000
0.85
1000 512.5

585.6°

257690

257690 151310 106380

Combustion chamber 1

45000 555.6 1.1 100 292.4

 
Marine power plants  28
 
 
 9.779 /

Combustion chamber 2

45000 555.6 9.779 1.1 1200 585.6

8.62 /

9.779 8.62 18.4 / 66.24 /

a b c d
h 3434 2210 191.7 196.7

Exhaust gas boiler

3434 196.7 555.6 18.4 1.1 1200 200

195 /

Steam turbine

237787

237787 106380 344167

344167
0.4157
18.4 45000

18.4 3600
0.192 /
344167

 
Marine power plants  29
 
 
 Waste heat recovery systems
Ex. Absorption refrigeration systems

The absorption refrigeration unit is used for cooling water for

refrigeration or air conditioning, it takes the heat contained in the
cooling water of the engine and in the exhaust. There is a closed
circuit of water which takes the heat from the engine (cooling water
and exhaust) and delivers it to the absorption unit. Then another
circuit is connected to the unit for the cold water.

The heat gained from the cooling water (QCW)

∆

 
Marine power plants  30
 
 
The heat gained from the exhaust (QexARU)

The total heat gained (Qh)

The temperature of closed circuit water entering the refrigeration unit

is called the supply temperature (Ts)

The coefficient of performance of the unit (COP)

Where Qc is the cooling load required from the unit.

Example
A waste heat recovery system of a diesel engine uses a LiBr-water
absorption refrigeration unit of 100 kW cooling load.
Determine:
- The heat gained of the ARU at 85°C supply temperature and
30°C ambient temperature
- The engine brake power if ηbth=40%
Assume that heat gained to the unit equal heat lost of the engine
0.85

0.8
Single stage
0.75

0.7

0.65

0.6
COP
0.55

0.5

0.45 Two stage

0.4

0.35

0.3
70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Ts [C]
 
Marine power plants  31
 
 
Solution

By interpolation at 85°C the COP=0.4131

100
0.4131

Qh=242 kW

For the diesel engine

0.02

0.98

242
0.98 0.4

Qa=417.24 kW

BP=167 kW

 
Marine power plants  32
 
 
 Ship piping systems

The piping systems onboard the ship are grouped into two main
categories; machinery piping systems (reviewed in the ship
propulsion systems course) and hull piping systems.

The machinery piping systems include:

- Fuel oil system
- Lubrication oil system
- Cooling water system
- Starting air system

The hull piping systems include:

- Bilge system
- Ballast system
- Fire fighting system
- Sewage system
- Domestic water system

Bilge system
The essential purpose of a bilge system is to clear water from the
ship's dry compartments, in emergency. The major uses of the
system are for clearing water and oil which accumulates in machinery
space bilges as the result of leakage or draining, and when washing
down dry cargo holds. The number of pumps and their capacity
depend upon the size, type and service of the ship.

Ballast system
The bilge system and the ballast system each have particular
functions to perform, but are in many ways interconnected, especially
that both works with the general service pump of the ship. The ballast
system is arranged to ensure that water can be drawn from any tank
or the sea and discharged to any other tank or the sea as required to
trim the vessel. Combined or separate mains for suction and
discharge may be provided.

 
Marine power plants  33
 
 
Oil/water separators are necessary aboard vessels to prevent the
discharge of oil overboard mainly when pumping out bilges. They
also find service when deballasting or when cleaning oil tanks. The
requirement to fit such devices is the result of international legislation.

Fire fighting system

Water is the chief fire fighting medium on a ship and the fire main is
the basic installation for fighting fires. The fire main extends to the full
length of the ship and from the machinery spaces to the highest
levels. Hydrants served by the main, are situated so that with suitable
hoses any area on the ship can be reached. For accommodation
spaces, sprinklers are fitted in the ceiling. Foam, CO2 and other

 
Marine power plants  34
 
 
materials are used instead of water according to the space protected
in the ship.

 
Marine power plants  35
 
 
Sewage system
This system is used for draining sewage from baths, laundries,
showers, etc., to the sanitary tanks or to treatment units. The exact
amount of sewage and waste water flow generated on board ship is
difficult to quantify. European designers tend to work on the basis of
70 litres/person/day of toilet waste (including flushing water) and
about 130-150 litres/person/day of washing water (including baths,
laundries, etc.). US authorities suggest that the flow from toilet
discharges is as high as 114 litres/person/day with twice this amount
of washing water.

Domestic water system

Domestic water systems usually comprise a fresh water system for
washing and drinking and a salt water system for sanitary purposes.
Both use a basically similar arrangement of an automatic pump
supplying the liquid to a tank which is pressurized by compressed air.
The compressed air provides the head or pressure to supply the
water when required. The pump is started automatically by a
pressure switch which operates as the water level falls to a
predetermined level. The fresh water system has, in addition, a
calorifier or heater which is heated, usually with steam.

 
Marine power plants  36
 
 
 Electric generation

A ship at sea cannot use an external source of energy; consequently

its electric power plant generates, distributes and converts electric
power. Electricity is used for the motor drive of many auxiliaries and
also for deck machinery, lighting, ventilation and air conditioning
equipment.

A distinction can be made between three phase alternating current

and direct current supply systems. Most commonly used are the three
phase alternating current systems with a frequency of 60 Hz and
voltages between 440-450 V or 50 Hz and 380-400 V. if very large
electric consumers, such as bow thrusters or propulsion motors, have
to be supplied, the main electric power system may use a higher
voltage of 3.3 – 6 – 6.6 – 11 or 15 kV. In this case the smaller users
are fed through transformers or from secondary electric power supply
systems, usually single phase alternating current with frequency of 50
Hz / 230 V or 60 Hz / 115 V. direct current system, usually 24 V, is
used to supply the control and monitoring systems.

Beside the main and secondary supply systems, the plant has an
emergency system. A separate genset: emergency/harbor generator.
The emergency genset with the associated transforming equipment
and emergency switchboard should be located above the uppermost
continuous deck. This system should supply the vital electric
consumers in the ship for at least 18 hours for cargo ships and 36
hours for passenger ships.

The diesel engines

Main electric power systems of 50 Hz require an engine with a speed
of 750, 1000 or 1500 rpm, 60 Hz systems require 900, 1200 or 1800
rpm.
Gas turbines may be used but it is not preferred due to its low fuel
economy.

 
Marine power plants  37
 
 
Electric power distribution
Switchboards receive, control and distribute electric energy from
generators to loads. Every ship has at least one main switchboard
and one emergency board. Main switchboards receive electric energy
directly from the main generators. The switchboard may receive
electricity from shore when in port or in dock.

The main switchboard distributes electricity to near electrical systems

and to distribution boards which group electrical systems that are
located further. Between the main switchboard and the secondary
electric supplies, the electric energy needs to be converted from main
to secondary. The type of converter is either a transformer (voltage),
a rectifier (AC to DC) or frequency converters.

Electric load
In order to determine the electric power pant capacity and
configuration, the electric load of the ship must be analyzed under
various operational conditions. For many ship types the studied
operational conditions are:
- At sea
- Manoeuvring
- In port: loading and discharging
- In port without loading or discharging
- At anchor
Ships with special missions (OSVs, naval vessels …) have special
operational conditions.
 
Marine power plants  38
 
 
Three ways are used to determine the electric power demand for the
ship: empirical formulae, electric load analysis and simulation.

Empirical formulae can be used successfully to obtain a first estimate

of the electric power demand in the pre-design stage. The example
given here is a formula that uses installed propulsion power to
determine the electric demand at sea for conventional cargo ship. As
a rule the electric load when manoeuvring is 130% of the electric load
at sea and the load in port without loading or discharging is 30 to
.
40%. 100 0.55

The most used method is the electric load analysis or electric load
balance. The next figure gives an example of a balance sheet.

The balance sheet lists all electric consumers vertically, the next
columns tabulate nominal properties of the electric consumers.

The second part of the sheet describes the various operational

conditions to determine the actual load for each condition.
 
Marine power plants  39
 
 
 - Power at full load is the power that has to be supplied to the
flange of the machinery. For direct electric users, such as
lighting and computers, this power equals the power absorbed
from the electric net. For electric users driven by motors, the
power absorbed from the net is the power demanded by the
user divided by the electric motor efficiency.

- Number in service is the number of pieces of the machinery

that are operated in same time. Some machinery will only be in
service in certain operational conditions.

- The load factor indicated the relative load of the machinery and
thus specifies how much electric power is absorbed in an actual
situation. The load factor varies between 0 and 1.

- The simultaneity factor accounts for pieces of machinery that

are not operated continuously but intermittently. (Air
compressors, fuel pumps, ballast pumps …). The simultaneity
factor indicates the relative mean operational time of the
machinery. Te simultaneity factor varies between 0 and 1.

- The average absorbed power is the product of the absorbed

power, the number in service, the load factor and the
simultaneity factor.

Example

For a container feeder ship an electric load analysis has to be made.

Three operating conditions need to be investigated:
• Sea service: the ship is sailing at service speed and a number of
containers need to be cooled
• In port- loading and unloading: no propulsion
For this exercise only a limited number of electric consumers are
considered. Where applicable, electric motors have to be selected
from a standard range of electric motors with nameplate (nominal)
power of: 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kW.

 
Marine power plants  40
 
 
Determine the load analysis for the following consumers:
(A) Propulsion system:

o High temperature (HT) cooling water pumps:

Two centrifugal pumps will be installed, one of which will be in
operation and one stand-by. The pump capacity is 85 m3/h at
pressure head of 2 bar. The pump efficiency is 0.75.

o Fuel oil service pump:

One to be in operation and one stand-by. The pump capacity is
4 m3/h at a pressure head of 5 bar. The pump efficiency is 0.65.

o Lubricating oil pump:

Two screw-type pumps, one of which is in operation and one
stand-by. The pump capacity is 100 m3/h at a pressure of 6 bar.
The pump efficiency is 0.8.

(B) Auxiliary systems:

o Fuel oil separators:

Two separators are installed. They run continuously during sea
service. The excess capacity is re-circulated from the clean fuel
oil daily tank, back to the fuel oil settling tank. Each separator
has a 4 kW electric motor. The motors are not fully loaded. The
separators require 3 kW of mechanical power input.

o Fuel oil heater for separators:

Two electric heaters are installed. The heaters are in operation
during operation of the fuel separators. The maximum capacity
of one heater is 40 kW. This capacity is based on heating of the
full fuel flow (corresponding with the maximum separator
capacity) from 5oC to 90oC. During normal operation
approximately 50% of the separator output is re-circulated and
the fuel supplied from the settling tank will have an average
temperature of 55oC.

 
Marine power plants  41
 
 
 o Fuel oil transfer pumps:
Two screw-type pumps are provided, to pump fuel from storage
tanks to settling tank and to transfer fuel between storage tanks
(for stability and trim operations of the ship). The pump capacity
is 40 m3/h at a pressure head of 4 bar. The pump efficiency is
0.70.

(C) Hotel systems:

o Hydrophore system:
To provide fresh water throughout the ship, a hydrophore
system is provided. A hydrophore tank is kept under a pressure
of 4 to 6 bar. Therefore, two hydrophore pumps are provided.
Their pump capacity is 3 m3/h at a pressure head of 6 bar. The
pump efficiency is 0.60.

o Hot water heater:

For use of hot water in the galley and for showering. Two hot
water heaters are provided. Each heater has a maximum
capacity of 120 l/h and can heat fresh water from 10oC to 80oC.
The electrical power used by one boiler is maximum 10 kW.

o Hot water circulation pump:

Two centrifugal pumps circulate hot water through the ship,
such that at every wash basin, shower and galley tap, hot water
is immediately available. The pump capacity is 0.4 m3/h at a
pressure head of 2 bar. The pump efficiency is 0.50.

(D) Hull machinery:

o Steering gear:
The ship is provided with an electric-hydraulic steering
machine. The steering machine contains two hydraulic pumps
of the controllable axial piston type. Each pump requires 24 kW
at full output.

 
Marine power plants  42
 
 
 o Capstans/winches:
The ship has two winches on the fore-deck and two on the aft-
deck. The installed power per winch is 30 kW. Two winches are
only in operation during maneuvering.

o Bow thruster:
The ship has one electrically-driven bow thruster to aid
maneuvering in port. The bow thruster has a FP propeller and
runs at a fixed speed. The propeller requires 280 kW and the
installed motor power is 300 kW.

(E) Cargo systems:

o Reefer containers:
The ship can carry 100 reefer containers. A reefer container is
provided with its individual cooling system. The maximum
compressor power per reefer container is 12 kW. The installed
motor power is 15 kW.

The following relations may be useful:

V& .ΔP
1. Ppump =
η pump
Ppump
2. Pabsorbed =
ηem
3. ηem = electric motor efficiency, it ranges from 0.85 for 1 kW
motor power to 0.90 for 20-50 kW motor power and to 0.92 for
300 kW motor power.

You are required to make an electric load balance sheet.

 
Marine power plants  43
 
 
Solution

(A) Propulsion system:

o High temperature (HT) cooling water pumps:

85 / ,∆ 2 , 0.75, 0.86

6.3 the motor will be 7 kW

.
.
The absorbed power 7.3
.

o Fuel oil service pump:

4 / ,∆ 5 , 0.65, 0.84

0.9 the motor will be 1 kW

.
.
The absorbed power 1
.

o Lubricating oil pump:

100 / ,∆ 6 , 0.8, 0.89

20.8 the motor will be 30 kW

.
.
The absorbed power 23.4
.

(B) Auxiliary systems:

o Fuel oil separator:

3 , 0.86
The absorbed power 3.5
.

o Fuel oil heaters:

Absorbed power = 40 kW

o Fuel oil transfer pumps:

40 / ,∆ 4 , 0.7, 0.86

6.4 the motor will be 7 kW

.

 
Marine power plants  44
 
 
 .
The absorbed power 7.4
.
(C) Hotel systems:

o Hydrophore system:
3 / ,∆ 6 , 0.6, 0.84

0.85 the motor will be 1 kW

.
.
The absorbed power 1
.

o Hot water heaters:

Absorbed power = 10 kW

o Hot water circulation pumps:

0.4 / ,∆ 2 , 0.5, 0.8
.

0.05 the motor will be 0.25 kW

.
.
The absorbed power 0.1
.

(D) Hull machinery:

o Steering gear:
24 the motor will be 30 kW
The absorbed power 27
.

o Winches:
30 , 0.89
The absorbed power 33.7
.

o Bow thruster:
280 , 0.92
The absorbed power 304
.

 
Marine power plants  45
 
 
 (E) Cargo systems:

o Reefer containers:
12 , 0.88
The absorbed power 13.6
.

    Sea service  Port: loading/unloading 
No.  Power at  Installed  Absorbed  no. in  Load  Sim.  Average  no. in  Load  Sim.  Averag
installed  full load  motor  electric  service  factor  factor  abs.  service  factor  factor  e abs. 
power  power  power  power 
Systems                         
                         
Propulsion 
                       
 
CW pumps  2  6.3  7  7.2 1 1.00 1.00 7.2 0  ‐  ‐ ‐
FO service  2  0.9  1  1  1  0.80  1.00  0.7  0  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
FO pumps  2  20.8  30  23.4  1  0.83  1.00  19.4  0  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
                         
Auxiliary 
                       
systems 
FO sep.  2  3  4  3.5  2  0.90  1.00  6.3  0  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
FO heater  2  40  ‐  40  2  0.53  1.00  42.4  0  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
FO trans.   2  6.4  7  7.4  1  0.75  0.25  1.4  0  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
                         
Hotel 
                       
systems 
Hydrophore  2  0.85  1  1  1  0.83  0.03  0.1  1  0.83  0.03  0.1 
HW heater  2  10  ‐  10 2 0.09 1.00 0.1 2  0.09  1.00 1.8
HW pump  2  0.05  0.25  0.1  1  1.00  1.00  0.1  1  1.00  1.00  0.1 
                         
Hull 
                       
machinery 
Steering  2  24  30  27  1  0.10  1.00  2.7  0  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
Winches  4  30  30  33.7  0  ‐  ‐  ‐  0  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
Bow thrust.  1  280  300  304  0  ‐  ‐  ‐  0  ‐  ‐  ‐ 
                         
Cargo 
                       
systems 
Reefer  100  12  15  13.6  100  0.55  0.9  675  100  0.55  0.4  300 

The total power at sea = 755.4 kW

The total power at port (loading/unloading) = 302.9 kW

 
Marine power plants  46
 
 
 Rene
ewable energy
y

Renewable energie es includ

de every energy source which is i not
harrmful to tthe enviro
onment and
a is noot deplete
ed. This includes solar,
win
nd and wave
w energies. Some
S typ
pes of fuuels like biomasss and
hyd
drogen area not depleted
d but ha ave veryy small effect ono the
envvironmennt.

Thee marinee field caannot use e all the renewable energ gy sourc ces as
somme of the
em requirres land based
b faccilities or stationarry plants, wave
eneergy for e
example cannot be b easily used in moving sships. Ac ctually,
an increaseed concerrn alloverr the worrld is focu using on new and clean
pes of ene
typ ergies forr ship pro
opulsion tto reduce e the harmful effects on
the
e environmment resuulting from
m the burning of fossil
f fuels.

The earch in this fie

e scienttific rese eld can be grou uped intoo two
cattegories; the first trying to reduce the emisssions fro
om the th
hermal
pow wer plan
nts alread dy installed eitheer by using cleanner fuelss, e.g.
nattural gass, biomasss and hydrogen
h , or by improving
i g the enngines’
dessign, the e secon nd group p trying to ado opt renewable energy
e
tecchnologies in the marine
m fie
eld.

Win nd
Till the begiinning of the industrial revo n the 19th century, ships
olution in
were propellled by wind driven n sails.

 
Marrine power plants  47
 
 
Moore and more re esearchess are pu ublished every d day and more
pro
ototypes a
are made
e to reuse
e sails ass a marine
e propulssion meth
hod.

Skyysails is one
o of many
m commpanies mmanufactuuring new
w types of
o sails
for ships propulsion
p n, these systemss are ussed as a auxiliary power
souurce in order to o reduce e the fue el consu
umption and thu us the
emmissions. Compan nies claim
m that fuuel savin
ngs of up to 50% % are
posssible usiing these
e new tecchnologiess.

Fueel cells
Thee fuel cell conve erts the chemicaal energyy of a ffuel direc
ctly to
ele
ectrical en
nergy with
hout com
mbustion.

 
Marrine power plants  48
 
 
Fuel cells may be used in the marine field mainly as auxiliary power
unit feeding the ship’s electric network.
There are five main fuel cell types in markets:
- Polymer electrolyte FC (PEFC)
- Alkaline FC (AFC)
- Phosphoric acid FC (PAFC)
- Molten carbonate FC (MCFC)
- Solid oxide FC (SOFC)

The difference between all the types is in the type of electrolyte

between the anode and the cathode of the cell.

Type High temperature

Low temperature cells (0-250°C)
cells (600-1000°C)
FC type PEFC AFC PAFC MCFC SOFC
Electrolyte Ion
Potassium Phosphoric Molten
exchange ceramic
hydroxide acid carbonate
membranes
Temperature 80°C 65-220°C 205°C 650°C 600-1000°C
Catalyst Platinum Platinum Platinum Nickel Perovskites
Water
Evaporative Evaporative Evaporative Gaseous Gaseous
management
Heat Process Process Internal Internal
Process gas
management gas gas reforming reforming
Power range 300-3000 100-1000
300 kW 20 kW 50-200 kW
kW kW
Efficiency 40-50% 45-55% 40-50% 50-60% 45-65%

Advantages of fuel cells include high efficiency, low emissions and

quiet operation.

 
Marine power plants  49
 
 
Solar energy
The solar radiations may be exploited in one of two ways. The first is
directly converting the sunlight into electricity and the other is by
heating a medium for heating purposes or to use it for electric
generation in a later process.

Photovoltaic panels (PV) are used for directly converting sunlight into
electric current. They are used in the marine field as auxiliary source
of power generally for DC users, since the output of these panels is
limited to few hundreds of watts; they are used only in leisure crafts
industry. Few companies, e.g. Solar Sailor, are producing PV panels
which can be used in the same time as sails for the ships to further
reduce the fuel consumption.

Solar collectors are used for collecting heat from sunlight to produce
hot water for heating or air conditioning purposes. Also these units
are used in leisure crafts industry. The major problem for any type of
solar energy is the orientation as the panels have to be continuously
oriented towards the sun to do the job, so these systems are useful
only in crafts working in daylight and with long stops.

Three types of solar collectors are widely used; simple flat collectors,
coated collectors and evacuated (vacuum) collectors. Each type is
used for a specific range of temperatures and applications. The
simple flat collector is the cheapest while the evacuated is the most
expensive.
Beside the cost and the temperature range provided by each type,
efficiency is a factor that has to be taken into consideration. The
collector efficiency is the ratio between the useful amount of heat
transported to the heating medium and the amount of heat received
by the collector.

. .Δ
.
is the flow rate of the heating medium
C is the specific heat
I is the solar radiation in W/m2
A is the collector’s area

 
Marine power plants  50
 
 
The x-axis is the difference between the average temperature across
the collector and the ambient temperature.

Note that the efficiency never reaches 100% due to optical losses

 
Marine power plants  51
 
 
Example
A Nile floating hotel has a free roof area of 20 m2, a solar collector is
to be fitted in this area for water heating.
The solar radiation in this area is 1000 W/m2 and the ambient
temperature is 35°C. The temperature of water across the collector is
40/120°C.
The performance curves of different collectors at previous conditions
are:
(Tab-Ta) °C 0 20 40 60 80 100 110
Simple collector( η c) 0.75 0.60 0.43 0.23 0.0 - -
Coated collector( η c) 0.82 0.76 0.65 0.50 0.32 0.12 0.0
Evacuated Collector( η c) 0.75 0.74 0.67 0.58 0.49 0.40 0.36
Given:
The cost of one m2 is 1000, 2000 and 3000 LE respectively.

- Estimate the mass flow rate of the water pump used with the
most economic collector.
- Estimate the new area for the most efficient collector for the
same flow rate.

Solution
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5 vacuum
η 0.4

0.3 coated

0.2
simple
0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Tab -Ta
 
Marine power plants  52
 
 
 120 40
35 45°
2

At 45°C ηsimple = 0.38

4.18 120 40
0.38
1 20

0.0227 /

At 45°C ηevacuated = 0.65

0.0227 4.18 120 40

0.65
1

A = 11.69 m2

 
Marine power plants  53