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This document describes standards for broadband optical access networks with enhanced survivability. It specifies architectures and requirements that extend ITU-T Rec. G.983.1 to enable survivability protections for highly reliable services. It describes survivability architectures for B-PON networks, including protection performance criteria and protection switching criteria and protocols. The document aims to standardize flexible access networks using optical fiber technologies.

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INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION

ITU-T G.983.5
TELECOMMUNICATION (01/2002)
STANDARDIZATION SECTOR
OF ITU

SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA,

DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
Digital sections and digital line system – Optical line
systems for local and access networks

A broadband optical access system with

enhanced survivability

ITU-T Recommendation G.983.5

ITU-T G-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS

INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUITS G.100–G.199

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS COMMON TO ALL ANALOGUE CARRIER- G.200–G.299
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE G.300–G.399
SYSTEMS ON METALLIC LINES
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL CARRIER TELEPHONE G.400–G.449
SYSTEMS ON RADIO-RELAY OR SATELLITE LINKS AND INTERCONNECTION WITH
METALLIC LINES
COORDINATION OF RADIOTELEPHONY AND LINE TELEPHONY G.450–G.499
TESTING EQUIPMENTS G.500–G.599
TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS G.600–G.699
DIGITAL TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS G.700–G.799
DIGITAL NETWORKS G.800–G.899
DIGITAL SECTIONS AND DIGITAL LINE SYSTEM G.900–G.999
General G.900–G.909
Parameters for optical fibre cable systems G.910–G.919
Digital sections at hierarchical bit rates based on a bit rate of 2048 kbit/s G.920–G.929
Digital line transmission systems on cable at non-hierarchical bit rates G.930–G.939
Digital line systems provided by FDM transmission bearers G.940–G.949
Digital line systems G.950–G.959
Digital section and digital transmission systems for customer access to ISDN G.960–G.969
Optical fibre submarine cable systems G.970–G.979
Optical line systems for local and access networks G.980–G.989
Access networks G.990–G.999
QUALITY OF SERVICE AND PERFORMANCE G.1000–G.1999
TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS G.6000–G.6999
DIGITAL TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS G.7000–G.7999
DIGITAL NETWORKS G.8000–G.8999

For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.

ITU-T Recommendation G.983.5

A broadband optical access system with enhanced survivability

Summary
This Recommendation describes flexible access networks using optical fibre technology based on
ITU-T Rec. G.983.1. Specifically, it describes the functions that extend ITU-T Rec. G.983.1 to
enable survivability-protection enhancements for the delivery of highly reliable services. It describes
B-PON survivability architectures, protection performance criteria, and protection-switching criteria
and protocols.

Source
ITU-T Recommendation G.983.5 was prepared by ITU-T Study Group 15 (2001-2004) and
approved under the WTSA Resolution 1 procedure on 6 January 2002.

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) i

FOREWORD
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of
telecommunications. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of
ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing
Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years,
establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on
these topics.
The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are
prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.

NOTE
In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a
telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may
involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence,
validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others
outside of the Recommendation development process.
As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had received notice of intellectual property,
protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementors
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the
TSB patent database.

 ITU 2002
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the
prior written permission of ITU.

ii ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

CONTENTS
Page

1 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 1

2 References..................................................................................................................... 1

3 Abbreviations................................................................................................................ 2

4 Definitions .................................................................................................................... 4

5 Architecture and requirements for a protected optical access network ........................ 5

5.1 Architecture and requirements ....................................................................... 5
5.1.1 Service categories........................................................................................... 5
5.1.2 Background and requirements........................................................................ 5
5.2 Reference configuration ................................................................................. 8
5.3 Functional blocks............................................................................................ 8
5.4 ONU functional block .................................................................................... 8
5.4.1 Optical Distribution Network (ODN) interface.............................................. 8
5.4.2 Multiplexing ................................................................................................... 9
5.4.3 User Port......................................................................................................... 9
5.4.4 ONU Powering ............................................................................................... 9
5.4.5 ODN interface switch ..................................................................................... 9
5.5 OLT functional block ..................................................................................... 9
5.6 Optical Distribution Network (ODN) functional block.................................. 11
5.6.1 Passive optical elements ................................................................................. 11
5.6.2 Optical interfaces............................................................................................ 11

6 Services......................................................................................................................... 13

7 User Network Interface and Service Node Interface.................................................... 13

8 Optical network survivability requirements ................................................................. 13

8.1 Layer structure of the B-PON survivability optical network ......................... 13
8.2 Physical medium dependent layer requirements for B-PON ......................... 15
8.3 Additional TC-layer requirements for B-PON survivability.......................... 15
8.3.1 Duplex PON link identification...................................................................... 15
8.3.2 Additional messages in the PLOAM channel for survivability...................... 16
8.3.3 Message formats............................................................................................. 16
8.4 Ranging Method ............................................................................................. 17
8.5 Protection switching ....................................................................................... 17
8.5.1 PON Protection function ................................................................................ 17
8.5.2 Protocols ......................................................................................................... 19
8.5.3 Switching criteria............................................................................................ 19
8.5.4 Performance.................................................................................................... 20

TU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) iii

Page

9 Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM) functionality............................. 22

10 Performance.................................................................................................................. 22

11 Environmental condition .............................................................................................. 22

12 Safety ............................................................................................................................ 22

Annex A − Fast switching protocol for the B-PON access network ....................................... 22
A.1 Survivability Architecture .............................................................................. 22
A.1.1 1:1 architecture (required) .............................................................................. 22
A.1.2 1+1 Architecture (optional) ............................................................................ 23
A.2 MSP bytes....................................................................................................... 24
A.2.1 K1 byte ........................................................................................................... 24
A.2.2 K1 byte generation rules................................................................................. 24
A.2.3 Revertive/non-revertive modes ...................................................................... 24
A.2.4 K2 byte ........................................................................................................... 25
A.2.5 Control of the upstream switch in the ONU and the downstream switch in
the OLT .......................................................................................................... 25
A.2.6 Transmission and acceptance of MSP Bytes.................................................. 25
A.3 MSP commands.............................................................................................. 25
A.4 Switching Sequence........................................................................................ 25
A.4.1 1:1 bidirectional operation with non-revertive mode ..................................... 25
A.4.2 1:1 bidirectional operation with revertive mode ............................................ 43
A.4.3 1+1 bidirectional operation with non-revertive mode .................................... 46
A.4.4 1+1 bidirectional operation with revertive mode ........................................... 49

iv ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

ITU-T Recommendation G.983.5

A broadband optical access system with enhanced survivability

1 Scope
This Recommendation describes the extended functions for B-PON systems defined in ITU-T
Rec. G.983.1 to enable protection functions. It is based on Appendix IV/G.983.1. In particular, it
focuses on the protection-configuration types B and C described in that appendix.
This Recommendation discusses a number of protection feature and function choices and provides
the necessary specifications in the PON layer to implement these choices. These include guidelines
on performance objectives (for example, switching and detection time), application functionality
(for example, revertive mode, non-revertive mode, extra traffic support, automatic switching, and
forced switching), switching criteria and switching protocols (1+1, 1:1, 1:N, bidirectional and
unidirectional mechanisms).
This Recommendation considers protection enhancements for the delivery of highly reliable
services for a variety of B-PON network scenarios, including Fibre to the Cabinet (FTTCab) and
Fibre to the Office (FTTO).

2 References
The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions, which, through
reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the
editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision;
users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the
currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published.
[1] ITU-T Recommendation G.652 (2000), Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre
cable.
[2] ITU-T Recommendation G.671 (2001), Transmission characteristics of optical components
and subsystems.
[3] ITU-T Recommendation G.783 (2000), Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy
(SDH) equipment functional blocks.
[4] ITU-T Recommendation G.841 (1998), Types and characteristics of SDH network
protection architectures.
[5] ITU-T Recommendation G.902 (1995), Framework recommendation on functional access
networks (AN) – Architecture and functions, access types, management and service node
aspects.
[6] ITU-T Recommendation G.957 (1999), Optical interfaces for equipment and systems
relating to the synchronous digital hierarchy.
[7] ITU-T Recommendation G.958 (1994), Digital line systems based on the synchronous
digital hierarchy for use on optical fibre cables.
[8] ITU-T Recommendation G.982 (1996), Optical access networks to support services up to
the ISDN primary rates or equivalent bit rates.
[9] ITU-T G.983.1 (1998), Broadband optical access systems based on Passive Optical
Networks (PON).

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 1

[10] ITU-T G.983.2 (2000), The ONT management and control interface specification for
ATM PON.
[11] ITU-T I.321 (1991), B-ISDN protocol reference model and its application.
[12] ITU-T I.326 (1995), Functional architecture of transport networks based on ATM.
[13] ITU-T I.356 (2000), B-ISDN ATM layer cell transfer performance.
[14] ITU-T I.361 (1999), B-ISDN ATM layer specification.
[15] ITU-T I.432.1 (1999), B-ISDN user-network interface – Physical layer specification:
General characteristics.
[16] ITU-T I.610 (1999), B-ISDN operation and maintenance principles and functions.
[17] ITU-T I.732 (2000), Functional characteristics of ATM equipment.

3 Abbreviations
This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations:
AF Adaptation Function
APS Automatic Protection Switching
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BER Bit Error Ratio
BIP Bit Interleaved Parity
B-ISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network
B-PON Broadband Passive Optical Network
CID Consecutive Identical Digit
CPE Cell Phase Error
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
E/O Electrical/Optical
FTTB/C Fibre to the Building/Curb
FTTCab Fibre to the Cabinet
FTTH Fibre to the Home
FTTO Fibre to the Office
HEC Header Error Control
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
LAN Local Area Network
LCD Loss of Cell Delineation
LCF Laser Control Field
LSB Least Significant Bit
LT Line Terminal
MAC Media Access Control

2 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

MSB Most Significant Bit
MSP Multiplex Section Protection
NT Network Termination
OAM Operation, Administration and Maintenance
OAN Optical Access Network
ODF Optical Distribution Frame
ODN Optical Distribution Network
OLT Optical Line Termination
ONT Optical Network Termination
ONU Optical Network Unit
OpS Operations System
PLOAM Physical Layer OAM
PON Passive Optical Network
PRBS Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence
PST PON Section Trace
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
QoS Quality of Service
RAU Request Access Unit
RMS Root Mean Square
SD Signal Degrade
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SF Signal Fail
SN Serial Number
SNI Service Node Interface
SPC Service Port Function
TC Transmission Convergence
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
UI Unit Interval
UNI User Network Interface
UPC Usage Parameter Control
UPF User Port Function
VC Virtual Channel
VoD Video on Demand
VP Virtual Path
VPI Virtual Path Identifier
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 3

4 Definitions
This Recommendation defines the following terms:
4.1 1:1 protection: A system of 1:1 protection configuration carries traffic in the working
equipment while the protection equipment stands by without serving any traffic. The 1:1 protection
configuration is a special case of the more general 1:N protection where the protection equipment is
shared among N sets of working equipment.
4.2 1+1 protection: A system of 1+1 protection configuration carries identical traffic in both
working and protection equipment.
4.3 X:N protection architecture: A system of X:N protection architecture offers X protection
PONs for N working PONs, where some or all of the protected ONUs on the working PONs can be
connected to any of the X protection PONs.
4.4 bidirectional protection: Upon detecting a failure of its working equipment, a system of
bidirectional protection configuration requires acknowledgement from the far-end protection
equipment before switching to the protection equipment.
4.5 unidirectional protection: A system of unidirectional protection configuration can switch
to protection equipment once it detects failure in its working equipment.
4.6 churning: Churning is a function that can be applied to the downstream user data from an
OLT to its ONUs. Churning provides the necessary function of data scrambling and offers a low
level of protection for data confidentiality. It is installed at the TC layer of the B-PON system and
can be activated for point-to-point downstream connections.
4.7 duplex working: Bidirectional communication using a different wavelength for each
direction of transmission over a single fibre.
4.8 extra traffic: Lower priority traffic with respect to that being carried by the working entity.
It is carried over the protection entity while the working entity is active. The extra traffic is not
protected, i.e. when the protection entity is required to protect the traffic that is being carried over
the working entity (due to a failure or forced/manual switch operation), the extra traffic is
pre-empted.
4.9 grant: A grant is a short downstream message giving permission to a specific ONU to
transmit an upstream cell. The OLT controls the distribution of grants to the ONUs and ensures
good use of the upstream channel without data collisions.
4.10 mean signal transfer delay: The average upstream and downstream values between
reference points "V" and "T", a given value is determined by measuring round-trip delay, then
dividing by 2.
4.11 non-revertive: A protection configuration is non-revertive if the system does not switch
back.
4.12 Optical Access Network (OAN): The set of access links sharing the same network-side
interfaces and supported by optical access transmission systems. The OAN may include a number
of ODNs connected to the same OLT.
4.13 Optical Distribution Network (ODN): An ODN provides the optical transmission means
from the OLT towards the users, and vice versa. It utilises passive optical components.
4.14 Optical Line Termination (OLT): An OLT provides the network-side interface of the
OAN, and is connected to one or more ODNs.
4.15 Optical Network Termination (ONT): An ONU used for FTTH and includes the User
Port function.

4 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

4.16 Optical Network Unit (ONU): An ONU provides (directly or remotely) the user-side
interface of the OAN, and is connected to the ODN. As far as the protection functions are
concerned, ONU and ONT share the same functionality. Thus, only ONU is referenced in this
Recommendation for the sake of clarity.
4.17 ranging: It is necessary to transmit an upstream cell without cell collision in this system.
Ranging is a function to measure the logical distance between each ONU and OLT and decide the
transmission timing when each ONU receives a grant.
4.18 revertive: A protection configuration is revertive if the system automatically switches back
to the working equipment after it is repaired or recovered from a failure condition. Therefore, in a
revertive protection configuration, the system has fixed working equipment. The protection
equipment is used only when the working equipment is out of service.
4.19 service port function: The Service Port Function (SPF) adapts the requirements defined
for a specific SNI to the common bearers handling and selects the relevant information for
treatment in the AN system management function.
4.20 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): Transmission technique involving the
multiplexing of many time slots onto the same time payload.
4.21 user port function: The User Port Function (UPF) adapts the specific UNI requirements to
the core and management functions. The AN may support a number of different access and user
network interfaces which require specific functions according to the relevant interface specification
and the access bearer capability requirements, i.e. bearers for information transfer and protocols.
4.22 verification: It is possible for a malicious user to masquerade as another ONU and use the
network if the user knows that the ONU is powered-off. Verification is a function to check whether
the connected ONU is masqueraded by a malicious user.
4.23 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): Bidirectional multiplexing using different
optical wavelength for up and downstream signals.

5 Architecture and requirements for a protected optical access network

5.1 Architecture and requirements
5.1.1 Service categories
The following service categories have been considered:
• Asymmetric broadband services (e.g. digital broadcast services, VoD, Internet, distance
learning, telemedicine, etc.).
• Symmetric broadband services (e.g. telecommunication services for small business
customers, teleconsulting, etc.).
• PSTN and ISDN. The access network must be able to provide in a flexible way narrow-
band telephone services.
• Reliable services. The access network must be able to provide protection for user traffic
that demands high levels of reliability against equipment or facility failures in the network.
5.1.2 Background and requirements
Network configuration is basically satisfied with the type B and type C configurations described in
ITU-T Rec. G.983.1. The following items are required for the B-PON survivability architecture:
– Type B protection configuration. In this configuration type (shown in Figure 1), no
equipment redundancy is provided in the ONUs. The protection-capable OLT performs
switching if its working PON interface fails or its directly connected fibre breaks. G.983.1
compliant ONUs satisfy type B protection configuration without modification.

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 5

– Type C protection configuration. In this configuration type (shown in Figures 2 and 3),
equipment redundancy is provided in both the OLT and ONUs. The protection-capable
OLT performs switching if any PON interface in the OLT or ONUs fails or if any fibre in
the ODN breaks. This Recommendation addresses the modifications to ITU-T Rec. G.983.1
necessary to support the type C protection configuration.
− Mixture of protected and unprotected ONUs in type C configuration. The protection
functions shall allow a mixture of protected and unprotected ONUs. In certain fault
scenarios, the unprotected ONUs may suffer service disruption while the protected ONUs
are recovered.
− X:N variant of type C protection configuration. In this variant of configuration type C
(shown in Figure 3), equipment redundancy is provided in the OLT (some or all of the Line
Terminals (LTs)) and some or all ONUs. This variant allows protected ONUs to be
connected to any of the protection LTs, independent of which working LT they belong to.
This variant is optional.
– Extra traffic for type C configuration. Extra traffic should be able to be carried over the
protection entities while the working entity is active. The extra traffic will not be protected.
This option provides effective usage of bandwidth in the protection entities. It must be
possible for an operator not to activate this extra traffic option.
ONU
PON LT N:2
splitter
OLT

PON LT(1)

PON LT(0)

ONU
T1550640-02
PON LT

Figure 1/G.983.5 – Type B: OLT-only protected system

ONU #1
PON LT (1)
Double
PON LT (0) N:1 optical splitter

OLT

PON LT(1)

PON LT(0)

T1550650-02

ONU #N
PON LT (1)

PON LT (0)

Figure 2/G.983.5 – Type C: Fully protected system, 1:1 and 1+1

6 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

ONU-1,1 OLT
PON LT (1) MP1: 1 splitter
PON LT (0)
PON LT(1)-1

PON LT(1)-2
ONU-1,2 PON LT
MPX: 1 splitter

PON LT(1)-X
ONU-1,3 PON LT (1)

PON LT (0)

PON LT(0)-1
ONU-1,MW1 PON LT (1)

PON LT (0) M W1: 1 splitter PON LT(0)-2

PON LT(0)-3
ONU-N,1 PON LT (1)

PON LT (0)

ONU-N,2 PON LT

PON LT(0)-N

ONU-N,MWN PON LT (1) MWN: 1 splitter

T1550660-02
PON LT (0)

Figure 3/G.983.5 – Type C: X:N protection system

A redundant B-PON system shall satisfy the following requirements:

− It should be possible to have both the type B and type C protection configurations on the
same OLT:
• It should be possible to duplicate the OLT-PON-Interface and the fibres between the
OLT and splitter and to duplicate the entire fibre path between the OLT and ONU for a
set of ONUs.
• The two configurations should be available on the same OLT, but not on the same
ODN interface.
− It should be possible to have multi-vendor interoperability between OLT and ONU.
− In the type C configuration, it should be possible to have a mixture of protected and
unprotected ONUs on one B-PON interface.
− The addition or removal of a protected ONU on a PON should not affect other ONUs on
the same PON.
− It should be possible to have automatic switching, which would be triggered by a fault
detection such as loss of signal, loss of cell delineation, signal degrade (e.g. BER becomes
worse than the pre-determined threshold), etc.
− It should be possible to have forced switching, which would be activated by administrative
events such as fiber rerouting, fiber replacement, etc.
− It is necessary to avoid unnecessary switching. Because unstable switching affects service
quality, unnecessary protection switching and unnecessary revertive protection switching
should not occur.
− It should be possible to realise switching without connection loss of the ATM connections.

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 7

− It should be possible for the operator to choose between a revertive and a non-revertive
switching mode.
− The service halt time should be less than 50 ms if the extra traffic option is not used.
− The events or conditions that trigger automatic switching should be chosen among the
G.983.1 OAM parameters.
− The chosen protocols and mechanisms must apply to the B-PON section layer.
− The type C configuration should be able to support extra traffic:
• Extra traffic should be carried over the protection entities while the working entity is
active and would not be protected. This capability will provide effective usage of
bandwidth on the protection entities.
• This requirement is applicable only for the type C configuration.
• It must be possible for an operator not to activate the extra traffic option (e.g. to
achieve a lower service interruption time).

5.2 Reference configuration

The reference configuration is the same as shown in Figure 2/G.983.1.

5.3 Functional blocks

Functional blocks are the same as described in 5.3/G.983.1.

5.4 ONU functional block

An example of a protected ONT (ONU with User Port Function) is shown in Figure 4. The ONT is
active and decouples the access network delivery mechanism from the in-house distribution. The
ONT core consists of redundant ODN interfaces, ODN interface switch, User Port, Transmission,
Services and Customers Multiplexing (MUX)/demultiplexing functions and powering.

Service shell
Core shell ODN
User Customer interface
Customer port and ODN function(0)
*
Function Transmission
services
multiplex/demult. interface * ODN
multiplex/ *
* demultiplex function switch ODN
* function
interface *
function(1)
*
*
User
port Power OAM
Function
Common shell

T1550670-02

Figure 4/G.983.5 – ONU Functional Blocks

5.4.1 Optical Distribution Network (ODN) interface

The ODN interface handles the opto-electronic conversion process. The ODN interface extracts
ATM cells from the downstream PON payload and inserts ATM cells into the upstream PON
payload based on synchronisation acquired from the downstream frame timing. There are two ODN
interfaces in a protected ONT/ONU.

8 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

5.4.2 Multiplexing
The Multiplexer (MUX) multiplexes service interfaces to the ODN interface. Only valid ATM cells
can be passed through the MUX, so many VPs can share the assigned upstream bandwidth
effectively.
5.4.3 User Port
The User Port interfaces over the UNI to a user terminal. The User Port handles functions such as
inserting ATM cells into the upstream payload and extracting ATM cells from the downstream
payload.
5.4.4 ONU Powering
ONU powering may be implementation dependent.
5.4.5 ODN interface switch
The ODN interface switch selects the 'in-service' ODN interface.

5.5 OLT functional block

The OLT is connected to the switched networks via standardized interfaces (VB5.x, V5.x, NNIs).
At the distribution side, it presents optical access according to agreed requirements, in terms of bit
rate, power budget, etc.

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 9

Core shell Service shell
ODN
Interface
Function(0)
*
ODN Service * Core
Interface Port Network
Function(1) Function *
ATM
*
Cross *
* Transmission connect
MUX/DEMUX Function *
* V5.x/VBInterface
B-PON section *
* switch
* Local exchange
ODN Service
Interface Port
Function(0) Function

ODN
Interface
Function(1)

Power OAM

Core Service
ODN
Interface
Function(0)
*
ODN Service
Interface * Core
Port Network
Function(1) Function *
ATM
*
Cross *
* Transmission connect
MUX/DEMUX Function *
* V5.x/VBInterface
B-PON section *
* switch
* Local
ODN Service
Interface Port
Function(0) Function

ODN
Interface
Function(1)

Power OAM

T1550680-02

Figure 5/G.983.5 – OLT Functional Blocks

10 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

The OLT consists of three parts: the Service Port function, ODN interface and Transmission
MUX/DEMUX/B-PON section switch for VP grooming (see Figure 5). (This combination is not
intended to preclude the Virtual Channel (VC) layer function in the OLT. As discussed in
ITU-T Rec. G.983.1, this function is for further study.)
1) Service Port function
Same as in item 1) of 5.5/G.983.1.
2) The Transmission MUX/DEMUX/B-PON section switch
This provides VP connections between the Service Port function and the ODN interface and
different VPs are assigned to different services at the IFPON. Various information flows
such as the main data content, signalling, and OAM cells are exchanged by using VCs of
the VP. The transmission MUX/DEMUX/B-PON section switch selects each B-PON
section from the redundant ODN interfaces.
3) ODN interface
The PON Line Terminal (LT) handles the opto-electronic conversion process. The ODN
interface handles such functions as inserting ATM cells into the downstream PON payload
and extracting ATM cells from the upstream PON payload. The ODN interface is
redundant.

5.6 Optical Distribution Network (ODN) functional block

The ODN functional block is the same as in 5.6/G.983.1.
5.6.1 Passive optical elements
Passive optical elements are the same as in 5.6.1/G.983.1.
5.6.2 Optical interfaces
In the context of the reference configuration, Figure 6 shows the generic physical configuration of
an ODN.
The two directions for optical transmission in the ODN are identified as follows:
– downstream direction for signals travelling from the OLT to the ONU(s);
– upstream direction for signals travelling from the ONU(s) to the OLT.
Transmission in downstream and upstream directions can take place on the same fibre and
components (duplex/diplex working) or on separate fibres and components (simplex working).
If additional connectors or other passive devices are needed for ODN rearrangement, they shall be
located between S and R and their losses shall be taken into account in any optical loss calculation.
The ODN offers one or more optical path between one OLT and one or more ONUs. Each optical
path is defined between reference points in a specific wavelength window.
The following optical interfaces are defined in Figure 6:
Oru, Ord: optical interface at the reference point R/S between the ONU and the ODN for the
upstream and downstream directions, respectively.
Olu, Old: optical interfaces at the reference point S/R between the OLT and the ODN for the
upstream and downstream directions, respectively.
At the physical layer, the interfaces will require at least two fibres for protected ONUs and OLTs,
and may require more than two fibres, e.g. for separation of transmission directions or different
types of signals/services.
Specification of the optical interfaces (Oru, Ord, Olu, Old ) are defined in clause 8.

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 11

R/S S/R

ONU1 (0)

ONU1 (1) ODN OLT

Ord,Oru

T1550690-02
R/S
Old,Olu
ONUn

Ord,Oru
R and S: Reference points
Ord,Oru,Old,Olu : Optical interfaces
Bold solid lines represent one or more fibres
Dashed lines represent optional protection fibres

Figure 6/G.983.5 – Generic physical configuration of the Optical Distribution Network

The optical properties of the ODN shall enable the provision of any presently foreseeable service,
without the need of extensive modifications to the ODN itself. This requirement has an impact on
the properties of the passive optical components which constitute the ODN. A set of essential
requirements, which have a direct influence on the optical properties of the ODN, are identified as
follows:
– optical wavelength transparency: devices, such as optical branching devices, which are not
intended to perform any wavelength-selective function, shall be able to support
transmission of signals at any wavelength in the 1310 nm and 1550 nm regions;
– reciprocity: reversal of input and output ports shall not cause significant changes of the
optical loss through the devices;
– fibre compatibility: all optical components shall be compatible with single-mode fibre as
specified in ITU-T Rec. G.652.
For the type B ODN configuration, the optical interface for the active/working OLT interface (Old)
is the same as specified in ITU-T Rec. G.983.1. The Old interface for the inactive/stand-by OLT LT
should not be "alight" (i.e. the laser diode should not be active) in order to prevent downstream
interference.
For the type C ODN configuration, the optical interfaces at the OLT and ONU are the same as
specified in ITU-T Rec. G.983.1.
5.6.2.1 Optical Distribution Network model loss calculations
This is described in ITU-T Rec. G.982.
5.6.2.2 Optical Distribution Network model loss calculation technique
This is described in ITU-T Rec. G.982.

12 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

6 Services
Broadband access networks with protection functions can convey highly reliable services such as
leased line or highly reliable VPN. These networks can also transmit the broadband services defined
as G.983.1 and/or a mix of protected and unprotected services. In addition, these networks can
transmit economical and lower reliability services as so called "extra traffic", which is pre-empted
by highly reliable service when some failure occurs.

7 User Network Interface and Service Node Interface

The UNI and SNI are the same as in clause 7/G.983.1.

8 Optical network survivability requirements

8.1 Layer structure of the B-PON survivability optical network

The layer structure of the optical network and the physical medium dependent layer requirements
are the same as in 8.1 and 8.2/G.983.1.
Layer architecture of type C switching
In this clause, the layer architecture of B-PON protection is described. In order to protect each
branch line and accommodate mixed protected and unprotected ONUs, survivability for the B-PON
system is executed by switching each ONU's traffic. Figure 7 shows the layer architecture of
B-PON protection, which is based on the ITU-T Rec. G.805 description. Figure 8 shows the
multiplexing structure of the section/path layers between the OLT and ONU with the protection
function.
A B-PON section is defined as the VP group between the OLT and an ONU. If "n" ONUs are
connected to an OLT, then there are "n" B-PON sections. These sections are supervised using
PLOAM cells as the TC layer function.
The B-PON section layer protection function is not on the ATM layer, but it is established in the TC
layer between one ONU and OLT section including all VPI paths in the ONU, and is executed
independently for each branch line failure. To do this, the B-PON section can be checked using the
TC layer OAM function. This B-PON section-layer protection leads to higher reliability and
flexibility in the ODN protection switching network.

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 13

ONT#1 ODN OLT #1
PON- PONP/ PONP Normal
PHY PONS PONP /VP VP traffic
Normal PONP PONP/
PONS/
PON- PON-
PON-
PON- PHY/
traffic VP /VP
PONP
PONS
PONS
PHY PHY
PHY PONS

PON- PONP/ PONP Extra

PHY PONS PONP /VP VP traffic
Extra PONP PONP/
PONS/
PON- PON-
traffic VP /VP
PONP
PONS
PONS
PHY PHY

#2
ONT#2
PON- PONP/ PONP Normal
PHY PONS PONP
/VP VP traffic
Normal PONP PONP/
PONS/
PON- PON-
VP /VP
PONP PONS
traffic PONS PHY PHY

PON- PONP/ PONP Extra

PHY PONS PONP /VP VP traffic
Extra PONP PONP/
PONS/
PON- PON-
VP /VP PONP PONS
traffic PONS PHY PHY

#n
PON- PONP/ PONP Normal
PHY PONS PONP /VP VP traffic
ONT#n

PON-
PON- PHY/
Normal PONP
PONS/
PON-
PHY
PONS PON- PONP/ PONP Extra
VP PON- PONP /VP VP
traffic /VP
PHY
PHY PHY PONS
traffic

T1550700-02

PONS Passive Optical Network Section

PONP Passive Optical Network Protection
PON-PHY Passive Optical Network Physical
VP Virtual Path

Figure 7/G.983.5 – The layer architecture example in B-PON

14 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

ONT ODN OLT

PON Protection Sub- Bridge/Selector PON physical layer PON section VP VC Bridge/Selector
layer

T1550710-02
PON physical layer
PON section layer
PON Protection section layer
Virtual path layer

Figure 8/G.983.5 – The layer image in B-PON

8.2 Physical medium dependent layer requirements for B-PON

Same as ITU-T Rec. G.983.1.

8.3 Additional TC-layer requirements for B-PON survivability

For physical medium dependent layer requirements, reference is made to ITU-T Recs. G.983.1 and
G.983.3. In addition to the TC layer functions already specified in ITU-T Rec. G.983.1, the
following TC layer functions are added for the survivability application.
8.3.1 Duplex PON link identification
In the case of a protected system where a redundant PON protects the active PON, protection
switching will be activated using specified messages in PLOAM cells or specific PON protocols.
This sequence requires that the line numbers of the OLT must exactly match those of the ONU. The
line identifier is assigned to a transmitter based on the interconnection scheme between the OLTs
and ONUs. The line identifier is periodically sent to both the OLT and ONU to check whether the
received line identifier is the same as the equipment's own identifier. This is defined in the PON
Section Trace (PST) message. Each piece of equipment can then verify its continued connection to
the intended transmitter. If the received line number differs from the equipment's line number, the
equipment generates an alarm, MIS (Link Mismatching). In case of an unprotected system, link
mismatching is optional.

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 15

8.3.2 Additional messages in the PLOAM channel for survivability
PLOAM messages are described in 8.3.8.1/G.983.1. For B-PON survivability, the PST message is
redefined to include an additional PLOAM message for survivability. This PST message is shown
in Table 1.

Table 1/G.983.5 – PST Message definition

Number
Message Name Function Direction Trigger of times Effect of receipt
sent
15 PST message To check the OLT → ONU Send it when Same as Same as the
(Broadcast OLT-ONU common message the individual message.
Message) connectivity in a for all ONUs individual (See Note)
redundant should be sent trigger
(If OLT needs to configuration and simultaneously. condition.
send the same to perform APS.
message to all
ONUs, it can send Priority level is 1.
this message.)
PST message To perform APS. Send it at a 1 time/sec ONU checks K1/K2
(Individual Priority level is 1. certain rate or or when bytes and performs
Message) when OLT K1/K2 APS.
detects the APS bytes (See Note)
trigger to change should be
K1/K2 bytes. changed.
28 PST message To check the OLT ← ONU Send it a certain 1 time/sec OLT checks link
OLT-ONU rate or when or when number with own
connectivity in a ONU detects the K1/K2 link number and
redundant APS trigger to bytes generates a Link
configuration and change K1/K2 should be Mismatch (MIS) if
to perform APS. bytes. changed. different
Priority level is 1. or
OLT checks K1/K2
bytes and performs
APS.
NOTE − ONU checks link number with own link number and generates a Link Mismatch (MIS) if different. This is
checked by sending either individual or broadcast messages.

8.3.3 Message formats

This clause defines the contents of the messages described in the previous section.
8.3.3.1 Downstream message formats
Downstream message formats shall be referenced to ITU-T Rec. G.983.1. The PST message shown
in Table 2 is added for the survivability application.

16 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

Table 2/G.983.5 – Downstream message formats
PST message
Octet Content Description
35 01000000 or PON_ID Broadcast message to all ONUs or individual message to one ONU
36 10000000 Message identification "PST"
37 Linenumber Can be 0 or line identifier
38 Control This is the K1 byte as specified in ITU-T Rec. G.783
39 Control This is the K2 byte as specified in ITU-T Rec. G.783
40..46 Unspecified

8.3.3.2 Upstream message formats

Upstream message formats shall be referenced to ITU-T Rec. G.983.1. The PST message shown in
Table 3 is added for the survivability application.

Table 3/G.983.5 – Upstream message formats

PST message
Octet Content Description
2 PON_ID Indicates the ONU sourcing this message
3 10000010 Message identification "PST"
4 Linenumber Can be 0 or line identifier
5 Control This is the K1 byte as specified in ITU-T Rec. G.783
6 Control This is the K2 byte as specified in ITU-T Rec. G.783
7..13 Unspecified

8.4 Ranging Method

Same as ITU-T Rec. G.983.1.

8.5 Protection switching

8.5.1 PON Protection function
Type B switching architecture
No specific requirements for type B configuration ONUs are foreseen.
For the OLT, two new functions are required: a select function to choose the PON-IF and a
shut-down function for the stand-by PON-IF.
Type C switching architecture
For type C configuration, the B-PON section protection is required. One B-PON section
corresponds to one connection between an OLT and an ONU, and may contain several TCONTs
and VPI paths. B-PON section protection is executed independently by each branch line failure.
This permits mixed connection of protected and unprotected ONUs and leads to higher reliability
and flexibility in the ODN switching network.

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 17

1:1 and 1+1 architecture
There are two types of protection architecture:
i) 1:1 architecture
In the source direction, the working entity conveys the traffic in the normal case. If the
working entity fails or a forced/manual switch is executed, the protection entity conveys the
traffic.
ii) 1+1 architecture
In the source direction, the signal is bridged to both the working and protection entities. In
the sink direction, one source signal (which must have good transmission quality) is
selected.
NOTE − Only the 1:1 architecture can support extra traffic.
Figures 9 and 10 show the 1:1 and 1+1 switching architecture, respectively.
X:N architecture
In this scheme, X protection PONs are provided for N working PONs (with X between 1 and N).
The N working PONs can have a mixture of protected and unprotected ONUs. The protected ONUs
can be connected to any of the X protection PONs, so that protected ONUs belonging to the same
working PON can be connected to different protection PONs and protected ONUs belonging to
different working PONs can be connected to the same protection PON.
This scheme is compatible with both the 1:1 and 1+1 switching implementations and is independent
of protocol. It provides protection against multiple failures in different working PONs with less than
N protection PONs.
Downstream

Normal
working Normal

copy copy
Extra protection Extra

ONT OLT
PST message (K1K2)
Upstream

Normal working Normal

copy copy

Extra protection Extra

ONT OLT
T1550720-02

Figure 9/G.983.5 – 1:1 switching architecture

18 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

Downstream

copy
working

protection

ONT OLT

SF/SD + PST message (K1K2)

Upstream

working
copy

protection

ONT OLT
T1550730-02

Figure 10/G.983.5 – 1+1 switching architecture

8.5.2 Protocols
To satisfy the requirements described in 5.1.2, the fast switching protocol described in Annex A is
recommended.
8.5.3 Switching criteria
Basically, type B switching does not require any communication between the OLT and ONUs, and
forced and automatic switching are executed only at the OLT side. The trigger for automatic
switching should be the same as for type C.
Type C switching commands are described as follows.
1) Externally initiated commands
Externally initiated commands (e.g. forced switch/manual switch operation) are always
issued by the OLT side.
2) Automatically initiated commands
Automatic protection switching is based on the failure conditions of the working and
protection B-PON sections. Signal Fail (SF) and Signal Degrade (SD) commands are
provided by the OLT and ONU.
The expected switching triggers (Signal Failure or Signal Degrade) are listed below.
a) Trigger of SF on the OLT
The OLT recognizes an SF condition when it detects the following alarms:
− LOSi, LCDi, CPEi, OAMLi, SUFi, LOAi, PEEi, DFi, TF, and
− equipment failure or removal of PON LT (0/1).

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 19

b) Trigger of SD on the OLT
The OLT recognizes an SD condition when it detects the following alarm:
− SD.
c) Trigger of SF on the ONU
The ONU recognizes an SF condition when it detects the following alarms:
− OAML, FRML, LCD, LOS, PEE, DIS, TF, and
− equipment failure or removal of PON LT (0/1).
d) Trigger of SD on the ONU
The ONU recognizes an SD condition when it detects the following alarm:
− SD.
Switching triggers detected by the ONU are transferred by the K1 byte in the PST message to the
OLT.
The TC layer alarms are detected on both the working and protection sides.
8.5.4 Performance
Detection time depends on the frequency at which data/PLOAM cells are transmitted. In particular,
SD detection time may be long in lower-speed services. SF detection time should be under 10 ms
for data transmission rates greater than 1.5 Mbit/s.
The definitions of detection time, switching guard time and switching time are shown in Figures 11
and 12. Figure 11 illustrates the relation between switching time and detection time when the
optional POPUP procedure is used. (The POPUP procedure is the ranging protocol used when the
ONT is in the POPUP state (O10) defined in ITU-T Rec. G.983.1.) These figures indicate that
switching may be executed after the POPUP procedure fails to give the system a chance to recover
working traffic via the POPUP procedure and, hence, to avoid unnecessary switching. When a
system does not use the POPUP procedure, switching guard time may be very short. Figure 12
explains the relation between switching time and detection time when the POPUP procedure is not
used.
When a PON is not carrying extra traffic, the service_halt_time should be under 50 ms for
32 ONUs, where the service_halt_time is defined as:
service_halt_time = detection_time + switching_guard_time + switching_time
Switching guard time and POPUP guard time are set in practical systems. The priority for reranging
and switching is set according to these guard times.

20 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

i) Example of POPUP ranging failure (switching executes)

POPUP
Switching
procedur
Ranging failure
detection time Switching time
Switching guard time

ON
LOSi invalid
OFF

POPUP guard time

ON
Service
OFF

ii) Example of POPUP ranging success (switching does not execute)

POPUP
procedur
Ranging success
detection time

ON
LOSi invalid
OFF

POPUP guard time

ON
Service
T1550740-02
OFF

Figure 11/G.983.5 – Protection switching typical model (With POPUP procedure)

Switching

detection time Switching time

Switching guard time

ON
LOSi invalid
OFF

ON
Service
OFF
T1550750-02

Figure 12/G.983.5 – Protection switching typical model (Without POPUP procedure)

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 21

9 Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM) functionality
Same as ITU-T Rec. G.983.1.

10 Performance
Same as ITU-T Rec. G.983.1.

11 Environmental condition
Same as ITU-T Rec. G.983.1.

12 Safety
Same as ITU-T Rec. G.983.1.

Annex A

Fast switching protocol for the B-PON access network

This annex describes the survivability architecture for B-PON and the method of using MSP bytes
and MSP commands.

A.1 Survivability Architecture

A.1.1 1:1 architecture (required)
The 1:1 architecture is shown in Figure A.1 and this architecture is required.
In the downstream direction, both normal and extra traffic are broadcast to selectors that choose the
type of traffic (normal or extra) that is to be transmitted onto the ODN. In the ONU, there is a
simple function that selects the correct traffic flow from the OLT.
In the upstream direction, the survivability mechanism is essentially the same (as the downstream).
Both normal and extra traffic are sent to selectors in the ONU, which routes the appropriate traffic
stream to the OLT. In the OLT, a simple selection function chooses the traffic stream.
For both upstream and downstream, if extra traffic is not supported, the selector at the receiver side
may be replaced by a simple merger.
Each of the selectors must select the opposite signal to the one chosen by the other selector, e.g. if
one selector in the OLT selects normal traffic, the other selector must select extra traffic. In the
ONU, the same selector choices are required.
Switching is accomplished in the transmitting end via the selectors, which are set based on PST
messages from the OLT. In the event of a failure that affects only downstream traffic, the ONU
must notify the OLT of the failure in order to initiate switching. In this case, the ONU will cease to
send any cells in response to grants on the working PON. This will cause a LOSi in the OLT and
the switching will be initiated.
Switching between working and protection PONs is only possible if the standby TC layer alarms
are not active and the PST message transmission is valid.
The VPI/VCI values of normal traffic and extra traffic shall be different to perform fast switching.

22 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

Downstream

Normal
working Normal

copy copy
Extra protection Extra

ONT OLT
PST message (K1K2)
Upstream

Normal working Normal

copy copy

Extra protection Extra

ONT OLT
T1550760-02

Figure A.1/G.983.5 – 1:1 Architecture

A.1.2 1+1 Architecture (optional)

The 1+1 Architecture is shown in Figure A.2. This architecture is optional.
In the downstream direction, the traffic is bridged to both the working and the protection PONs. In
the ONU, the traffic is selected based on signal quality and/or PST messaging.
In the upstream direction the same functionality exists. Traffic is bridged to both working and
protection PONs and on the receive side a selection mechanism selects traffic based on signal
quality and provisioning.
Switching is initiated at the receiver that first detects a fault. In the event of a failure that effects
only downstream traffic, the ONU must notify the OLT of the failure in order to complete the
switching event. In this case, the ONU will cease to send any cells in response to grants on the
working PON. This will cause a LOSi in the OLT and the switching action will be completed.
Extra traffic is not supported in this architecture.
Switching between working and protection PONs can be executed only if the destination traffic is
valid.

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 23

Downstream

copy
working

protection

ONT OLT
SF/SD + PST message (K1K2)
Upstream

working
copy

protection

ONT OLT
T1550770-02

Figure A.2/G.983.5 − 1+1 Architecture

A.2 MSP bytes

This switching protocol uses a part of K1/K2 bytes defined in Annex A/G.783 to control the
selector and bridge in the ONU. The bit assignments for these bytes and the bit-oriented protocol
are defined in the following.
A.2.1 K1 byte
As the OLT is the master of the switching, the OLT uses the following requests in the sent K1:
Lockout of protection, Forced switching, Signal fail low priority, Signal degrade low priority,
Manual switching, Wait to Restore, Do Not revert and No Request.
In response to requests from the OLT, the ONU uses following requests in the sent K1:
Reverse request and No request.
A.2.2 K1 byte generation rules
Refer to A.1.2/G.783.
A.2.2.1 In bidirectional operation
The B-PON system only supports bidirectional operation.
In the OLT, the local request is sent in the K1 byte.
In the ONU, two responses shall be sent in response to the OLT request.
The reverse request shall be sent when the ONU can perform the upstream switch.
The no request shall be sent when the ONU releases or does not perform the upstream switch.
A.2.3 Revertive/non-revertive modes
Refer to A.1.3/G.783.

24 ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002)

Non-revertive operation is also applicable to the 1:1 architecture.
A.2.4 K2 byte
Refer to A.1.4/G.783.
As the ATM-PON system does not indicate MS-AIS and MS-RDI in bits 6 to 8, these bits can
indicate the switching mode (i.e. bidirectional, using code 101).
A.2.5 Control of the upstream switch in the ONU and the downstream switch in the OLT
In the OLT, the local request is the switching trigger of the downstream switch.
In the ONU, the local request or the remote request is the switching trigger of the upstream switch.
If the protection section is in a SF condition, the switches in the OLT and ONU are released.
A.2.6 Transmission and acceptance of MSP Bytes
Refer to A.1.8/G.783.
As the MSP message is in the PLOAM cell, it is protected by the CRC-8 and hence can be accepted
as valid when the CRC-8 detects no error.

A.3 MSP commands

There are five switching commands and two control commands in A.2/G.783.
As the lockout of working channel command cannot be transmitted to the ONU by the MSP bytes,
the ONU does not stop switching the upstream switch if the downstream SF or SD is detected even
if the lockout of working channel would like to be performed. Therefore the lockout of protection
command can be used on behalf of the lockout of working channel command.
The exercise command is not allowed in order to avoid unnecessary switching.
As a result, the following commands are specified for B-PON survivability.
− Clear;
− Lockout of protection;
− Forced switch;
− Manual switch.

A.4 Switching Sequence

For PST message transmission, only the PST message from the protection side is used. If the PST
message is received with an invalid CRC or both line failure, the OLT and ONU should select the
working side.
A.4.1 1:1 bidirectional operation with non-revertive mode
When the protection section is not in use, null channel is indicated on both sent K1 and K2 bytes.
The working channel should be bridged and switched to the working section at the head section.
The null channel is bridged and switched to the protection section at the head end.
When a failure condition is detected at the ONU, the K1 byte in the protection section informs the
OLT of the priority. The bridge and switch action is also performed at the ONU. The K2 byte shows
the new bridge status.
The received K1 byte is compared with the local request at the OLT. The higher priority is chosen
as the K1 byte order with the channel number. The bridge and switch action is also performed at the
OLT. The K2 byte shows the new bridge status.
If single failure occurs in the ONU, the switching operation is completed.

ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 (01/2002) 25

When a failure condition is detected at the OLT, the K1 byte in protection section informs the ONU
of the priority. The bridge and switch action is also performed at the OLT. The K2 byte shows the
new switching status.
The received K1 byte is compared with the local request at the ONU. The switching order is
performed as the result of the highest priority. The K1 byte from the ONU informs the OLT of the
highest priority at the ONU. The K2 byte also shows the switching status at the ONU.
The OLT confirm the switching status in the ONU with the received K2 byte. If single failure
occurs in the OLT, the switching operation is completed.
If the ONU detects the signal failure, it stops the upstream signal. This is a part of ranging state
diagram. This also helps the fast failure notification to the OLT. When the failure is recovered, the
OLT and ONU inform the opposite side of the Wait To Restore notification in the K1 byte. After
WTR time is expired, the OLT sends the Do not Revert or No Request and the ONU sends Reverse
Request or No request depending on the bridge status. If it is the case of non-revertive mode, WTR
timer may not be used. In such case, DNR sends after the failure is recovered.
An example is given in Table A.1.