Modern Dance Guide for Teachers
Modern Dance Guide for Teachers
What’s Inside:
2	 Introduction                                                                       RESOURCES
	  The Heart of the Art
                                                                                      BOOKS & VIDEOS
	  Resources                                                                          The Vision of Modern Dance: In the Words of Its Creators, edited by
                                                                                      Jean Morrison Brown, Naomi Mindlin and Charles H. Woodford
3	 What’s Important to Know?                                                          ISBN 0-87127-205-9
	
                                                                                      Choreography A Basic Approach Using Improvisation, Sandra Cerny
4	 Modern Dance Styles
                                                                                      Minton, ISBN # 0-88011-529-7
	  Key Movers in Modern Dance
                                                                                      Building Dances, a Guide to Putting Movements Together, Susan
5	 Words to Know                                                                      McGreevy-Nichols and Helen Scheff, ISBN 0-87322-573-2
	  Key Movers in Modern Dance, con’t.                                                 The Dance Workshop, Robert Cohan, ISBN 1-85273-051-X
6	 Standards-based Classroom Learning Experiences                                     Dancing. Vol. 7, The Individual and Tradition, 1993, produced by
	  Key Movers in Modern Dance, con’t.                                                 WNET. Examines the work of individual 20th-century dancers
                                                                                      and choreographers: Isadora Duncan, Martha Graham, Katherine
                                                                                      Dunham, George Balanchine, Twyla Tharp, Eiko and Koma,
7	 What’s Important to Know?: Before & During the Performance                         Sardono Kusumo, and Garth Fagan.
8 What’s Important to Know?: During the Master Class DanceVideo Shop: www.dancevideoshop.com
 2        Modern Dance
“Dance is a song of the body.
Either of joy or pain.”—Martha Graham
       These early pioneers of modern dance each developed their own per-         Just as modern dance gave way to post-modern, ethnic
       sonal movement vocabulary. There has never been a single specific style    dance gave way to concert dance based on ethnic roots.
       of modern dance. Though it often uses the body alignment and move-         The work of Pearl Primus and Katherine Dunham
       ment of ballet, modern dance has developed beyond the vocabulary of        influenced that of Alvin Ailey and Donald McKayle,
       ballet.                                                                    among others. These choreographers created dances
                                                                                  informed by the African-American experience, but
       The most prominent of the first generation of modern dance creators        not exclusively about it. Ailey was also influenced by
       were Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis. In the 1920s, several danc-        Lester Horton, who formed the first American multi-
       ers who studied with St. Denis, (Martha Graham, Doris Humphries and        racial dance company in 1934. Horton worked in Los
       Charles Weidman) broke away and developed their own philosophies           Angeles, where his work was not as well-known as that
       of modern dance. Many of these early pioneers were women. Modern           of New York based choreographers.
       dance provided women the opportunity to become directors and cho-
       reographers. In the ballet world, these roles had been and continue to     Another choreographer who combines modern tech-
       be dominated by men. Martha Graham, the most recognized of these           nique with other dance forms is Mark Morris. The
       women, has had an enormous impact on the field of modern dance.            folk dance, flamenco and ballet he studied as a youth
       Her notion of contraction and release (a torso based movement of a         infuse his work with a unique flavor. Popular for its
       sharp intake of breath followed by a strong exhalation), her ground-       humor and musicality, his work harkens back to the
       breaking dances based on mythology, and her theatrical personality         early modern pioneers; it includes form, technique and
       have made her the best known modern dancer of all time.                    storytelling.
       Each new generation of modern dance has inspired another. Often the        Today, it is possible to see and study nearly all the forms
       inspiration comes in the form of rebellion against what came before. In    of modern dance that have developed over the years.
       the 1950s, Merce Cunningham, a member of Martha Graham’s compa-            As new styles develop, the old remain. The future also
       ny, formed his own dance company based on the idea of movement for         looks rich, as new choreographers continue to search
       movement’s sake and the use of chance methods of choreography. Paul        for their unique voices and make contributions to the
       Taylor, who danced for both Cunningham and Graham, further shaped          field of modern dance.
       modern dance by choreographing dances about real people and the
       everyday activities of life. The next rebellion came in the 1960s, when
       dancers such as Trisha Brown rejected the codified and strict technique
       they felt modern dance had become. Experimental and minimal dance,
       sometimes called post-modern, developed during this time, as did contact
       improvisation. These dance makers were also influenced by the societal
       changes that were taking place in the United States during the 1960s.
                                                                                                              Modern Dance                3
Key Movers in
Modern Dance
                   Isadora Duncan
                   (1877-1927):
                                             Modern Dance Styles
                   Duncan felt dance
                   should be an expres-
                   sion of the spirit.
                   She felt her philoso-
                                                                        “Dance is the hidden language of the soul.”
                   phy was best exem-                                   —Martha Graham
plified in ancient Greek civilization and
her basic costume was a Greek tunic.
                                            Narrative
                     Ruth St. Denis
                                            This style expresses a message or tells a
                     (1877-1968)
                     St. Denis focused      story through movement. It shows the
                     on incorporating       relationships between the performers’
                     elements of Far        characters.
                     Eastern dance
into her choreography. St. Denis and        Chance
her husband Ted Shawn (1891-1972)           A method of choreographic develop-
founded the Denishawn company and           ment based on random selection of
trained many great dancers who went
                                            movement. The dancers learn many
on to form their own companies.
                                            combinations of movements but do not
Martha Graham (1894-1991)                   know what order they will be perform-
Graham created a technique that             ing them in until right before the per-
emphasized “contraction and release”.       formance.
                   These words are
                   now synonymous           Contact improvisation
                   with modern dance.       Usually done as a duet or in a large
                   Graham was the           group, the movement is improvised as
                   first modern dance
                                            each dancer follows the other’s move-
                   choreographer to
                                            ments and reacts to them. Dancers
                   reach out to other
genres of modern art for collaboration.     move in and out of physical contact
She is considered the most influential      while rolling, spiraling, supporting and
and famous modern choreographer of          falling.
the 20th century.
                                            Improvisation
                  Doris Humphrey            A process producing spontaneous
                  (1895-1958)               movements stemming from a specific
                  Humphrey developed
                                            stimulus, such as sounds or colors, and
                  a fundamental
                                            how they relate to certain feelings or
                  theory of movement
                  based on “fall and        the environment. Improvisation is often
                  recovery” that            a part of the choreographic process.
                  became the basis
of her technique. She worked with           Post-modern
Charles Weidman after her career with       A form of modern dance which evolved
Denishawn.                                  in the 1960s and 70s, and departed
                                            from narrative theme. Post-modern
                                            experimented with new concepts and
                                            forms and is sometimes referred to as
                                            experimental or minimalist dance.
4         Modern Dance
Words to Know
Throughout this curriculum guide, you will see certain words in bold print.
Below are the definitions of these words.                                                                        Key Movers in
                                                                                                                 Modern Dance (con’t)
Backdrop-The images, colors and designs that                 Space-The area occupied by a dancer or dancers,
might be projected on the cyclorama (a drop                  and how dancers move in and around this area.
used to create the illusion of infinite space) at            The concept also includes how the choreogra-                             Lester Horton
the rear of the stage.                                       pher chooses to mold and design the aspects                              (1906-1953)
                                                             of space. Space can be divided into aspects of                           Horton’s technique
                                                                                                                                      was based on creat-
Choreography-The creation and composition                    direction, size, level, and focus.
                                                                                                                                      ing a flat back at
of dances by arranging or inventing steps,                                                                                            the waist by tilting
movements, and patterns of movements.                        Style- A structure or form used to create                                the body horizon-
                                                             movement.                                           tally to the side or bending forward.
Choreographic form- A method that a choreog-                                                                     He chose to work in southern California
rapher uses to determine the structure of a                  Stage directions-Stage right, stage left (at the    rather than New York. Horton formed
dance. Certain characteristics are common                    performer’s right and left, respectively, when      the first American multi-racial dance
to a well-developed dance: unity, continuity,                viewed from the audience). Downstage (moving        company. Alvin Ailey danced in his
transition, variety and repetition.                          towards the audience), upstage (moving away         company.
                                                             from the audience). These terms come from the
                                                                                                                                     Katherine
Floor patterns-The use of space, including the               Italian Renaissance theater of the late 1400s,                          Dunham (1909-)
“road map” of the dance.This includes lines,                 when stages were ‘raked’, or constructed on a                           Dunham was one
circles, diagonals, zig-zags, and spirals.                   downward slant towards the audience. Thus,                              of the first African-
                                                             a performer was literally traveling uphill when                         Americans to attend
Gesture-The movement of a body part or                       moving upstage.                                                         the University of
combination of parts, with emphasis on the                                                                                           Chicago, where she
expressive aspects of the move.                              Tableau-A static composition that does not move,    earned her bachelor, master and doc-
                                                             a “freeze” or living sculpture which creates a      toral degrees in anthropology. Dunham
                                                                                                                 blended African and Caribbean dance
Master class-A class offered by a professional               frozen moment in time.
                                                                                                                 forms to create a technique of her own.
dancer and designed to share his or her back-
ground, experience, and characteristics of the               Time- An element of dance involving rhythm,                            Merce
dance form with students.                                    phrasing, tempo, accent, and duration. Time                            Cunningham
                                                             can be metered, as in music, or based on body                          (1919-)
Motif-A distinctive and recurring gesture used               rhythms, such as breath and heartbeat.                                 Cunningham
to provide a theme or unifying idea.                                                                                                created a style
                                                             Qualities of movement-Energy (or force) propels                        of choreography
Prop-An object separate from a dancer’s cos-                 movement. While it initiates movement, some-                           called “chance”.
                                                                                                                 His dancers learn many combinations
tume that is part of the action or design in a               times energy is also needed to stop action.
                                                                                                                 of movement but do not know how
dance.                                                       Energy in dance can be channeled in six dif-        the music sounds or in what order
                                                             ferent ways, or qualities: sustained (smooth),      they will perform until right before the
                                                             percussive (sharp), suspended (hover), swinging     performance.
                                                             (arc), vibratory (shaking), collapsing (release).
                                                                                                                                      Paul Taylor
                                                                                                                                      (1930-)
                                                                                                                                      Taylor was a
                                                                                                                                      soloist with
                                                                                                                                      Martha Graham’s
                                                                                                                                      company when
                                                                                                                                      he formed his
                                                                                                                 own troupe, the Paul Taylor Dance
                                                                                                                 Company. Taylor studied ballet under
                                                                                                                 Anthony Tudor and also danced for
                                                                                                                 George Balanchine, a prominent chore-
                                                                                                                 ographer of American ballets.
                                                                                                                 Modern Dance                         5
                                             Standards-Based Classroom
                                             Learning Experiences
                                                               Teacher:
                                                               Have students share their preconceived notions of modern dance.
                                                               Create a list to be reviewed following the performance. Also have stu-
                                                               dents make predictions about what the types of costumes, music and
                                                               backdrop they will see or hear during the performance.
                           “My art is just an effort
                                                               In preparation for a master class:
                           to express the truth of             Have students do research on-line or in the library about the master
                           my being in gesture                 teacher. Look for the following information:
                                                               • Style of modern dance.
                           and movement.”                      • Background.
                           —Isadora Duncan                     • Companies performed with.
                                                               • Noted dances performed in or created.
The bus ride to the theater or the wait in line provides a good time to review
behavior expectations. It is also a good time to remind students of things to
look for.
                                                                                                       Modern Dance              7
                                       What’s Important to Know?
                                       During the Master Class
                                       Classroom Etiquette
                                       There is a specific etiquette for attending a class with a master teacher.
                                       • Be properly dressed.
                                       • Be respectful.
                                       • Refrain from talking to fellow students.
                                       • Stay focused.
                                       • Stay with it, do not give up, and do not leave class early.
                                       • No sitting, unless directed by the teacher.
                                       • Applaud teacher when finished (accompanists as well, if any).
                                       • How can you internalize information the teacher is giving you to become a better
                                         dancer or enjoy the experience more?
                                       • What did the master teacher tell you about his or her experience that tells you
                                       		why he or she became a dancer? Why have they chosen this style of modern dance?
                                       Teacher: Listen for things the master teacher says about his or her dance background for
                                       discussion following the master class. Watch for teaching strategies
                                       utilized by the master teacher.
 8         Modern Dance
What’s Important to Know?
Teacher: Compare the items on your previous brainstorm list to the actual events that occurred.
What differences and similarities are there?
It is often a good idea for students to document their experience following a dance
performance or master class.
• Upon returning to the classroom, engage in reflective writing about the perfor-
mance or master class.
• Using steps from the performance or class, combine them to create a new move-
ment sequence.                                                                                                Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
• Share personal interpretations of modern dance with classmates.
                                                                                                                Modern Dance                 9
The California State VISUAL AND
PERFORMING ARTS CONTENT Standards
Addressed By This Guide
10         Modern Dance
Arts Education at UC Davis
music.ucdavis.edu                                education.ucdavis.edu/SNAP/
530.752.5537                                     530.752.9683
                                                                                                                 Modern Dance              11
                                     Mondavi Center expresses gratitude to
 obert and Margrit Mondavi Center
R                                    its partners at the California Arts Council
for the Performing Arts              and Sierra North Arts Project, Region III
University of California, Davis      of the California Arts Project at UC Davis,
One Shields Avenue                   for bringing together a team of educators
Davis, CA 95616-8543                 to design and develop curriculum guides
                                     for Mondavi Center’s Wells Fargo School
MondaviArts.org                      Matinee Series. The following individuals
530.754.5000                         participated in the development of materials
                                     for the guides:
                                     UC Davis Coordinators
                                     Sarah Anderberg
                                     Director, Sierra North Arts Project
                                     CRESS Center, School of Education
                                     UC Davis
                                     Linda Buettner
                                     Coordinator, Sierra North Arts Project
                                     CRESS Center, School of Education
                                     UC Davis
                                     Assessment
                                     Joanne Bookmyer, Ph.D.
                                     Research Analyst
                                     CRESS Center, School of Education
                                     UC Davis
                                     Teachers
                                     Ruth Rosenberg
                                     Dance Educator/Arts Consultant
                                     Founder, Ruth Rosenberg Dance Ensemble
                                     Sacramento
                                     Debi Roberts
                                     Dance Educator
                                     Sheldon High School
                                     Elk Grove Unified School District