Management

Information system

UNIT I: COMPUTER SYSTEM

BBA-BI 5th semester

EEMC
1
Instructor : Ganesh Thapa
CHAPTER OUTLINE

 History of Computer Technology

 Computer System Concept

 Computer Systems and Its type

 Central Processing Unit

 Memory

 Hardware: Input Output Devices

 Software and Its Classification

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 PRE-COMPUTER CALCULATIONS
 Counting on fingers and toes
 Stone or bead abacus
 Calculate comes from calculus, the Latin word for stone
 1642: first mechanical adding machine
 Invented by Blaise Pascal
 Wheels moved counters
 Modified in 1674 by Von Leibnitz
 Age of industrialization
 Mechanical loomed used punch cards

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 EARLY COMPUTING
 19th Century
 Charles Babbage proposed the Analytical Engine, which
could calculate, store values in memory, perform logical
comparisons
 Never built because of lack of electronics

 1880s
 Hollerith’s punched cards used to record census data using
On/Off patterns
 The holes turned sensors On or Off when run through
tabulating machine
 This company became the foundation for IBM

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 ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS

 1946 - First Generation Computer

 ENIAC
 Programmable
 5000 calculations per second
 Used vacuum tubes
 Drawbacks were size and processing ability
 1950s
 ENIAC replaced by UNIVAC 1, then the
IBM 704
 Calculations jumped to 100,000 per second

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 Early Computers

Babbage’s Analytical Engine ENIAC

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 WAVES OF COMPUTING
 Late 1950s - Second Generation
 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
 200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second
 Mid-1960s - Third Generation
 Integrated circuitry and miniaturization
 1971 - Fourth Generation
 Further miniaturization
 Multiprogramming and virtual storage

 1980s - Fifth Generation

 Millions of calculations per second

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 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

System Unit
Output device

Output device

Output device

Input device

Input device
 COMPUTER SYSTEM CONCEPT
 A computer system is an interrelated combination of
components performing specialized basic functions to
provide end users with a powerful information
processing tool.
 Key functions include:
 Input. The input devices of a computer system
include keyboards, touch screens, pens, electronic
"mice," optical scanners, and other peripheral
hardware components that convert electronic data
into electronic machine-readable form. Input may be
direct entry (by the end user) or through
telecommunications links.
 Processing. The central processing unit (CPU) is the
main processing component of a computer system. A
key component of the CPU is the arithmetic-logic unit
(ALU), which performs the arithmetic and logic
functions required in computer processing. 9
 Computer System Concept

 Output. Output devices convert the electronic

information produced by the computer system (binary
or digital information) into human-intelligible form
for presentation to end users. Output devices include
video display units, printers, audio response units,
and other peripheral hardware components
specialized in this function.
 Storage. Storage devices store data and programs
instructions needed for processing. A computer's
primary storage or memory is used to hold key
information needed to run the computer while
secondary storage (such as magnetic disks and tape
units) hold larger parts of programs used less
frequently and the content files created by end users.
 Control. The control unit of the CPU interprets
computer program instructions and transmits
directions to the other components of the computer
system. 10
 Computer System Components

Central Processing Unit

Control Output
Input ALU Output
Unit
Device Devices
Device
s s
Special Primary
Cache
Purpose
Memory Storage
Processors

Secondary
Storage
Devices

Communication Devices
 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM

Processor (CPU)
Runs program instructions
Main Memory
Storage for running programs and current data
Secondary Storage
Long-term program & data storage (hard disk, CD, etc)
Input Devices
Communication from the user to the computer(e.g. keyboard,
mouse)
Output Devices
Communication from the computer to the user (e.g. monitor,
printer, speakers)
 COMPONENT INTERACTION

The CPU controls all of the other resources within the system,
in order to accomplish a task.
 COMPUTER PROCESSING SPEEDS
 Early computers
 Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
 Microseconds (millionths of a second)

 Current computers
 Nanoseconds (billionth of a second)
 Picoseconds (trillionth of a second)

 Program instruction processing speeds

 Megahertz (millions of cycles per second)
 Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)

 Commonly called the “clock speed”

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 MOORE’S LAW
A doubling in the number of transistors
per integrated circuit every 18 to 24
months
 Originally observed in 1965, it holds true today
 Common corollary of Moore’s Law…
 Computing prices will be cut in half every 18 to 24
months
 This has been consistently accurate
 Applies to cost of storage as well

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16
TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

 Supercomputer

 MainFrame
 Mini Computer

 Microcomputers / PC’s

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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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 MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
 Usually called a personal computer or PC
 Computing power now exceeds that of the
mainframes of previous generations
 Relatively inexpensive

 Are the networked professional workstations

used by business processions
 Versions include hand-held, notebook, laptop,
tablet, portable, desktop, and floor-standing

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 MICROCOMPUTER USES
 Workstations
 Supports have mathematical computer and graphics display
demands
 CAD, investment and portfolio analysis
 Network Servers
 More powerful than workstations
 Coordinates telecommunications and resource sharing
 Supports small networks and Internet or intranet websites

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 MIDRANGE SYSTEMS

 High-end network servers that handle large-

scale processing of business applications
 Not as powerful as mainframes
 Less expensive to buy, operate, and maintain
 Often used to manage
 Large Internet websites
 Corporate intranets and extranets
 Integrated, enterprise-wide applications

 Used as front-end servers to assist mainframes

with telecommunications and networks

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 MAINFRAME COMPUTER SYSTEMS
 Large, fast, powerful computer systems
 Large primary storage capacity
 High transaction processing
 Handles complex computations

 Widely used as superservers for…

 Large client/server networks
 High-volume Internet websites
 Becoming a popular computing platform for…
 Data mining and warehousing
 Electronic commerce applications

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 SUPERCOMPUTER SYSTEMS

 Extremely powerful systems designed for…

 Scientific, engineering, and business applications
 Massive numeric computations

 Markets include…
 Government research agencies
 Large universities
 Major corporations

 Uses parallel processing

 Billions to trillions of operations per second (gigaflops and
teraflops)
 Costs $5 to $50 million

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 THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

• CPU consists of the following features:

• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
• CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
• It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program).
• It controls the operation of all parts of computer.
 THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

The Central Processing Unit

CPU itself has following three components.
 Memory or Storage Unit
 Control Unit
 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
 MEMORY OR STORAGE UNIT

• This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results. This unit supplies
information to the other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as
internal storage unit or main memory or primary storage or Random access
memory(RAM).

• Its size affects speed, power and capability.

• Functions of memory unit are:
 It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
 It stores intermediate results of processing.
 It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an
output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.
 CONTROL UNIT
 This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but does not carry out any
actual data processing operations.

 Functions of this unit are:

• It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other
units of a computer.
• It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
• It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the
operation of the computer.
• It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from
storage.
• It does not process or store data.
 ALU(ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT)

This unit consists of two subsections namely

 Arithmetic section
 Logic Section

 Arithmetic Section
 Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by
making repetitive use of above operations.

 Logic Section
 Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing,
selecting, matching and merging of data.
 COMPUTER STORAGE FUNDAMENTALS

 Uses a two-state or binary representation of

data
 On or Off
 On represents the number 1
 Off represents the number 0

 Dataare processed and stored in computer

systems through the presence or absence of
On/Off signals

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 MEMORY

Computer Memory
- millions/billions of on/off charges
Divided into:
 Bits 0 or 1
 Bytes Groups of 8 bits
A byte is the smallest unit of storage.
(Can hold one text character)
 Words Groups of bits/bytes (8, 16, 32, 64-bits)
 MEMORY

Storage is usually too large to be expressed in bytes or

words. Instead we use:

 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes (210 bytes)

 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 x 1024 bytes or

one million bytes (220 bytes)

 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes or

one trillion bytes (230 bytes)

 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes

one quadrillion bytes (240 bytes)
 MEMORY ADDRESSES

 Memory is a collection
of cells, each with a
unique
physical/memory
address
 Each cell can hold one
byte or 8 bits
With one by we can represent
one character in ASCII Code
101 102 103 Example: “A” is 65 in ASCII
201 202 203 code and 01000001 in binary
representation
301 302 303
 STORAGE CAPACITY

Unit Exact Number of bytes Approximation

------------ ------------------------ ------------
kilobyte 210 bytes 103 bytes
megabyte 220 bytes 106 bytes
gigabyte 230 bytes 109 bytes
terabyte 240 bytes 1012 bytes
petabyte 250 bytes 1015 bytes
exabyte 260 bytes 1018 bytes
PRIMARY MEMORY (MAIN MEMORY)

 Each computer has a specific word size

 Word sizes vary from computer to computer.
 Word size is an even multiple of a bytes.

 Each word within memory can hold either

 data or
 program instructions
 APPLICATION/THINKING

How many bytes are in the phrase “You are

great!” .
a) 11
b) 13
c) 14
d) 1
So, this sentence will occupy __?__ cells in
memory
CPU AND MEMORY

 CPU can interact with main memory in two ways:

 It can write a byte/word to a given memory location.
 The previous bits that were in that location are destroyed
 The new bits are saved for future use.

 It can read a byte/word from a given memory location.

 TheCPU copies the bits stored at that location and stores them in a
CPU register
 The contents of the memory location are NOT changed.
 PRIMARY MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS

 Very closely connected to the CPU.

 Contents are quickly and easily changed.
 Holds the programs and data that the
processor is actively working with.
 Interacts with the processor millions of times
per second.
 Nothing permanent is kept in main memory.
 PRIMARY MEMORY: RAM AND ROM
•RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile (temporary).
Programs and data can be written to and erased from RAM as
needed. This means that RAM does not retain its bit
configuration when the power is turned off, but ROM does

•ROM ( Read Only Memory) is nonvolatile (permanent). The

contents in locations in ROM cannot be changed

•It holds instructions that run the computer when it is

first turned on (BIOS)

•The CPU accesses each location in memory by using a

unique number, called a memory address.
 SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
• Storage devices hold data, even when the computer
is turned off.

• The physical material that actually holds data is

called a storage medium. The surface of a floppy
disk is a storage medium.

• The hardware that writes data to or reads data from

a storage medium is called a storage device. A
floppy disk drive is a storage device.

• The two primary storage technologies are magnetic

and optical.
 SECONDARY STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS

 Connected to main memory through a bus and a

device controller.
 Contents are easily changed, but access is very
slow compared to main memory.
 Only occasionally interacts with CPU.
 Used for long-term storage of programs and data.
 Much larger than main memory (GBs vs. MBs).
 ACCESS TO INSTRUCTIONS

The hard disk is too slow to provide instructions to the CPU.

So programs are first loaded into main memory, which is much faster.
The CPU can then access the instructions more quickly.
 CACHE MEMORY

 But as CPU speeds became faster, the main

memory couldn’t provide the CPU with the
instructions at a fast enough rate.
 Soeven faster memory ( cache memory) is
now placed between the CPU and main
memory to provide the instructions at an
quicker rate to the CPU.
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
CACHE MEMORY

 Most modern CPUs now have a cache

memory (L1), on the same silicon wafer as
the CPU, to provide the CPU with
instructions at the same clock speed as the
CPU.

 Anadditional off-the-chip secondary cache

(L2) may also interact with the CPU at a
slower speed.
 CACHE MEMORY

When an instruction or data is accessed from main memory, it is placed in

the cache. Second and subsequent use of the same instruction/data will
then be faster, since it is accessed directly from the cache.
CACHE MEMORIES
 Cache memories are small, fast SRAM-based memories
managed automatically in hardware.
 Hold frequently accessed blocks of main memory
 CPU looks first for data in L1, then in L2, then in main
memory.
 Typical bus structure:

CPU chip
register file
L1
ALU
cache
cache bus system bus memory bus

I/O main
L2 cache bus interface
bridge memory
 HOW PROGRAMS ARE RUN

 The operating system presents an interface to the user

(e.g. Windows Desktop)
 The user double clicks on an icon to run a program (e.g.
Microsoft Word)
 The operating system copies the program (or at least the first part
of it) from the hard disk into main memory
 The CPU runs the instructions in the program, and presents the
initial Word screen
 Within Word, the user uses the menu to open a document
 The application software (Word) asks the Operating System to open
the file.
 The Operating System communicates with the hardware to open
the file on the hard disk.
 SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY
 Microelectronicsemiconductor memory
chips are used for primary storage
 Advantages: small size, fast, shock and temperature
resistance
 Disadvantages: volatility; must have uninterrupted
electric power or loses memory

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 TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY

 Random Access Memory (RAM)

 Most widely used primary storage medium
 Volatile memory
 Read/write memory

 Read-Only Memory (ROM)

 Permanent storage
 Can be read, but not overwritten
 Frequently used programs burnt into chips during
manufacturing process
 Called firmware

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 FLASH DRIVES
 Sometimes referred to as a jump drive
 Uses a small chips containing
thousands of transistors
 Can store data for virtually
unlimited periods without power
 Easily transported and highly
durable
 Storage capacity of up to 1 GB
 Plugs into any USB port

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 MAGNETIC DISKS
 Used for secondary storage
 Fast access and high capacity
 Reasonable cost
 Types of Magnetic Disks
 Floppy Disks (diskettes)
 Magnetic disk inside a plastic jacket

 Hard Disk Drives (hard drives)

 Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/write heads in
sealed module for stable environment
 Fixed or removable

 Capacity from several hundred MBs to

hundreds of GBs
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 RAID STORAGE

 Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks

 Disk arrays of hard disk drives
 Provides virtually unlimited online storage
 Combines from 6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives
into a single unit
 Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many
disks
 Redundant storage of data on several disks provides fault-
tolerant capacity
 Storage area networks can interconnect many RAID units

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 MAGNETIC TAPE
 Secondary storage
 Tape reels, cassettes, and cartridges
 Used in robotic, automated drive assemblies
 Archival and backup storage
 Lower-cost storage solution

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OPTICAL DISKS

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STORAGE TRADEOFFS

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PARTS OF COMPUTER

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 PERIPHERALS
 Peripheral is a generic name for all input,
output, and secondary storage devices
 Parts of the computer system, but not the CPU
 Are all online devices

 Online devices
 Separate from the CPU, but electronically connected to and
controlled by it
 Offline devices
 Separate from and not under the control of the CPU

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 INPUT TECHNOLOGIES

 Touchpad
 Small, rectangular, touch-sensitive surface
 Usually on keyboard
 Cursor moves in direction your finger moves
 Touch Screen
 Use computer by touching screen Screen emits
a grid of infrared beams, sound waves, or
electric current
 Grid is broken when screen is touched

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 PEN-BASED COMPUTING
 Used in Tablet PCs and PDAs
 Pressure-sensitive layer, similar
to touch screen, under liquid
crystal display screen
 Software digitizes handwriting,
hand printing, and hand drawing

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 SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEMS

 Speech be the future of data entry

 Easiest, most natural means of human communication
 Recognizing speech patterns
 Discrete required pauses between each word
 Continuous speech recognition software (CSR) recognized
continuous, conversationally paced speech
 Speech recognition systems digitize, analyze, and classify speech and
sound patterns
 Compares to a database of sound patterns in its vocabulary
 Passes recognized words to the application software
 Typically requires voice recognition training
 Speaker-independent voice recognition systems
 Allows computer to recognize words from a voice it has never
heard before
 Typically used in voice-messaging computers

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 OPTICAL SCANNING

 Devices read text or graphics and convert them into digital input for a
computers
 Enables direct entry of data from source documents
 A document management library system
 Scans documents, then organizes and stores them for easy
reference or retrieval
 Scanners
 Compact desktop models are popular for low cost and ease of use
 Larger, more expensive scanners are faster and provide high-
resolution color scanning
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Software that reads characters and codes
 Used to real merchandise tags, sort mail, score tests
 Optical scanning wands read bar codes

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 OTHER INPUT TECHNOLOGIES

 Magnetic Stripe
 Reads the magnetic stripe on credit cards
 Smart Cards
 Microprocessor chip and memory on credit card
 Use more in Europe than in the U.S.
 Digital Cameras
 Allows you to shoot, store, and download photos or full-motion
video with audio into the PC
 Images and audio can then be edited or enhanced
 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
 Used by banks to magnetically read checks and deposit slips
 Requires an iron oxide-based ink
 Reader-sorter equipment magnetizes the ink, then passes it
under a reading head to sense the signal

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 OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES

 Printed Output
 Inkjet printers spray ink on a page
 Laser printers use an electrostatic process similar to
a photocopying machine

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OUTPUT COMPONENTS
Output Components
 Output devices displays the processed form of data to the end user.
 Common Output devices include;
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker

Monitor
• Monitor is the most important output device of a computer system.

 Video Displays
• Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
• Active matrix and dual scan
• Plasma displays
• Used in large TVs and flat-panel monitors
 PRINTERS

• A Printer takes print commands from a computer and print out text / images on a
paper.

• Different types of printers are available for various purposes.

• A printer for office use must be heavy duty and fast while for photographs it must
produce high quality prints.

• Dot-Matrix, Ink-Jet, Laser-Jet are the different types of printers. Print quality of
Laser-Jet printer is excellent as compared to Ink-Jet or other types of printers, but
they are relatively more expensive than the others.

• Most laser printers produce black & whiter prints while some can produce color
prints as well. The color laser printers are way too expensive then black & white
laser printers.
 SPEAKERS

• Speaker is an important part of a computer system.

• Some systems have a built-in speaker, though they are

small in size.

• Speaker is an essential part of a computer because they can

notify about various system notifications through various
sounds.

• Big speakers, woofers & sub-woofers are used for enhance

sound quality or creating a mini home theater.
PERIPHERALS ADVICE

66
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
 Software is the general term for various kinds of
programs used to operate and manipulate
computers and their peripheral devices.
 One common way of describing hardware and
software is to say that software can be thought of
as the variable part of a computer and hardware
as the invariable part.
 Software is a series of instructions to a computer
to execute any and all processes, such as
displaying text, mathematically manipulating
numbers, or copying or deleting documents.
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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 Application software enables users to complete a
particular application or task, such as word
processing, browsing, data manipulation, or
project management.

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COMMON GENERAL- PURPOSE APPLICATIONS

 A move toward generic applications that can be

adapted … spreadsheet software and database
software.
 Electronic Mail

 Word Processing

 Presentation Graphics

 Multimedia

 Personal Information Manager

 Groupware
WEB BROWSERS
 Software applications that support navigation through
the point-and-click hyper-linked resources of the Web
 Becoming the universal platform from which end users
launch…
 Information searches
 E-mail
 Multimedia file transfer
 Discussion groups
 Other Internet-based applications
SEARCH ENGINES
 Browsers are used to gain access to Internet
search engines
 Google, Ask Jeeves, Look Smart, Lycos, Overture,
Yahoo!
 Using search engines to find information has
become an indispensable part of Internet,
intranet, and extranet applications

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E-MAIL, INSTANT MESSAGING, AND
WEBLOGS
 E-mail
 Software to communicate by sending and receiving
messages and attachments via the Internet, intranet, or
extranet
 Instant messaging (IM)
 Receive electronic messages instantly
 Weblog or blog
 A personal website in dated log format
 Updated with new information about a subject or range of
subjects
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WORD PROCESSING/DESKTOP PUBLISHING

 Word Processing
 Create, edit, revise, and print documents
 Example: Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro, Corel
WordPerfect
 Desktop Publishing
 Produce printed materials that look professionally
published
 Example: Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Publisher,
QuarkXPress

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ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEETS

 Used by virtually every business for…

 Analysis, planning, modeling
 Electronic Spreadsheet
 Worksheet of rows and columns
 Can be stored on local computer or on network
 Requires designing format and developing the relationships
(formulas)
 Most help you develop charts and graphic displays of
spreadsheet results
 Supports what-if questions

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PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
 Common presentation graphics packages…
 Converts numeric data into graphics displays
 Used to create multimedia presentations of graphics,
photos, animation, and video clips
 E.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance, Corel
Presentations
 Top packages can tailor files for transfer in HTML format
to websites

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PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGERS
 Software for end user productivity and
collaboration
 Stores information about clients
 Manages schedules, appointments, tasks
 Most include ability to access the Web and provide e-
mail capabilities
 Some support team collaboration by sharing
information with other PIM users
 Example: Lotus Organizer, Microsoft Outlook

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GROUPWARE
 Software that helps workgroups collaborate on group
assignments
 E-mail, discussion groups, databases, video conferencing
 Example: Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise, Microsoft
Exchange
 Windows SharePoint Services and WebSphere both allow
teams to create websites for information sharing and
document collaboration

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APPLICATION -SPECIFIC PROGRAMS
 Accomplish information processing
tasks that supports specific business
functions or processes, scientific or
engineering applications, and other
computer applications in society
 Example: CRM, ERP, Tally, Matlab,
proteus

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BUSINESS ENTERPRISE APPLICATION
SOFTWARE
Accounting and
Financial
Management

Customer Supply
Relationship Business Chain
Management Decision Management
Support

Human Enterprise
Resource Resource
Management Planning

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SYSTEM SOFTWARE
 System software enables application software to
run on a computer, and manages the interaction
between the CPU, memory, storage, input/output
devices, and other computer components.
 Examples :

Microsoft Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS, DOS,

Device Driver Software i.e Graphics Driver ,
sound driver, Software Assembler and Compiler
Software

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CATEGORIES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
 System Management Programs
 Manages the hardware, software, network,
and data resources of computer systems
 Example: operating systems, network manage-ment
programs, database management systems, system utilities
 System Development Programs
 Helps users develop IS programs and procedures and then
prepare them for processing
 Includes language translators and editors, CASE and
programming tools

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SYSTEM SOFTWARE
AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 System software gets installed when the operating system is

installed on the computer while application software is
installed according to the requirements of the user.

 System software includes programs such as compilers,

debuggers, drivers, assemblers while application software
includes media players, word processors, and spreadsheet
programs.

 Generally, users do not interact with system software as it

works in the background whereas users interact with
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application software while doing different activities.
 A computer may not require more than one type
of system software while there may be a number
of application software programs installed on the
computer at the same time.

 System software can run independently of the

application software while application software
cannot run without the presence of the system
software.

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OPERATING SYSTEMS
 Integrated system of programs that…
 Manages the operations of the CPU
 Controls the input/output, storage resources,
and activities of the computer system
 Provides support services as the computer executes
application programs
 The operating system must be loaded and activated
before other tasks can be accomplished

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OPERATING SYSTEM BASIC FUNCTIONS

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USER INTERFACE
 The part of the operating system that allows you
to communicate with it
 Three main types…
 Command-driven
 Menu-driven
 Graphical user interfaces (GUI)

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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
 Part of the operating system that manages the
hardware and networking resources of a computer
system
 Includes CPU, memory, secondary storage devices,
telecommunications, and input/output peripherals
 Common functions
 Keeping track of where data and programs are stored
 Subdividing memory; providing virtual memory capability

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FILE MANAGEMENT
 Part of the operating system that controls the
creation, deletion, and access of files and
programs
 Keeps track of physical location on storage devices
 Maintains directories of information about the
location and characteristics of stored files

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TASK MANAGEMENT

 Part of the operating system that manages the

accomplishment of end user computing tasks
 Controls which task gets access to the CPU,
and for how long
 Can interrupt the CPU at any time to substitute a higher
priority task
 Supports preemptive and cooperative multi-tasking and
multi-programming

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POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS
 Windows
 GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia
 Microsoft’s operating system
 NT, XP, 2003, windows vista, windows 2007, windows 8 and upgrades
 Different versions manage servers
 Unix
 Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing
 Portable - can run on mainframes, midrange,
and PCs
 Linux
 Low-cost, powerful reliable Unix-like
operating system
 Open-source
 MAC OS X
 Apple operating system for the iMac
 GUI
 Multitasking
 Multimedia

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OTHER SYSTEM SOFTWARE
 Utilities
 Miscellaneous housekeeping functions
 Example: Norton utilities includes data backup, virus
protection, data compression, etc.
 Performance Monitors
 Programs that monitor and adjust computer system to keep
them running efficiently
 Security Monitors
 Monitor and control use of computer systems
to prevent unauthorized use of resources

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