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    Chap1 Properties Sol

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    Mario Guerrero
    1) The document analyzes the properties of various systems described by ordinary and difference equations. It determines whether each system is linear, time-invariant, causal, and has memory. 2) Part 2 provides an example of determining the response of a linear, time-invariant system to an input signal x(t) = 4u(t) - 4u(t-1).

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    Chap1 Properties Sol

    Uploaded by

    Mario Guerrero
    86 views3 pages
    1) The document analyzes the properties of various systems described by ordinary and difference equations. It determines whether each system is linear, time-invariant, causal, and has memory. 2) Part 2 provides an example of determining the response of a linear, time-invariant system to an input signal x(t) = 4u(t) - 4u(t-1).

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    1) The document analyzes the properties of various systems described by ordinary and difference equations. It determines whether each system is linear, time-invariant, causal, and has memory. 2) Part 2 provides an example of determining the response of a linear, time-invariant system to an input signal x(t) = 4u(t) - 4u(t-1).

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    86 views3 pages

    Chap1 Properties Sol

    Uploaded by

    Mario Guerrero
    1) The document analyzes the properties of various systems described by ordinary and difference equations. It determines whether each system is linear, time-invariant, causal, and has memory. 2) Part 2 provides an example of determining the response of a linear, time-invariant system to an input signal x(t) = 4u(t) - 4u(t-1).

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    dy

    1. a) + 6y( t ) = 4 x ( t )
    dt

    This is an ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients, therefore, it is linear and time-
    invariant. It contains memory and it is causal.

    dy
    b) + 4 ty( t ) = 2 x( t )
    dt

    This is an ordinary differential equation. The coefficients of 4t and 2 do not depend on y or x, so the
    system is linear. However, the coefficient 4t is not constant, so it is time-varying. The system is also
    causal and has memory

    c)
    y[ n] + 2 y[ n − 1] = x[ n + 1]

    This is a difference equation with constant coefficients; therefore, it is linear and time-invariant. It is
    noncausal since the output depends on future values of x. Specifically, let x[n] = u[n], then y[-1] = 1.

    d) y(t) = sin(x(t))

    check linearity:
    y1 ( t ) = sin( x1 ( t ))
    y 2 ( t ) = sin( x 2 ( t ))
    Solution to an input of a 1 x1 ( t ) + a 2 x 2 ( t ) is sin(a 1x 1 ( t ) + a 2 x 2 ( t )) .
    This is not equal to a1y1 ( t ) + a 2 y 2 ( t ) .
    As a counter example, consider x1 ( t ) = π and x 2 ( t ) = π / 2 , a1 = a 2 = 1

    the system is causal since the output does not depend on future values of time, and it is memoryless
    the system is time-invariant

    dy
    e) + y 2 ( t ) = x( t )
    dt

    The coefficient of y means that this is nonlinear; however, it does not depend explicitly on t, so it is time-
    invariant. It is causal and has memory.

    f) y[ n + 1] + 4 y[ n] = 3x[ n + 1] − x[ n]

    Rewrite the equation as y[ n] + 4 y[ n − 1] = 3x[ n] − x[ n − 1] by decreasing the index.


    This is a difference equation with constant coefficients, so it is linear and time-invariant. The output does
    not depend on future values of the input, so it is causal. It has memory.
    h) y[ n] = x[2 n]

    has memory since the output relies on values of the input at other the the current index n,

    causal? Let x[n] = u[n-2], so x[1] = 0. Then y[1] = x[2] = 1, so not causal.

    linear? Let y1 [n] = x1[2n] and y2 [n] = x2[2n]. The response to an input of x[n] = ax1[n]+bx2[n] is

    y[n] = ax1[2n]+bx2[2n], which is ay1[2n]+by2[2n], so this is linear

    time-invariant: Let y1[n] represent the response to an input of x[n-N], so y1[n] = x[2(n-N)]. This is also
    equal to y[n-N], so the system is time-invariant.

    i) y[ n] = nx[2 n]

    This is similar to part h), except for the n coefficient. Similar to above, it is noncausal, has memory and is
    linear. Check time-invariance:

    Let y1[n] represent the response to an input of x[n-N], so y1[n] = nx[2(n-N)]. This is not
    equal to y[n-N] = (n-N)x[2(n-N)], so the system is time-varying.

    dy
    j) + sin( t ) y( t ) = 4 x( t )
    dt

    This is an ordinary differential equation with coefficients sin(t) and 4. Neither depends on y or x, so it is
    linear. However, the explicit dependence on t means that it is time-varying. It is causal and has memory.

    d2y dy dx
    k) + 10 + 4 y( t ) = + 4 x( t )
    2 dt dt
    dt

    This is an ordinary differntial equation with constant coefficients, so it is linear and time-invariant. It is
    also causal and has memory.

    2. The response to 4u(t) is 4(1-e-2t)u(t). The response to 4u(t-1) is 4(1-e-2(t-1))u(t-1). So the response to
    x(t) = 4u(t) - 4u(t-1) is y(t) = 4(1-e-2t)u(t) - 4(1-e-2(t-1))u(t-1).

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