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CBSE Class 12th Chemistry Notes: Haloalkanes THE LATEST MOST POPULAR

and Haloarenes (Part - I)

Oct 17, 2016 17:00 IST JAGRAN JOSH

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In this article, you will get important revision notes on CBSE Class 12th Chemistry: Chapter 10 -
The Haloalkanes and Haloarenes, to give you a quick glance of the chapter. These NCERT based
notes are very important for CBSE Class 12th Chemistry.

The main
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 The main topics covered in this part are:
CBSE Class 12 English (Core) Topper's
• Introduction to haloalkanes and haloarenes Answer Sheet: 2017

• Classification of haloalkanes CBSE Class 12 Hindi (Elective) Topper's

Answer Sheet: 2017
• Nature of C─X bond in haloalkanes
CBSE Class 12th Date Sheet 2018
• Preparation of haloalkanes
Last 5 years’ CBSE Exam Dates Analysis-
• Physical properties of haloderivatives
How To Prepare for CBSE Board Exams
• Reactions of Haloalkanes 2018 In Last 3 Months

• Stereoisomerism CBSE Class 12 Hindi (Core) Toppers’

Answer Sheet: 2017
• Definition: Enantiomers, Racemic mixture, Racemisation

• Reactions of haloarenes

The key notes of the chapter are as follows:

Haloalkane and Haloarene:

In aliphatic or aromatic compounds, the replacement of hydrogen atom(s) by halogen atom(s)

results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene), respectively.

In case of haloalkanes, halogen atom is attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl
group whereas in haloarenes, halogen atom is attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom of an
aryl group.

CBSE Class 12th Chemistry Notes: The d- and f- Block Elements

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Classification of Haloalkanes:

The halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons may be classi ed as uoro, chloro, bromo or iodo Name
compounds according to the type of halogen present.
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Depending upon the number of halogens present, the halogen derivatives can be classi ed as
mono, di, tri or polyhalo compounds.
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 mono, di, tri or polyhalo compounds.
10 Digit Mobile Number
On the basis of the nature of the carbon to which halogen atom is attached, halogen

derivatives are classified as 1o, 2o, 3o, allylic, benzylic, vinylic and aryl derivatives. Location State City

For example: Gender Male Female

1o, 2o and 3o halides: halogen atom is bonded to primary, secondary or tertiary carbon atom of Day Month Year
DOB
an an alkyl group.
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Allylic halides: Halogen atom is bonded to an sp 3-hybridised carbon atom next to carbon- SUBMIT
carbon double bond (C=C) i.e. to an allylic carbon.

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Benzylic halides: Halogen atom is attached to an sp 3 - hybridised carbon atom next to an

aromatic ring.

Vinylic halides: Halogen atom is bonded to an sp 2-hybridised carbon atom of a carbon-carbon

double bond (C = C).
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 Aryl halides: Halogen atom is bonded to the sp2-hybridised carbon atom of an aromatic ring.

Note: Here X represents a halogen atom, i.e., X= F, Cl, Br, I.

CBSE Class 12th Chemistry Notes: Coordination Compounds

Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes

X is more electronegative than carbon. So, the C-X bond is polarized with C having a partial How To Fix Dark Spots
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positive charge and X having a partial negative charge.

Preparation of Haloalkanes

Haloalkanes can be prepared by a number of methods:

1. By free radical halogenation of alkanes:

Chlorination or bromination of alkane usually gives a complete mixture of isomeric mono and
poly halo alkanes.

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2. By electrophilic addition of HX to alkene:

An alkene is converted to corresponding alkyl halide by reaction with hydrogen chloride,

hydrogen bromide or hydrogen iodide.
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 hydrogen bromide or hydrogen iodide.

3. From alcohol:

The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is replaced by halogen on reaction with concentrated halogen
acids, phosphorus halides or thionyl chloride to give the corresponding alkyl halide.
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4. By halogen exchange:

(a) Finkelstein reaction:

Alkyl iodides can be prepared by the reaction of alkyl chlorides/ bromides with NaI in dry
acetone.

(b) Swarts reaction:

Alkyl uorides can be prepared by heating an alkyl chloride/bromide in the presence of a

metallic fluoride such as AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2 or SbF3.

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 CBSE Syllabus Class 12: Academic Session 2016 – 2017

Preparation of haloarenes

Haloarenes can be synthesised by any of the following reactions:

1. By electrophilic substitution reaction:

This involves the direct halogenation of benzene ring in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts
like iron or iron (III) chloride.

2. By Sandmeyer’s reaction:

Aniline is treated with sodium nitrite to give a diazonium salt which is then treated with
cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide to produce the corresponding aryl halide:

3. By Balz – Schiemann reaction:

This involves the conversion of aryl amines to aryl uorides via diazotisation and subsequent
thermal anyone
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can convert derived
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 thermal decomposition of the derived aromatic uoborate to produce the corresponding aryl
fluoride.

4. From diazonium group:

Treatment of diazonium salt with potassium iodide gives aryl iodide.

CBSE Class 12 Study Material

Physical properties of Haloderivatives

Physical properties of haloderivatives are di erent than those of the simple hydrocarbons.
These are described below:

• Alkyl halides are colourless when pure but bromides and particularly iodides develop
colour when exposed to light.

• The alkyl halides have higher molecular mass as compared to alkanes.

• Halogen compounds have higher boiling points than the corresponding hydrocarbon. This
is because the greater polarity as well as higher molecular mass as compared to the parent
hydrocarbon causes the intermolecular forces of attraction (dipole-dipole and van der Waals)
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 to be stronger in the halogen derivatives.

• For monohalogen compounds, the boiling point increases with increasing molecular mass
of the halogen group with a fixed hydrocarbon group,

• All halogen derivatives of hydrocarbon are insoluble in water as they are incapable of
forming hydrogen bonds with water but alkyl halides are soluble in non-polar solvents, R‒F <
R‒Cl < R‒Br < R‒I

• The density increases with increasing number and the atomic mass of the halogen.

• Halogen compounds are less in ammable than the hydrocarbons. The in ammability
decreases with increasing halogen content.

Reactions of Haloalkanes

The reactions of haloalkanes may be divided into the three main categories:

(i) Nucleophilic substitution

(ii) Elimination reactions

(iii) Reaction with metals

Nucleophilic substitution: A nucleophile attacks the haloalkane which is having a partial

positive charge on the carbon atom bonded to halogen. Halide ion separates following a
substitution reaction.

Reactivity of Haloalkanes towards nucleophilic substitution:

For the same alkyl group, as we move from F to I, strength of C−X bond decreases, therefore,
the reactivity order is: R− I > R−Br > R−Cl > R−F

Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reaction:

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 The nucleophilic substitution reaction can proceed via SN1 mechanism or SN2mechanism.

• Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution, SN1: This type of nucleophilic substitution takes

place in two steps, rst step being the rate determining step involves the formation of
carbonium ion.

The reactivity order of haloalkanes towards SN1reaction is:

1° R−X < 2° R−X < 3° R−X

• Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, SN2: This type of nucleophilic substitution takes place

in one step. The incoming nucleophile interacts with alkyl halide causing the C−X bond bond to
break while forming a new C−OH bond.

The reactivity of alkyl halide towards SN2 reaction is:

3° R−X < 2° R−X < 1° R−X

Elimination reactions:

When a haloalkane with β-hydrogen atom is heated with alcoholic solution of potassium
hydroxide, there is elimination of hydrogen atom from β-carbon and a halogen atom from the
α-carbon atom resulting in the formation of an alkene. The reaction follows the Saytze rule
which states that “In dehydrohalogenation reactions, the preferred product is that alkene
which has the greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms.”

Reaction with metals:

Reaction with Magnesium: Alkyl halides react with magnesium in the presence of dry ether to
form corresponding alkyl magnesium halide which is also known as Grignard’s reagent.
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 form corresponding alkyl magnesium halide which is also known as Grignard’s reagent.

Recation with sodium: Alkyl halides react with sodium to form an alkane with double number of
carbon atom than that present in alkyl halide. This reaction is also known as Wurtz reaction.

2R‒X + 2 Na → R ‒ R + 2NaX

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism is due to the di erent orientation of atoms or groups in space. There are two
types of stereoisomerism:

(i) Geometrical isomerism: It arises due to the presence of like groups on the same side of the
plane (cis) or on the opposite side of the plane (trans).

(ii) Optical isomerism: It arises due to the presence of non-superimposable mirror images.
Conditions for optical isomerism to take place are:

• Presence of chiral carbon or asymmetric carbon, i.e., The C attached to four di erent
groups. Chiral carbon is denoted as C*.

• Presence of non-superimposable mirror images

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 Enantiomers

The two non-superimposable mirror images are called enantiomers. Enantiomers have similar
physical & chemical properties but differ in their

• effect on the plane polarised light

• reactivity towards chiral reagent.

Enantiomers are of two types:

• Dextrorotatory (+): These rotate the plane polarised light in a clockwise direction

• Laevorotatory (–): These rotate the plane polarised light in an anticlockwise direction

Racemic mixture

A mixture containing two enantiomers in equal proportions is called racemic mixture. A

recemic mixture is optically inactive as the e ect of one isomer gets cancelled by another
isomer.

Racemisation

The process of conversion of enantiomers into a racemic mixture is known as racemisation.

Reactions of Haloarenes

Nucleophilic substitution:

Aryl halides are almost unreactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction. This is because
of double character of C – X bond due to resonance. Therefore, it is di cult to remove X from C
– X bond.

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 E ect of NO2 group on the reactivity of aryl halide towards nucleophilic substitution

reactions:

Presence of an electron withdrawing group like NO2 group increases the reactivity of aryl

halides towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.

NO2 group increases the reactivity more when present at o- and p- position due to the

increased delocalization of negative charge involving NO2 group.

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 Tags : # CBSE Study Material # CBSE Study Notes # CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes
# Important Notes on Haloalkanes and Haloarenes # Free Study Notes
# Class 12 Notes on Chemistry # Class 12 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes # NCERT Notes

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