Kinds of Sentences

Declarative - A declarative sentence makes a statement. A declarative sentence ends with a period.
Example: The house will be built on a hill.
Interrogative - An interrogative sentence asks a question. An interrogative sentence ends with a
question mark.
Example: How did you find the card?
Exclamatory - An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence ends with an
exclamation mark.
Example: The monster is attacking!
Imperative - An imperative sentence gives a command.
Example: Cheryl, try the other door.
Sometimes the subject of an imperative sentence (you) is understood.
Example: Look in the closet. (You, look in the closet.
Types of noun
There are several different types of noun, as follows:
Common noun
A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general, e.g. boy, country, bridge,
city, birth, day, happiness.
Proper noun
A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing, e.g. Steven, Africa,
London, Monday. In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters.
Concrete noun
A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be
seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted. Examples include dog, building, coffee, tree, rain,
beach, tune.
Abstract noun
An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions - things that cannot
be seen or touched and things which have no physical reality, e.g. truth, danger, happiness,
time, friendship, humour.
Collective nouns
Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g. audience, family, government, team,
jury. In American English, most collective nouns are treated as singular, with a singular verb:
The whole family was at the table.
In British English, the preceding sentence would be correct, but it would also be correct to treat
the collective noun as a plural, with a plural verb:
The whole family were at the table.
For more information about this, see matching verbs to collective nouns.
A noun may belong to more than one category. For example, happiness is both a common
noun and an abstract noun, while Mount Everest is both a concrete noun and a proper noun.
Count and mass nouns
Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those
that refer to something that can be counted. Uncountable nouns (or mass nouns) do not
typically refer to things that can be counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form.
 A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence.
Example:
color blue favorite is My. (makes no sense, therefore it is not a sentence)
My favorite color is blue. (makes complete sense, therefore it is a sentence)

There are four kinds of sentences:

1. Assertive or declarative sentence (a statement)
2. Imperative sentence (a command)
3. Interrogative sentence (a question)
4. Exclamatory sentence (an exclamation)

1. An assertive sentence is a sentence that states a fact. Such sentences are simple
statements. They state, assert, or declare something.
Examples:
Jan is a student. She lives in a big city.

2. Imperative sentence is a sentence which gives a command, makes a request, or

express a wish.
Examples:
Go to your room. (an order)
Please lend me your book. (a request)
Have a good time at the picnic. (a wish)

3. Exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses sudden and strong feelings, such
as surprise, wonder, pity, sympathy, happiness, or gratitude.
Example:
What a shame!
Boy, am I tired!

4. Interrogative sentence: A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative

sentence.
Examples:
What is your name?
Where do you live?

The term pronoun covers many words, some of which do not fall easily under the generic description
of words that replace nouns. There are several different kinds of pronouns, including:

Personal pronouns (e.g., he, they)

Demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this, these)
Interrogative pronouns (e.g., which, who)
Indefinite pronouns (e.g., none, several)
Possessive pronouns (e.g., his, your)
Reciprocal pronouns (e.g., each other, one another)
Relative pronouns (e.g., which, where)
Reflexive pronouns (e.g., itself, himself)
Intensive pronouns (e.g., itself, himself)
The Different Types of Pronouns
The term pronoun covers many words, some of which do not fall easily under the description given in
the section What are Pronouns? There are many different kinds of pronouns. In general, these do not
cause difficulties for native English speakers. The list below is mainly for reference purposes.
Demonstrative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to demonstrate (or indicate). This, that, theseand those are all demonstrative
pronouns.

Examples:
This is the one I left in the car.
(In this example, the speaker could be indicating to a mobile phone, in which case, the
pronoun this replaces the words mobile phone.)
Shall I take those?
More on demonstrative pronouns...
Indefinite Pronouns
Unlike demonstrative pronouns, which point out specific items, indefinite pronouns are used for non-
specific things. This is the largest group of
pronouns. All, some, any, several, anyone, nobody, each, both, few, either, none, one and no one are
the most common.

Example:
Somebody must have seen the driver leave.
(somebody not a specific person)
We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars. (Oscar Wilde)
I have nothing to declare except my genius. (Oscar Wilde)
More on indefinite pronouns...
Interrogative Pronouns
These pronouns are used in questions. Although they are classified as pronouns, it is not easy to see
how they replace nouns. Who, which, what, where and how are all interrogative pronouns.

Example:
Who told you to do that?
Which dog won the race?
More on interrogative pronouns...
Personal Pronouns
The personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, they, and who. More often than not (but not
exclusively), they replace nouns representing people. When most people think of pronouns, it is the
personal pronouns that usually spring to mind.

Example:
We can't all be heroes because somebody has to sit on the curb and clap as they go by.
I bought some batteries, but they weren't included.
More on personal pronouns...
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used to show possession. As they are used as adjectives, they are also known
as possessive adjectives. My, your, his, her, its, our and their are all possessive pronouns.
Have you seen her book?
(In this example, the pronoun her replaces a word like Sarah's.)
More on possessive pronouns...
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are used to add more information to a
sentence. Which, that, who (including whom and whose) and where are all relative pronouns.

Examples:
Dr Adam Sissons, who lectured at Cambridge for more than 12 years, should have known the difference.
(In this example, the relative pronoun who introduces the clause who studied at Cambridge for 12
years and refers back to Dr Adams Sissons.)
The man who first saw the comet reported it as a UFO.
(In this example, the relative pronoun who introduces the clause who first saw the comet and refers
back to the man.)
More on relative pronouns...
Absolute Possessive Pronouns
These pronouns also show possession. Unlike possessive pronouns (see above), which are adjectives to
nouns, these pronouns sit by themselves. Mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs are all absolute
possessive pronouns.

Examples:
The tickets are as good as ours.
Shall we take yours or theirs?
More on absolute possessives...
Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns are used for actions or feelings that are reciprocated. The two most common
reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another.

Examples:
They like one another.
They talk to each other like they're babies.
More on reciprocal pronouns...
Reflexive Pronouns
A reflexive pronoun ends ...self or ...selves and refers to another noun or pronoun in the sentence
(usually the subject of the sentence). The reflexive pronouns
aremyself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves.

Examples:
The dog bit itself.
(In this example, the intensive pronoun itself refers back to the noun the dog.)
Are you talking to yourself?
More on reflexive pronouns...
Intensive (or Emphatic) Pronouns
An intensive pronoun (sometimes called an emphatic pronoun) refers back to another noun or pronoun
in the sentence to emphasize it (e.g., to emphasize that it is the thing carrying out the action).

Examples:
John bakes all the bread himself.
(In this example, the intensive pronoun himself refers back to the noun John.)
The cat opened the door itself.
TYPES OF VERB
DEFINITIN: Verb is the word which is used to tell about the action or movement of person, thing and
animal. There are many kinds of verb as follow:
1) Transitive Verb
2) Intransitive Verb
3) Linking Verb
4) Auxiliary Verb
5) Modal Verb
1) TRANSITIVE VERB
Transitive Verb is the verb that needs object and usually followed by noun.
These transitive verbs include arrest, avoid, do, enjoy, find, force, get, give, grab, hit, like, pull , report,
shock, take, tell, touch, want, warn
Formula:
Sub + T.V + Obj
Example:
- She takes a book.
- I need a chair.
- They speak English.
2) INTRANSITIVE VERB
Intransitive Verb is the verb which does not need object, but it needs adverbial modifier. These
intransitive verbs include appear, come, fall, go, happen, matter, sleep, swim, wait
Formula:
Sub + I.V + (Adv)
Example:
- He cries.
- They dance well.
- She sings beautifully.
3) LINKING VERB
Linking Verb refers to verb that needs subjective complement rather than object and that subjective
complement describes the subject.
These Linking Verbs include:
be, smell, feel, taste, prove, look, become, appear, stay,
remain, get, sound, seem, grow, turn, go
a) Subjective Complement can be Adjective
Example:
- Your face grows red.
- He looks tired.
- Her voice sounds pretty.
b) Subjective Complement can be Noun or Pronoun
Example:
- He becomes a district governor.
- The robber is you.
4) AUXILIARY VERB
Auxiliary Verbs are used to form question and negative sentence, and they are usually used with main
verb to form many different kinds of tenses.
Be is used to form Continuous Tense and Passive Voice.
Example:
- The dog is biting a child.
- A child is bitten by the dog.
Have/Has is used to form Perfect Tense.
Example:
- They have known me for 3 years.
- She has had dinner already.
Do/Does is used to form Question and Negative Sentence in the Present Simple when the sentence
doesnt have a special verb. Moreover, we can also use them to show the emphasis sentence.
Example:
- He doesnt eat meat.
- Do you love her?
- I do live here. (emphasis form)
Will is used to form Future Tense.
Example:
- People will be difficult to live because of the climate change.
- The environment will become terrible in the a few decades.
5) MODAL VERB
Modal Verbs are the verbs that are used to talk about ability, permission, obligation and necessity,
obligation and advice, possibility, probability, request, offer, suggestion, habit and promise. Most Modal
Verbs can form question and negative sentence by themselves. There are many Modal Verbs as
following.
a) Ability
We use can, could and be able to to talk about the ability.
Can: is used in the present.
Example: He can play the guitar.
Could: is used in the past.
Example: My sister could speak when she was 15 years old.
Be able to: can be used both in present and past.
Example: Last year I wasnt able to speak at all, but now I am able to speak smoothly.
b) Permission
We use can, could, may and might to ask to a permission.
Example:
- Can I use your pen for a moment?
-Could I ask you a personal question?
- May I make a suggestion?
c) Obligation and necessity
We use must and have to/ have got to to express obligation or necessity.
Example:
- I have got a trouble pain in my back, so I must go to the doctor now.
- We have to drive on the left in Britain.
d) Obligation and Advice
We use should, ought to, had better, and shall to talk about the obligation and advice.
Should and Ought to is used talk about the obligation and duty, to ask for and give advice and in
general, to say what is right or good.
Example:
- You ought to learn to swim.
- I shouldnt tell a lie.
Had better: is used to express a strong recommendation in a particular situation.
Example: Its going to be cold tonight, so I had better turn on the heating.
Shall is used when we want to know someones opinion, or when we want advice or instruction.
Example:
- I have missed my last bus. What shall I do?
- Im not sure what to do. Shall I apply for a job or not?
- How long shall I cook this rice?
e) Possibility
We use may, might and could to talk about present or future possibility.
Example:
- There is someone at the door. It may be Sara.
- We arent sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might go to the beach.
f) Probability
We use should and ought to to say that something is probable at the moment of speaking or in the
future.
Example:
- Sally should be at work by now. Shes normally there at this time.
- She ought to pass his driving easily. She hasnt got much to do.
g) Request
We use can, could, may, will and would to ask for something, to ask for permission or to ask someone
to do something.
Example:
- Can I ask you a pen?
- Could I ask you some questions?
- May I have some more coffee?
h) Offer
We use will, shall, could and would when we are willing to do something for someone.
Example:
- I will lend you some money.
- Shall I open the door for you?
- I can write this letter for you.
- I could help you to lift this box.
- Would you like me to help you?
i) Suggestion
We use shall, can and could to ask for and make a suggestion.
Example:
- Shall we stay at home?
- We can watch TV if you like.
- We could go to the cinema.
j) Habit
+ We use used to to talk about past habit which are now finished.
Example: Robert used to play football when he was young.
+ We use will and would to talk about the actions which are repeated again and again, and we use
will for present habits and would for past habits.
Example:
- Every day Jane will come home from school and ring up the friends shes just been talking to.
- In those days people would make their own entertainment.
k) Promise
 We use will to express strong intention in promises and threats.
Example:
- I will be careful with the car, I promise.
- Stop making that noise or I will scream!

THE VERB

Definition:
A verb is an action or express word. It indicates the action or express in the present,
past and future tenses.

THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS

Verbs have four principal parts of verbs or fundamental forms that are used to create a tense
e.g.
Present Past Past Participle Present Participle

abandon abandoned abandoned abandoning

accept accepted accepted accepting

go went gone going

take took taken taking

become became became becoming

cut cut cut cutting

read read read reading

complete completed completed completing

delete deleted deleted deleting

Definition of Interjection
Interjection can be defined as An interjection or exclamation is a word used to express a particular
emotion or sentiment on the part of the speaker (although most interjections have clear definitions).
What is Interjection
Interjection is one of the parts of speech used to express a particular emotion or sentiment (strong feeling
or sudden emotion like surprise, joy, excitement, disgust, enthusiasm, sorrow, approval, calling, attention,
etc) of the speaker to the reader. Interjection words are generally used at the beginning of a sentence.
Sometimes, it is used as a single word or non-sentence phrase and followed by the punctuation mark.
Some other interjection words used as introductory expressions such as yes, no, well, indeed, etc. A
comma (for a mild interjection) or an exclamation mark (for surprising, emotional, or deep feeling
interjections) is used after the use of an interjection word in a sentence.
List of Interjection
Aah, Ahh, Aww, Bingo, Eh, Eww, Wow, Hey, Well, What, Hurrah, Hmph, Oh, Oops, Ouch, Shh, Uh oh,
Whew, Yay/Yaay, Yeah, Yikes, Yippee, Uh, Hush, Hmm, Er, Um, Bravo, Hello, Ugh, Ah, Ha ha, Well
done, Alas, Fie, Hi, Yes, Ouch, Help, Happy Birthday, Good morning, dear, Hark, oops, huh, yum, oy,
etc.
For example:
Good! Now we can celebrate the party.
Oh, what's a surprise.
Hey! Get out of the building!
Yes! I can do it easily.
No! I run so long.
Well! I have a good news.

Types of Interjection
Interjection is divided into following types on the basis of way to express interjections in the sentence
such as greeting, joy, surprise, approval, sorrow, attention, and calling.

Interjection for Greeting

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to indicate the emotion of warmth to the person meeting
with such as hey, hello, hi, etc.
For example:
Hey! Nice to see you here in the party.
Hello! I am Pooja.

Interjection for Joy

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to indicate immediate joy and happiness on any happy
occasion occurred such as hurrah, wow, hurray, etc.
For example:
Wow! You are looking gorgeous.
Hurray! We successfully won this football match.

Interjection for Approval

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the strong sense of approval or agreement for
something that has happened such as well done, bravo, brilliant, etc.
For example:
Well done! You win the race.
Bravo! The first rank is yours this year.

Interjection for Attention

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to draw attention of someone such as look, behold, listen,
hush, etc.
For example:
Look! You so arrogant.
Listen! I have never copied you.
Behold! Someone strange is there.

Interjection for Surprise

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the strong sense of surprise about something
that has happened such as ha, what, hey, ah, oh, eh, etc.
For example:
What! You failed.
Oh! Really you completed the task, I can't believe.
Ah! I got new job.

Interjection for Sorrow

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the emotion of sadness about something
unfortunate has happened such as alas, ouch, ah, oh, etc.
For example:
Alas! He is no more.
Ouch! It's very paining.

Kinds of Interjection
An interjection is a part of speech, which is used in a sentence to express an emotion or a
feeling. Generally, an interjection is used to show sudden emotions or sentiments, which can be
any kind of excitement, joy, hatred, surprise or sorrow. There are many common words that are
used in the English language with a purpose to express some kind of feeling or emotion. Hey,
Bravo, Oh, Alas, Phew, Ah, Uh, Wow, Yipee, Hurrah, etc. are some of the words that are known
as interjections in English grammar. Injections are written forms of sounds that are verbally
express by humans. There are several interjections that you may hear every day. The most
common interjections are discussed below.

Kinds of Interjection

1. Interjection for Joy: If you want to show happiness or excitement in the sentence then you can use
words like Wow! Hurray! Hurrah! Ha!

For example:

Wow! Thats great news.

Hurray! We won the football match.

2. Interjection for Sorrow or Pain: When you want to express sadness in the sentence, then you can use
words like Alas! Ah! Oh! Ouch!

For example:
 Alas! She is no more.
Ouch! I cut my finger.

3. Interjection for Surprise: In order to express a feeling of being surprised, you can use words like
What! Well! Hey! Eh! Oh! Whoa!

For example:

Hey! I cant believe you are right here with me.

What! He attempted suicide.

4. Interjection for Approval: If you want to convey your feelings of approval in the sentence, then you
can use words like Well done! Bravo!

For example:

Well done! Your assignment is really good.

Bravo! You did a great job.

5. Interjection for Greeting: If you want to greet someone or convey your emotion of warmth to the
other person, then you should use words like Hello! Hey! Hi!

For example:

Hi! How have you been.

Hey! Its good to see you after a long time.
Interjection

Top
An interjection or sometimes called the exclamation is a word used to signify a specific emotion or
sentiment on the part of the speaker or feeling of the author. Interjections are words or phrases used to
exclaim or protest or command. Many times an interjection is accompanied by a punctuation mark, often
an exclamation mark or a comma. They sometimes stand by themselves, or are placed before or after a
sentence.

Example:
Ouch! That hurts.
Well, I need a break.
Wow! What a beautiful dress!
Groovy! IAU demotes Pluto!!!
Oh, snap! The principal announced a sudden test every fortnight for the entire high school.

Interjection Definition
In short, an interjection is a word added to a sentence to express an emotion or a feeling such as
surprise, joy, enthusiasm, disgust, or excitement. Therefore to capture short spurts of emotion,
Interjections can be used as a single word, or a phrase, or a short clause that connects the facial
expression or body language of an individual.

Features of Interjections:
Interjections do not have a grammatical purpose in the sentence and are not associated to the other parts
of the sentence.
Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Uh, Um, Wow!, Yikes!, or Ah!
Interjections can stand alone.
If an interjection is omitted, the sentence still makes sense.
Interjection is a big name for a little word.
Interjections are like emoticons.
They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in
writing.
Interjections do not modify anything, and does not get modified by anything.
Interjections do not play the role of a subject or a verb.
Interjections are punctuated with an exclamation mark or a comma. Comma is used if the emotion isn't
strong.

List of Interjections
The lists of interjections used in English language are extremely long, just like the list of adverbs or
adjectives. More or less any word or phrase can be used as an interjection, if it is inserted into a sentence
to carry an emotion. For example, if you injured yourself, you might say Darn! That hurt. You could,
however, also say Ouch! That hurt. Or Dang! That hurt. Or Gee! That hurt! Darn, Ouch, Dang, Gee
would be the interjection or well, as you know, this list could go on and on.

The list of Interjections are mentioned below:

A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, argh, aww, achoo, absolutely, alrighty, amen, anyhoo, anytime, attagirl,
awful, attaboy, as if, anyhow
B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr, behold, bless you, bye
C: cheers, congratulations, come on, chin up
D: dang, drat, darn, duh, dear, doh, dear me
E: eek, eh, eureka, encore, easy does it
F: fiddlesticks, fair enough, fiddle-dee-dee, fooey
G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh, geepers, good job, great
H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, holy dog, huh?, humph,
hurray, hi, hooray
I: indeed, is it, I say
J: jeez, just kidding, just a sec, just wondering
M: my gosh, meh, most certainly, my my, my word
N: no, now, nah, no thanks, never, no way
O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow, okey-dokey, oopsey, oyez
P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow, please, pff, peace, psst
R: rats, ready, right, right on, roger,roger that, rumble
S: shhh, shoo, shoot, shucks, see ya, sleep tight, snap, sorry, sssh, sup, sigh, shame
T: thanks, there, tut-tut, ta-da, there there, time out, toodles, touche, tsk, tsk-tsk
U: uh-oh, uh-huh, ugh, umm, urgh
V: very well, voila, vroom
W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow , whatever, whee, when, wuzzup, why
Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck, yay, yoo-hoo, you bet, you don't say, you know, yow, yum, yummy
Z: zap, zounds, zowie, zzz, zing.

Interjection Examples
Lets look at a few examples of Interjections in order to understand the examples perfectly while its placed
in sentences.
Hurrah! Weve won!
Alas, shes dead now.
Bah! That was a total waste of time
Bless you, I couldn't have done without you.
Ah! It feels good.
Oh! You both know each other.
Im going. Eh? I said Im going.
What do you think of my new hairstyle, eh?
Hey! Where are you going?
Oh! Ive got a bad headache.
Shoot! I forgot my brothers birthday.
Humph, he probably cheated to make such good grades.
Phew! I am not trying that again.
Pip pip! Lets get moving.
Humph! I knew that last week.
Well, we are not exactly interested in this.
Yowza! That's an astrophysicist dancing in the hallway!
Good! Now we can move on.
Jeepers, that was close.
Crikey! Do you ever think before you speak?
Gesundheit! Are you starting to get a cold?
Good grief! why are you wearing that shirt in monsoon.
Ive won. Eh! Really?
Hmm. Lets me see.
Oops, Im sorry. That was my mistake.
Geez! Do I need to do it again?
Holy macaroni! Emily has switched her major to maths.
Oh, I didnt know that.
Yes! I will do it!
No, I am not going to go there.
Yo, will you throw the ball back?
Um, here is our proposal.
Hmm. You really need to be on a diet.
Nope. Thats not what I want.

Types of Interjections
Here are the basic kinds of interjections:
Interjections for Greeting - these include: Hello! , Hey! , Hi! Etc
Interjections for Joy - these include: Hurrah! , Hurray! , Wow! Etc
Interjections for Approval - these include: Bravo! , Brilliant! , Well done!
Interjections for Surprise - these include: Ha! , Hey! , What! , Oh! , Ah! , Eh! Etc
Interjections for Grief/Pain - t hese include: Alas! , Ah! , Oh! , Ouch! Etc